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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 27 January 2017
If only archival restrictions were the most glaring insufficiency of our archival service. Here we have a whole complex of problems, for which it is insufficient to decide from on high merely to declassify archives. We still need to fell the whole world exactly what is held in them, to publish inventories and catalogues of previously secret documents.
Academician Dimitrii S. Likhachev September 1989Crucially important for expanding access to archives is what western archivists often call “intellectual access”–reference facilities that effectively and efficiently assist researchers in preparing for work in the archives, lead them to appropriate documents, and help them understand their archival context. The dramatic opening of Russian archives in the past decade has revolutionized research opportunities and scholarship in many fields. Today, not only are archives being declassified, but the finding aids for previously classified files are available to researchers and new reference facilities are being developed to an extent Likhachev and others never dreamed possible.
I am grateful to the sponsors of the larger ArcheoBiblioBase (ABB) project, of which this article is an off-shoot. From the start, generous funding has come from the International Research and Exchanges Board (IREX), supplemented at various stages with funding from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Smith Richardson Foundation, the International Institute of Social History (IISG/IISH, Amsterdam), the Eurasia Foundation, and the Open Society Institute in Moscow. Russian sponsorship has come from the Federal Archival Service of Russia (Rosarkhiv) and the State Public Historical Library and, for St. Petersburg coverage, the St. Petersburg Branch of the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Special thanks are due to the many friends, colleagues, and associated Russian compilers who have helped me track down appropriate literature and documentation and clarify many specific issues, or who have commented on earlier drafts of this essay.
Editorial Note: In an exception to Slavic Review style, publishers are included in the notes to this article when locating the reference aid might otherwise prove difficult.
1. Evgenii Kuz'min, “Blizorukost'—S akademikom D. S. Likhachevym beseduet korrespondent ‘LG, '” Literaturnaiagazeta, 20 September 1989, no. 38: 5. Similar sharp comments by Vsevolod V. Tsaplin, by Sarra V. Zhitomirskaia, and by the present author were published the same year in a series of articles and interviews. See citations to such remarks and the earlier discussion by Grimsted, Patricia Kennedy, Intellectual Access to Post-Soviet Archives: What Is to Be Done? (Princeton: IREX, 1992 Google Scholar. Parts of this article update that earlier work. See also the concluding remarks about the Soviet archival arrangement and descriptive system in Patricia Grimsted, Kennedy, A Handbook for Archival Research in the USSR (Washington, D.C.: IREX and Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies, 1989), chap. 3.Google Scholar
2. See Patricia Kennedy Grimsted, Archives of Russia Five Years After: “Purveyors of Sensations” or “Shadows Cast to the Past “? IISG Research Paper, no. 26 (Amsterdam: IISG/ IISH, 1997); reprinted as CWIHP Working Paper, no. 20 (Washington, D.C.: Cold War International History Project, 1998). Also available on the internet: www.iisg.nl .
3. The archival term fond has been anglicized, rather than using an incorrect or misleading translation, such as “fund.” The term came to Soviet Russia from the French fonds, but not without some change of meaning and usage. Some writers have rendered fond in English as “collection,” but in most instances that is incorrect from an archival standpoint, because a fond in Russian is an integral group of records from a single office or source, usually arranged as they were created, rather than an artificially assembled “collection.” American archivists might prefer the more technical American “record group,” which in British usage would normally be “archive group,” but the Russian usage of fond is much more extensive, since a fond can designate personal papers or collections as well as groups of institutional records. In Russian archival usage, since all archival materials within a given repository are divided into fonds, the term can also embrace “collections” (i.e., archival materials brought together by an institution or individual without respect to their office of origin or order of creation). The term archives usually appears only in the plural in English, but in translation from the Russian the singular form has been retained here, where appropriate, since the distinction between singular and plural is important with reference to Russian archives, particularly with reference to a single repository or to the records of a single agency.
4. Federal'nye arkhivy Rossii i ikh nauchno-spravochnyi apparat: Kratkii spravochnik, comp. O. I. Nezhdanova, ed. V. P. Kozlov (Moscow, 1994). In addition to a more complete bibliographic description of published and unpublished entries, it would have been helpful to include references to those finding aids available in microform editions.
5. Arkhivy Rossii: Moskva-Sankt-Peterburg: Spravochnik-obozrenie i bibliograficheskii ukazatel', comp. Patricia Kennedy Grimsted et al., ed. Vladimir Petrovich Kozlov et al. (Moscow: “Arkheograficheskii tsentr,” 1997). An updated and expanded English language edition is forthcoming: Archives of Russia: A Directory and Bibliographic Guide to Holdings in Moscow and St. Petersburg, ed. Patricia Kennedy Grimsted (Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1998).
6. Grimsted, Patricia Kennedy, Archives and Manuscript Repositories in the USSR: Moscow and Leningrad (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972 Google Scholar. A review by Klavdiia Ivanovna Rudel'son and Nina Valerianovna Brzhostovskaia appeared in Voprosy istorii, 1973, no. 10. The authors later showed me the original draft of their conclusion, which was dropped from the printed version.
7. Dokumenly Gosudarstvennogo arkhivnogo fonda SSSR v muzeiakh, bibliotekakh i nauchnootraslevykh arkhivakh: Spravochnik, comp. A. B. Kamenskii et al. (Moscow: “Mysl',” 1991 [1992]).
