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Citizenship and Social Policy: T. H. Marshall and Poverty*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 January 2009

Lawrence M. Mead
Lawrence M. Mead
Affiliation:
Politics, New York University
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Extract

T. H. Marshall, a British sociologist, gave a series of lectures in 1949 under the title “Citizenship and Social Class.” To many American intellectuals, his analysis still offers a persuasive account of the origins of the welfare state in the West. But Marshall spoke in the early postwar era, when the case for expanded social benefits seemed unassailable. Today's politics are more conservative. In every Western country the welfare state is under review. Yet Marshall's conception can still help define the issues in social policy and the way forward.

Type
Research Article
Information
Social Philosophy and Policy , Volume 14 , Issue 2 , Summer 1997 , pp. 197 - 230
Copyright
Copyright © Social Philosophy and Policy Foundation 1997

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References

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12 To avoid definitional disputes, I understand that poverty and welfare dependency are not the same, and that both labels designate larger groups than the “underclass,” or the most disordered poor. The “social problem” I refer to here is that of the long-term poor, meaning individuals not elderly or disabled, and their families, who are poor by the federal government's definition for more than two years at a stretch. Within this group, I focus particularly on people on welfare for spells of more than two years. The underclass is another subset of the long-term poor. The long-term poor are a small group, perhaps 5 percent of the population in the United States, but they are still strategic to American urban problems. See Mead, Lawrence M., The New Politics of Poverty: The Nonworking Poor in America (New York: Basic Books, 1992), pp. 14–15.Google Scholar

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48 The most important of these plans were the Family Assistance Plan, proposed by the Nixon administration, and the Program for Better Jobs and Income, proposed by the Carter administration. See Mead, , Beyond Entitlement, chs. 3, 5.Google Scholar

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76 Some poor single men live unofficially off welfare mothers and their benefits. But since a man's earnings would not reduce the mother's benefits unless he were married to her, welfare disincentives cannot explain why such men do not work more regularly. Some conservatives believe that welfare at least relieves a father of the need to support his children. But poor fathers blame their failure to provide less on welfare than on their own inability to work and earn enough to support families. See Liebow, Elliot, Tally's Corner: A Study of Negro Streetcorner Men (Boston: Little, Brown, 1967)Google Scholar; and Furstenberg, Frank E. Jr., Sherwood, Kay E., and Sullivan, Mercer L., Caring and Paying: What Fathers and Mothers Say about Child Support (New York: Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation, 07 1992).Google Scholar

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