8. The typescript was registered as an official deposit in the VNIIDAD library in 1992 (no. 104–92): “Arkhivnye dokumenty v bibliotekakh i muzeiakh Rossiiskoi Federatsii: Spravochnik,” comp. I. V. Volkova et al. The typescript is reportedly no longer available to researchers, since the compilers are attempting to find another publisher.
9. An initial version of this directory was also deposited in the VNIIDAD library in 1994 (no. 128–95): “Dokumenty byvshikh partiinykh arkhivov: Spravochnik,” comp. V. G. Larina et al. A published version is expected by spring 1998.
10. Grossman, Iurii Mironovich and Kutik, Vitalii Naumovich, Spravochnik nauchnogo rabotnika: Arkhivy, dokumenty, issledovatel', 2d ed. (L'viv: “Vyshcha shkola,” 1983 Google Scholar; microfiche—IDC-R-14, 560). This edition updates the first edition published in L'viv in 1979. See my lengthy review article, Grimsted, Patricia Kennedy, Recent Soviet Archival Literature: A Review and Preliminary Bibliography of Selected Reference Aids, Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies, Occasional Paper, no. 204 (Washington, D.C., 1986)Google Scholar; an abbreviated version appeared in Slavic Review 45, no. 3 (Fall 1986): 534–44.
11. “Vse muzei Moskvy “: Spravochnik-putevoditel', comp. and ed. E. Galkina et al. (Moscow, 1997), vol. 1 of Biblioteka zhurnal “Mir muzeia.”
12. Khudozhestvennye muzei Rossii: Spravochnik, comp. S. V. Biriukova et al., ed. N. M. Kuleshova et al. (St. Petersburg, 1996); Nauchno-tekhnicheskie muzei Rossii: Spravochnik, pt. 1 (Moscow: Gosudarstvennyi politekhnicheskii muzei, 1992).
13. As listed below, new published guides or short lists of fonds are now available for GA RF, RGADA, RGIA, RGAVMF, RGAE, RGALI, RGVA, RTsKhlDNl, and TsKhlDK. New brief surveys have been issued for RGAKFD and RGAFD.
14. See the review by Raleigh, Donald J., “The Russian Archive Series,” Russian Review 55, no. 3 (October 1996): 692–98CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Since Raleigh provides an extended analysis of each volume, only brief mention follows here. See also the shorter, appreciative review by David L. Ransel in the American Historical Review 102, no. 2 (April 1997): 486–87. The series is distributed abroad exclusively by the Center for Russian and East European Studies at the University of Pittsburgh (REES); in Moscow, they are for sale only at the producing archive.
15. Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Rossiiskoi Federatsii: Putevoditel', 3 vols. Vol. 1, Fondy Gosudarstvennogo arkhiva Rossiiskoi Federatsii po istorii Rossii XlX-nachala XX vv., comp. A. V. Dobrovskaia et al., ed. S. V. Mironenko and Gregory L. Freeze, Russian Archive Series, vol. 3 (Moscow, 1994). Vol. 2, Fondy Gosudarstvennogo arkhiva Rossiiskoi Federatsii po istorii RSFSR, comp. L. G. Aronov et al., ed. S. V. Mironenko and Jeffrey P. Burds, Russian Archive Series, vol. 5 (Moscow, 1996).
16. Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv ekonomiki: Putevoditel', comp. E. V. Derusova et al., ed. Jeffrey P. Burds et al. Vol. 1, Kratkii spravochnik fondov, Russian Archive Series, vol. 2 (Moscow, 1994). Vol. 2, Spravochnik fondov RGAE, Russian Archive Series, vol. 6 (Moscow, 1996).
17. Rossiiskii tsentr khraneniia i izucheniia dokumentov noveishei istorii: Kratkii putevoditel'. Fondy i kollektsii, sobrannye Tsentral'nym partiinym arkhivom, comp. Zh. G. Adibekova et al., ed. Iu. N. Amiantov et al. (Moscow, 1993). The REES edition, Russian Archive Series, vol. 1, lists J. Arch Getty as an additional editor.
18. Rossiiskii tsentr khraneniia i izucheniia dokumentov noveishei istorii: Putevoditel' po fondam i kollektsii lichnogo proiskhozhdeniia, comp. Zh. G. Adibekova et al., ed. lu. N. Amiantov et al. (Moscow, 1996).
19. Informatsionnyi biulleten’ RTsKhlDNI (Moscow, 1992-). Publication (under IISG/ IISH sponsorship) is irregular; eight issues have appeared through 1996, although distribution is limited.
20. Stalinskoe Politbiuro v 30-e gody: Sbornik dokumentov, comp. O. V. Khlevniuk et al. (Moscow: “AIRO XX,” 1995). See the helpful review by TsKhSD Deputy Director Vitalii Iu. Afiani in Otechestvennye arkhivy, 1996, no. 2: 112–14, which appropriately recommends that similar volumes be prepared for later decades.
21. Howlett, Jana, Khlevniuk, Oleg, Kosheleva, Liudmila, and Rogovaia, Larissa A., The CPSU's Top Bodies under Stalin: Their Operational Records and Structure of Command, Stalin-Era Research and Archives Project, Working Paper, no. 1 (Toronto, 1996)Google Scholar. The English version is expanded from their earlier article that appeared in Paris: “Les sources archivistiques des organes dirigeants du PC(b)R,” Communisme, no. 42/43/44 (1995): 15–34.
22. Adibekov, Grant M., Shakhnazarova, Eleona M., and Shirinia, Kirill K., Organizatsionnaia struktura Kominterna 1919–1943 (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 1997)Google Scholar. For electronic reference developments for the Comintern archive, see the text at notes 75 and 76.
23. See the cumulative catalogue—Arkhivy Kremlia i Staroi ploshchadi. Dokumetity po “delu KPSS “: Annotirovannyi spravochnik dokumentov, predstavlennykh v Konstitutsionnyi sud Rossiiskoi Federatsiipo “delu KPSS,” comp. I.I. Kudriavtsev, ed. V. P. Kozlov (Novosibirsk, 1995), earlier published serially as Arkhivno-informatsionnyi biulleten', supplement to Istoricheskii arkhiv, nos. 1/2–4 (1993) and nos. 5–6 (1994). A catalogue of the remaining documents in the collection (opisi 53–72) is in preparation. The brief introduction fails to adequately explain the provenance of the documents, nor is there any explanation about the percentage of the documents from the trial that are now available in the TsKhSD collection. Chadwyck-Healey has issued a separate flyer for the microfilm collection under the title “The Trial of the Soviet Communist Party.” The first reel reproduces all of the internal perecheni (opisi).
24. Putevoditel' po fondam TsKhDMO, comp. I. V. Volkova et al. (Moscow, forthcoming). Preliminary diskettes of the new guide can be purchased at the archive.
25. Tsentral'nyi [Rossiiskii] gosudarstvennyi arkhiv drevnikh aktov SSSR: Putevoditel', comp. E. F. Zhelokhovtseva et al., 4 vols. (Moscow, 1991-); the fourth volume is forthcoming in early 1998.
26. Tsentral'nyi gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Sovetskoi Armii: Pttlevodilel', comp. T. F. Kariaeva et al., ed. M. V. Stegantsev and L. V. Dvoinykh, 2 vols. (Minneapolis: East View Publications, 1991–1993; also available in microfiche edition). For evidence of the revelations from additional newly declassified materials, see the article by Romano, Andrea, “L'Armee Rouge, miroir de la societe sovietique: Apercu des sources d'archives,” Communisme, nos. 42/43/44 (1995): 35–43 Google Scholar.
27. Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi voennyi arkhiv: Putevoditel’ po fondam Beloi Armii, comp. N. D. Egorov et al., ed. L. V. Dvoinykh et al. (Moscow, 1998). A copy was not available in time for a review to be included here.
28. Tsentral'nyi gosudarstvennyi voenno-istoricheskii arkhiv SSSR: Putevoditel', comp. A. P. Gudzinskaia et al., 3 vols. (Moscow, 1979); Tsentral'nyi gosudarstvennyi voennoistoricheskii arkhiv: Putevoditel', comp. A. E. Al'tshuller et al., ed. N. P. Shliapnikov and G. I. Volchenkov (Moscow, 1949). For the 1941 guide, see Putevoditel’ po Tsentral'nomu gosudarstvennomu voenno-istoricheskomu arkhivu (Moscow, 1941; microfiche—1DC-R-11, 226).
29. Filial Tsentral'nogo gosudarstvennogo voenno-istoricheskogo arkhiva v Leningrade: Putevoditel', comp. N. A. Kalinina et al., ed. V. V. Maksakov et al. (Leningrad, 1949).
30. Fondy Rossiiskogo gosudarstvennogo istoricheskogo arkhiva: Kratkii spravochnik, comp. D. 1. Raskin and O. P. Sukhanova, ed. V. V. Lapin (St. Petersburg: RGIA, 1994).
31. Russian State Historic Archives, St. Petersburg: Annotated Register (St. Petersburg: “Blits,” 1994; text in Russian). Information about this publication and others from the Russian Baltic Information Center—Blitz—is available on the internet. CONTACT: www.dcn.davis.ca.us/go/feefhs/blitz/frgblitz.html. The Blitz/Blits website also lists extensive genealogical documentation in St. Petersburg archives covered by its projects.
32. Tsentral'nyi gosudarstvennyi istoricheskii arkhiv v Leningrade: Putevoditel', ed. S. N. Valk and V. V. Bedin (Leningrad, 1956; microfiche—IDC-R-10, 722). The second volume, available in typescript in the archive, covers additional smaller unclassified fonds that were not included in the published guide.
33. Katalog: Russkie ofitsial'nye i vedomstvennye izdaniia, XlX-nachala XX veka, comp. E. K. Avramenko et al., ed. N. E. Kashchenko (St. Petersburg: “Blits,” 1995-). As of fall 1997, five volumes are available.
34. Malevinskaia, Marina Evgen'evna, Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv VMF: Spravochnik po fondam (1917–1940), ed. Mazur, T. P., 2 vols. (St. Petersburg: “Blits,” 1995)Google Scholar; added subtitle for Vol. 2, Korabli i suda, 1917–1940 gg.; a searchable computer diskette version is available at additional cost.
35. Mazur, Tamara Petrovna, Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Voenno-Morskogo Flota: Annotirovannyi reestr opisei (1696–1917) (St. Petersburg: “Blits,” 1996)Google Scholar. A searchable computer diskette version is available at additional cost. See also Tsentral'nyigosudarstvennyi arkhiv Voenno-Morskogo Flota SSSR. (Dokumental'nye materialy dorevoliutsionnogoflota Rossii): Tematicheskii putevoditel', comp. V. E. Nadvodskii, ed. I. N. Solov'eva (Leningrad: TsGAVMF, 1966; microfiche ed., Minneapolis: East View Publications, 1991).
36. Sergeeva, N. G., Rossiiskii flot 1720–1917 gg.: Bibliograficheskii spravochnik izdanii morskogo vedomstva (St. Petersburg: “Blits,” 1995)Google Scholar. The prerevolutionary published opisi are available on IDC microfiche.
37. The Russian State Archive of Literature and Art: The Complete Archive Guide/Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv literatury i iskusstva: Putevoditel'po arkhivu, comp. and ed. Natalia B. Volkova and Klaus W. Waschik, CD-ROM Version ([Munich]: K. G. Saur, 1996).
38. Kratkii putevoditel' po byvshemu spetskhranu RGALI (posostoianiiu na 1 oktiabria 1993 g.), cotnp. and ed. Sergei Shumikhin (Paris: Institute d'Ètudes Slaves, 1994).
39. See the review by Mark Steinberg and Helen Sullivan in Slavic Revieiu 56, no. 2 (Summer 1997): 350–52. Another perceptive and duly critical review by the Russian literary specialist Nikolai V. Kotrelev appears in Novoe literaturnoe. obozrenie, 1997, no. 27: 350–56.
40. Regarding the formation of this archive and related restitution problems, see my recent article, “Displaced Archives and Restitution Problems on the Eastern Front in the Aftermath of World War II,” Contemporary European History 6, no. 1 (March 1997): 24–72; and my forthcoming article “‘Trophy’ Archives and Non-Restitution: Russia's Cultural ‘Cold War’ with the European Community,” Problems of Post-Communism, 1998.
41. Aly, Götz and Heim, Susanne, Das Zenlrale Staatsarchiv in Moskau (“Sonderarchiv “), Rekonstruktion und Bestandsverzeichnis verschollen geglaubten Schriftguts aus der NS-Zeit (Düsseldorf: Hans Böckler Stiftung, 1992)Google Scholar.
42. Fondy bel'giiskogo proiskhozhdeniia: Annolirovannyi ukazatel', comp. T. A. Vasil'eva and A. S. Namazova, ed. M. M. Mukhamedzhanov (Moscow, 1995), is the first TsKhlDK reference publication regarding its fonds. A Flemish translation appeared in April 1997, Fondsen van Belgische Herkomst: Verklarende Index, ed. Michel Vermonte et al. (Ghent: AMSAB, 1997). See also the historical account of the odyssey of the Belgian materials now in Russia by Lust, Jacques, Marechal, Evert, Steenhaut, Wouter, and Vermote, Michel, Een Zoektocht naar Archieven: Van NISG naar AMSAB (Ghent: AMSAB, 1997 Google Scholar.
43. Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv kinofotodokumentov: (Kratkii dokumental'nyi obzor), comp. V. N. Batalin, ed. L. P. Zapriagaeva (Krasnogorsk: RGAKFD, 1994).
44. RGAKFD—70 let: (Sbornik statei) (Krasnogorsk: RGAKFD, 1996).
45. Tsentral'nyi gosudarstvennyi arkhiv zvuhozapisei SSSR: Ocherkputevoditel', comp. G. D. Petrov et al., ed. V. A. Koliada (Moscow: TsGAZ, 1991).
46. Sovetskie khudozhestvennye fil'my: Annotirovannyi katalog, 1966–1967 gg. and , 1968–1969 gg., comp. E. M. Barykin et al. (Moscow, 1995); , 1970–1971 gg. and , 1972–1973 gg. (Moscow, 1996); and , 1974–1975 gg. (Moscow, 1997).
47. Testimoni silenziosi: Film russi, 1908–1919/Silent Witness: Russian Films, 1908–1919, comp. Paolo Cherchi Usai ([Pordenone]: Biblioteca dell'Immagine, [ca. 1989]), coordinated with an introduction by Iurii Tsivian, with parallel texts in English and Italian. A Russian edition of the original catalogue is being prepared for publication by “Dubl'D” in Moscow.
48. Miroslava Segida and Sergei Zemlianukhin, Domashniaia sinemateka: Olechestvennoe kino, 1918–1996 (Moscow: “Dubl'D,” 1996). An electronic version is available on the internet: Eleklronyi katalog otechestvennogo kino, 1918–1996. CONTACT: www.russia.agama.com .
49. The multimedia CD-ROM production was released in April 1997: Kinomanaia 97: Entsiklopediia rossiiskogo kinoiskusstva (Moscow: Cominfo, 1997). CONTACT: www.cominf.ru. An extensive bibliography of other newly available reference publications covering motion pictures and cinematography is included in the new ArcheoBiblioBase directory.
50. Margolit, Evgenii and Shmyrov, Viacheslav, (Iz “iatoe kino): Katalog sovetskikh igrovykh karlin, ne vypushchennykh vo vsesoiuznyi prokat po zavershenii v proizvodstve Hi iz “iatykh iz deistvuiushchego fil'mofonda v god vypuska na ekran (1924–1953) (Moscow: “Dubl'-D,” 1995)Google Scholar. Data from this publication and others are included in the general database compiled by Segida and Zemlianukhin.
51. Arkhiv vneshnei politiki Rossiiskoi Imperii: Putevoditel', comp. and ed. 1. V. Budnik et al. (Minneapolis: East View Publications, 1996). See the favorable Russian press reaction, for example, Iaroslav Leont'ev, “Katalog: Arkhivnyi Vergilii,” Obshchaiagazeta, 26 September-2 October 1996, no. 38: 9; and the earlier notice, which also included mention of the guide for RGVA, E. Andreev, “Kliuchi k tainam proshlogo: Amerikanskie putevoditeli po russkim arkhivam,” Knizhnoe obozrenie, 1996, no. 35.
52. “Putevoditel’ po Arkhivu vneshnei politiki Rossiiskoi Federatsii” (Moscow, 1995; typescript).
53. Detkov, Mikhail G., Borisov, Aleksandr V., et al., Organy i voisha MVD Rossii: Kratkii istoricheskii ocherk (Moscow: Ob “edinennaia redaktsiia MVD Rossii, 1996).Google Scholar
54. Lubianka. VChK-OGPU-NKVDNKBMGB-MVD-KGB 1917–1960 gg.: Spravochnik, comp. A. I. Kokurin and N. V. Petrov (Moscow, 1997). An additional publication, Sanitarnaia sluzhba GULAGa (1932–1957 gg.): Spravochnik, was also announced as forthcoming in 1996, but its publication has been sidetracked.
55. Arkhiv noveishei istorii Rossii: Katalog dokumentov, ed. V. A. Kozlov and S. V. Mironenko (Moscow, 1994-; distributed abroad by REES at the University of Pittsburgh). Vol. 1, “Osobaia papka” I. V. Stalina: Iz materialov Sekretariata NKVD-MVD SSSR 1944–1953 gg.; vol. 2, “Osobaia papka” V. M. Molotova: Iz materialov Sekretariata NKVDMVD SSSR 1944–1956 gg.; vol. 3, “Osobaia papka “N. S. Khrushcheva (1954–1956gg.); and vol. 4, “Osobaia papka” L. P. Berii. A second volume of correspondence addressed to Beriia was scheduled to be published by the end of 1997, but has been delayed.
56. As explained by GA RF Deputy Director Vladimir A. Kozlov and Ol'ga K. Lokteva, ‘ “Arkhivnaia revoliutsiia’ v Rossii (1991–1996),” Svobodnaia mysl', 1997, no. 2 (February): 120.
57. Kratkii spravochnik po fondam Tsentral'nogo gosudarstvennogo arkhiva literatury i iskusstva Leningrada, comp. A. K. Bonitenko et al. (Leningrad: LNPP “Oblik,” 1991).
58. Tsentral'nyi Moskovskii arkhiv dokumentov na spetsial'nykh nositeliakh: PutevoditeV, comp. L. I. Smirnova et al. (Moscow: Izd. ob “edineniia “Mosgorarkhiv,” 1997).
59. [Sankt-Peterburgskii filial Instituta rossiiskoi istorii RAN], Fondy i kollektsii arkhiva: Kratkii spravochnik, comp. G. A. Pobedimova and N. B. Sredinskaia, ed. Iu. N. Bespiatykh and M. P. Iroshnikov (St. Petersburg: “Blits,” 1995). Cf. the 1958 guide, PutevoditeV po arkhivu Leningradskogo otdeleniia Instituta istorii (Leningrad, 1958; microfiche— IDC-R-10, 957).
60. [Institut russkoi literatury (Pushkinskii Dom) RAN], Fondy i kollektsii Rukopisnogo otdela: Kratkii spravochnik, comp. V. P. Budaragin and M. V. Rofiukova (St. Petersburg: “Blits,” 1996).
61. Izdaniia Rossiiskoi natsional'noi biblioteki (Gosudarstvennoi Publichnoi biblioleki im. M. E. Saltykova-Shchedrina) za 1983–1994 gg.: Bibliograficheskii ukazatel1, comp. E. V. Tikhonova and E. L. Kokorina, ed. G. V. Mikheeva (St. Petersburg: Izd. RNB, 1996), manuscript fonds, pp. 17–28, which also includes analytics for the numerous GPB/ RNB series of collected articles about the division holdings. A separate 220-page bibliography covers only the Manuscript Division publications and updates the earlier 1971 edition: Rukopisnye fondy Publichnoi biblioteki: Pechatnye katalogi, obzory, istorikometodicheskie materialy, comp. N. A. Zubkova, ed. V. D. Chursin, 2d ed. (Leningrad: GPB, 1990).
62. Annotirovannyi ukazatel' rukopisnykh fondov GPB im. M. E. Saltykova-Shchedrina: Fondy russkikh deiatelei XVIII-XX vv., comp. R. B. Zaborova et al., ed. V. I. Afanas'ev, 4 vols. (Leningrad: GPB, 1981–1985; reprint, New York: Norman Ross Publishers, 1994).
63. Published by RNB, four volumes (in five parts) have appeared as of mid-1997. For a full description of these and other new reference publications, see the bibliographic coverage in the forthcoming English edition of Arkhivy Rossii/Archives of Russia, pt. G-15.
64. Lichnye arkhivnye fondy Gosudarstvennogo Ermilazha: Spravochnik, comp. Kachalina, G. I.; and Fotoarkhiv Gosudarstvennogo Ermilazha: Spravochnik-putevoditel' (St. Petersburg, 1992)Google Scholar. See also j4rA/fw Gosudarstvennogo Ordena Lenina Ermilazha: Putevoditel', comp. G. I. Kachalina and E. M. Iakovleva (Leningrad, 1988).
65. Putevoditel' po Kabinetu rukopisei Rossiiskogo instituta istorii iskusstv, comp. O. L. Dansker and G. V. Kopytova, ed. A. la. Al'tshuller, 2d ed. (St. Petersburg, 1996). The new guide considerably expands and updates the 1984 guide to what was then the LGITMiK Cabinet of Archival Fonds.
66. [Gosudarstvennyi tsentral'nyi muzei muzikal'noi kul'tury im. M. I. Glinki], Putevoditel’ po fondam: Otdel arkhivno-rukopisnykh materialov, comp. and ed. T. G. Keldysh (Moscow: GTsMMK im. M. I. Glinki, 1997). This updates the earlier and much briefer 1974 list of fonds acquired before 1972.
67. Istoricheskii muzei—entsiklopediia otechestvennoi istorii i kul'tury (Zabelinskie nauchnye chteniia 1993 goda), ed. V. L. Egorov (Moscow: GIM, 1995), issued as Trudy GIM, vol. 87. Includes surveys and source analyses of materials in the Division of Manuscripts and Early Printed Books, the Division of Written Sources, and the Division of Graphic Materials.
68. Protas'eva, Tat'iana Nikolaevna and Shchepkina, Marfa Viacheslavovna, Sokrovishcha drevnei pis'mennosti i staroi pechati: Obzor rukopisei russkikh, slavianskikh, grechiskikh, a lakzhe knig staroi pechati Gosudarstvennogo istoricheskogo muzeia, ed. Dianova, T. V., 2d ed. (Moscow, 1995)Google Scholar. Updates the first edition with the same title, edited by M. N. Tikhomirov, vol. 30 of Pamiatniki kul'tury (Moscow: “Sovetskaia Rossiia,” 1958; microfiche— IDC-R-11, 018).
69. Pis'mennye istochniki v sobranii GIM, ed. A. K. Afanas'ev, Pt. 2, Materialy po istorii kul'tury i nauki v Rossii (Moscow: GIM, 1993), Pt. 3, Materialy po voennoi istorii Rossii (Moscow: GIM, 1997). Both volumes were issued in the series Trudy GIM.
70. See other composite listings in Arkhivy Rossii/Archives of Russia, pt. H.
71. See the 1995 Chadwyck-Healey catalogue (in both English and Russian editions): Archives of the Soviet Communist Party and Soviet State: Catalogue of Finding Aids and Documents, introduction by Jana Howlett ([Cambridge, Eng.], 1995); Arkhivy KPSS i sovetskogo gosudarstva: Katalog opisei i dokumentov ([Cambridge, Eng.], 1995). See also the printed 1996 supplement, which lists more of the documentary series available. From TsKhSD, only opisi and files from the Committee for Party Control (fond 6) have been filmed, as well as a complete microfilm edition of fond 89. An expanded 1997 catalogue can be found on the internet. CONTACT: (from the USA): http://www.chadwyck.com; (outside the USA): www.chadwyck.co.uk. See also the website of the Hoover Institution.
72. This deficiency, in terms of the documentary series, is being remedied by the Hoover Institution, where specialists are preparing a series of guides to the documents filmed. In the meantime, Hoover archival specialists are prepared to answer reference questions. CONTACT: www-hoover.stanford.edu.
73. Kozlov, Vladimir P., “Preface,” Archives in Russia, Moscow and St. Petersburg: A Preliminary Directory, ed. Grimsted, Patricia Kennedy (Princeton: IREX, 1992; updated edition, 1993), vii.Google Scholar
74. Many of these issues are discussed in Grimsted, Archives of Russia Five Years After, chap. II.
75. Comintern Archive: A Look Behind the Scenes on Microfiche, ed. Kirill M. Anderson (Leiden: IDC, 1994). Complete files have been reproduced from the records of seven Comintern congresses and plenums (1919–1935) with sophisticated finding aids. Further information is available electronically on the IDC website. CONTACT: www.idc.nl.
76. An initial brochure announcing the project has been released by the International Council on Archives, “Les Archives du Komintern: Une Histoire qui interesse le nionde” (Paris, 1997). See also the report by P. A. Smidovich, “O vizite v Moskvu general'nogo sekretaria Mezhdunarodnogo soveta arkhivov Sh. Kechkemeti i spetsial'nogo sovetnika Soveta Evropy Dz. Vitiello,” Otechestvennye arkhivy, 1996, no. 4: 101.
77. The Conservatory catalogue (published in New York by Norman Ross), consisting of 312 microfiche, sells for $2, 000. CONTACT: www.nross.com.
78. Archives and Manuscript Collections in the USSR: Finding Aids on Microfiche, Series 1, Moscow and Leningrad, ed. Patricia Kennedy Grimsted (Zug, Switzerland: IDC, 1976), correlated with the 1972 Grimsted directory and the 1976 Supplement 1, Bibliographical Addenda, published simultaneously by IDC; Series 2, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Belorussia (1981); Series 3, Soviet Ukraine and Moldavia (Leiden: IDC, 1989). Both of the latter collections were correlated with the Grimsted directories published simultaneously by Princeton University Press. The IDC order numbers are also included in the bibliographic listings in the new Arkhivy RossiilArchives of Russia directory, and plans call for more of the specialized finding aids available on microfiche to be listed in a separate electronic correlation table.
79. Istoriia Russkoi Pravoslavnoi Tserkvi v dokumentakh federal'nykh arkhivov Rossii, Moskvy i Sankt-Peterburga: Annotirovannyi spravochnik-ukazatel', comp. M. P. Zhukova et al., ed. Arkhimandrit Innokentii (Prosvirnin) and O. V. Kurochkina (Moscow: Izd. Novospasskogo monastyria, 1995). A 1993 volume provides schematic coverage of fonds in regional state archives, but only on the basis of earlier listings in already published guides: Istoriia Russkoi Pravoslavnoi Tserkvi v dokumentakh regional'nykh arkhivov Rossii: Annotirovannyi spravochnik-ukazatel', comp. M. P. Zhukova et al., ed. Innokentii Prosvirnin and O. V. Kurochkina (Moscow: Izd. Novospasskogo monastyria, 1993). See the review by Evgenii V. Starostin, then director of the Historico-Archival Institute, in Otechestvennye arkhivy, 1994, no. 5: 126–27. Unfortunately, the compilers did not even have at their disposal a complete collection of guides to regional archives, nor access to many of those available only in typescript.
80. “Eparkhii russkoi pravoslavnoi tserkvi v Rossii: Annotirovannyi ukazatel' fondov dukhovnykh konsistorii po gosudarstvennym arkhivam Rossiiskoi Federatsii,” comp. M. V. Bel'dova et al. (Moscow, 1996; typescript deposited in VNIIDAD, no. 164–96) and, for monasteries: “Monastyri russkoi pravoslavnoi tserkvi v Rossii: Annotirovannyi ukazatel' fondov gosudarstvennykh arkhivov Rossiiskoi Federatsii,” comp. M. V. Bel'dova et al. (Moscow, 1996; typescript deposited in VNIIDAD, no. 163–96). Both texts are available for sale in electronic format in the Russian word-processing program Leksikon.
81. Since VNIIDAD promised speedier production and had staff ready, the Moscow Patriarchate chose to fund the VNIIDAD project instead.
82. Arkhiv Soveta po delam religioznykh kul'tov pri SM SSSR (1944–1965 gg.): Katalog dokumentov, comp. M. I. Odintsov, pts. 1 and 2 (Moscow, 1996), published as Arkhivnoinformalsionnyi biulleten1 (Supplement to Istoricheskii arkhiv), nos. 11 and 12.
83. El'iashevich, Dmitrii Akad'evich, Dokumental'nye materialy po istorii evreev v arkhivakh SNG i strati Baltiki: Predvaritel'nyi spisok arkhivnykh fondov (St. Petersburg: Akropol', 1994)Google Scholar; Jewish Documentary Sources in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus: A Preliminary List, ed. Dorit Sallis and Marek Web (New York: Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1996).
84. While the texts are being prepared for publication, public access to the database is also not available in Moscow. It is to be hoped that access to the data will soon be possible via the database of the Research Libraries Information Network (RUN).
85. Obzor dokumental'nykh istochnikov po istorii evreev v arkhivakh SNG: Tsentral'nye gosudarstvennye arkhivy, gosudarstvennye oblastnye arkhivy Rossiiskoi Federatsii, comp. Vasilii Shchedrin et al. (Moscow: “Evreiskoe nasledie,” 1994).
86. The same group has also issued preliminary lists of fonds in several Ukrainian archives. Their pamphlets covering RGADA and RGVIA are indicated in the new ArcheoBiblioBase directory. These and other society pamphlets are all listed on the Jewish Heritage Society's website. CONTACT: www.glasnet.ru/∼heritage/ . Additional electronic files are available with coverage of RGIA, RTsKMDNI, and TsKhSD, AVP RF, TsGIA SPb, LOGAV, as well as a number of regional archives throughout the Russian Federation.
87. Deych, Genrikh M. [Deich], Arkhivnye dokumenty po istorii evreev v Rossii v XlX-nachale XX w.: Putevoditel', ed., with an introduction, Benjamin Nathans, Russian Archive Series, vol. 4 (Moscow, 1994)Google Scholar. Unfortunately, the data presented were compiled before the post-Soviet round of declassification in RGIA, and the American editor was neither able to conduct a thorough review in Russia, nor did he have access to the Project Judaica database (which had already purchased a copy of the Deych data before it was published). Hence the Deych listings omit many of the still extant fonds of importance that are now revealed in the aforementioned finding aids, most of which will be included in the more detailed Project Judaica-sponsored publications in preparation.
88. The supplementary pamphlet appears as Deich, G. M., Zapiski sovetskogo orkhivista. Kollektsiia dokumental'nykh materialov po istorii evreev v Rossii: Pechalnye trudy, ed. Shchedrin, Vasilii (Moscow: “Evreiskoe nasledie,” 1996)Google Scholar. The copies Deych has acquired, particularly from RGIA, are now held in his own personal collection in New Jersey.
89. See, for example, Russkoe zarubezh'e. Zolotaia kniga emigratsii pervaia tret' XX veka: Entsiklopedicheskii biograficheskii slovar', ed. V. V. Borisov et al. (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 1997), and Politicheskie partii rossii, konets XlX-pervaia tret’ XX veka: Entsiklopediia, ed. Valentin V. Shelokhaev et al. (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 1996). See other listings in Arkhivy Rossii/Archives of Russia, pt. A, sec. 5B.
90. Lichnye arkhixmye fondy v gosudarslvennykh khranilishchakh SSSR: Ukazatel', 3 vols. (Moscow, 1962–1963, 1980; microfiche—IDC-R-10, 655).
91. Perechen' rossiiskikh aktsionernykh torgovo-promyshlennykh kompanii, arkhivnye fondy kotorykh nakhodiatsia v gosudarstvennykh arkhivakh SSSR, comp. A. G. Golikov, ed. V. I. Bovykin and T. N. Dolgorukova (Moscow, 1979). I am grateful to Galina R. Naumova, who heads the Moscow State University project, for making a copy of this publication available to me.
92. For more details about the situation under Soviet rule, see Grimsted, Patricia Kennedy, “Glasnost’ in the Archives? Recent Developments on the Soviet Archival Scene,” American Archivist 52, no. 2 (Spring 1989): 214–36CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Many of those earlier restricted guides were listed in Grimsted, A Handbook for Archival Research, appendix 1, since they were declassified in the late 1980s.
93. See the Catalogue of the Baron Guenzburg Collection of Hebrew Manuscripts in the Russian State Library in Moscow, 2 vols. (Jerusalem, 1997), a preliminary edition, which covers three-fourths of the collection. Copies of the microfilms are now available at Harvard University. See also The Collective Catalogue of Hebrew Manuscripts, microfiche edition with printed introduction in English and Hebrew (Paris: Chadwyck-Healey France, 1989).
94. See Ronald Doel and Caroline Moseley, “Cold War Soviet Science: Manuscripts and Oral Histories,” CWIHP Bulletin 4 (Fall 1994): 2, 13. See also the Guide to the Archival Collections in the Niels Bohr Library at the American Institute of Physics, International Catalog of Sources for History of Physics and Allied Sciences, report no. 7 (College Park, Md., 1994), comprising a printout from the database at the Niels Bohr Library, with references to a growing number of collections preserved in at least ten repositories in the former USSR. Many of the English-language descriptions of collections from Russia have been uploaded into RLIN. CONTACT: www.aip.org/history/ bohr.html.
95. See the brief report on the 1993 session, with mention of many of the participants, in “Deiatel'nost’ Arkheograficheskoi komissii v 1993 g.,” Arkheograficheskii ezhegodnik za 1993 god (Moscow, 1995), 349.
96. These are all listed, including those published in Moscow, in Arkhivy Rossii/ Archives of Russia, pt. A, sec. 14B.
97. The first, formal report outlining the general project appeared in the first 1996 issue of the journal of the Russian Society of Historians and Archivists: Kiselev, Igor N., “Informatizatsiia arkhivnogo dela,” Vestnik arkhivista, 1996, no. 1(31): 60–82 Google Scholar. See also “Programma informatizatsii arkhivnogo dela Rossii (1997–2000 gg.)” (interview with I. N. Kiselev), Vestnik arkhivista, 1996, no. 6(36): 55–64; and Kiselev, I. N., “Informatsionnaia sistema arkhiva: Model' i voploshchenie,” Otechtvennye arkhivy, 1997, no. 6: 28–35 Google Scholar. Kiselev, by background a historian of social demography and a specialist in mathematical and computer applications for historical research, now heads the Rosarkhiv division handling automation. I am grateful to him for demonstrating this program and providing up-to-date information about the programming developments.
98. Muzei Rossii: Spravochnik, Pt. 1, (Khudozhestvennye, iskusstvovedcheskie, arkhitekturnye, literaturnye), Pt. 2, (Kompleksnye, istoricheskie, estestvennonauchnye, tekhnicheskie, otraslexrye), comp. Iu. A. Gavrilov et al., ed. A. V. Kamenets, 4 vols. (Moscow, 1993).
99. “Vse muzei Moskvy.”
100. The website “Museums of Russia” (http://www.museum.ru), based at the Darwin Museum in Moscow since 1996, is developing versions in a number of foreign languages, including English. A mirror of this website has been established in Detroit for easier access in the United States. Several museums have posted their own websites on the same server, others are available on the OpenWeb server at the State Public Historical Library (www.openweb.ru).
101. See Spravochnik-putevoditel'po bibliotekam Sankt-Peterburga, comp. O. M. Zus'man et al., ed. O. M. Zus'man (St. Petersburg: “Politekhnika,” 1993), a detailed guide covering holdings in 1, 342 St. Petersburg libraries, including those in archives, museums, and religious institutions. See more details about archival holdings and related library reference literature in the 1997 ArcheoBiblioBase directory.
102. Archives in Russia (1992/1993).
103. See the website “Arkhivy Rossii” with brief data from parts B and D of ArcheoBiblioBase (www.openweb.ru/koi8/rusarch). The OpenWeb server at the State Public Historical Library and free public assistance from a professional webmaster were established during 1996 under the sponsorship of the International Research and Exchanges Board with funding from the United States Information Agency.
104. See “Archives of Russia,” the on-line data from the English version of ArcheoBiblioBase (www.iisg.nl/∼abb/).