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The Chechen Wars in Historical Perspective: New Work on Contemporary Russian-Chechen Relations

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 January 2017

Austin Jersild
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Type
Review Essay
Information
Slavic Review , Volume 63 , Issue 2 , Summer 2004 , pp. 367 - 377
Copyright
Copyright © Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies. 2004

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References

1. Organized by Anthony Anemone, chair of the Department of Foreign Languages, this symposium took place on 4-6 April 2003. For comments and suggestions on an earlier draft of this article, I am grateful to audiences at the Center for Regional and Global Studies at Old Dominion University, the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, the Kennan Institute of the Woodrow Wilson Center in Washington, D.C., and the Russian and East European Center and its Summer Research Lab at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.

2. Tishkov, V. A., Obshchestvo v vooruzhennom konflikte: Etnografiia chechenskoi voiny (Moscow, 2001), 9.Google Scholar

3. Ibid., 19-31.

4. Ibid., 42-45,201.

5. See also Tishkov, V. A., “Teoriia i praktika nasiliia,” in Bocharov, V. V. and Tishkov, V. A., eds., Antropologiia nasiliia (St. Petersburg, 2001), 7–38.Google Scholar

6. Tishkov, Obshchestvo v vooruzhennom konflikte, 276.

7. Ibid., 283.

8. Ibid., 502.

9. See also Nisten-Khaarala, Soili, “Rossiisko-Chechenskiikonflikt—mezhdunarodnoe pravo i politika,” in Furman, D. E., ed., Chechnia i Rossiia: Obshchestva i gosudarstva (Moscow, 1999), 360-71.Google Scholar

10. Evangelista, Matthew, The Chechen Wars: Will Russia Go the Way of the Soviet Union? (Washington, D.C., 2002), 139-41.Google Scholar

11. Ibid., 90-123.

12. Tishkov, Obshchestvo v vooruzhennom konflikte, 509.

13. Kogan-Iasnyi, V. V., “Politicheskii aspekt otnoshenii federal'nykh organov vlasti rossiiskoi federatsii s chechenskoi respublikoi v 1990-1994 gg.,” in Orlov, O. P. and Cherkasov, A. V., eds., Rossiia-Chechnia: Tsep’ oshibok i prestuplenii (Moscow, 1998), 111-21.Google Scholar

14. O. P. Orlov, A. V. Cherkasov, and A. V. Sokolov, “Narushenie prav cheloveka i norm gumanitarnogo prava v khode vooruzhennogo konflikta v chechenskoi respublike,” in Orlov and Cherkasov, eds., Rossiia-Chechnia, 136.

15. Some of this material appears in Russian Studies in History 41, no. 2 (2002), a collection of translated documents and scholarship from the history of Russia in the North Caucasus since the nineteenth century. For a Memorial study of the use of “living shields” in the war, see Orlov, O. P. and Cherkasov, A. V., eds., Za spinami mirnykh zhitelei: Zakhvat zalozhnikov i ispol'zovanie grazhdanskogo naseleniia v kachestve “zhivogo shchita” federal'nymi voiskami Rossii v khode vooruzhennogo konflikta v Chechne (Moscow, 1996).Google Scholar

16. Orlov, Cherkasov, and Sokolov, “Narushenie prav cheloveka,” 154.

17. Ibid., 219. Studies by Memorial chronicling the treatment in Russia of Chechens, Ingush, and various refugees from the war include Diskriminatsiia po priznaku mesta zhitel'stva i etnicheskomu priznaku v Moskve i Moskovskoi oblasti (Moscow, 2001), and Gannushkina, S. A., O pobzhenii v Rossii zhilelei Chechni, vynuzhdenno pokinuvshikh ee territoriiu (Moscow, 2002).Google Scholar

18. Troshev, Gennadii, Moia voina: Chechenskii dnevnik okopnogo generala (Moscow, 2001), 116.Google Scholar See also Kulikov, Anatolii and Lembik, Sergei, Chechenskii uzel: Khronika vooruzhennogo konflikta, 1994-1996 gg. (Moscow, 2000)Google Scholar; Mikhailov, Aleksandr, Chechenskoe koleso: General FSB svideteistvuet (Moscow, 2002).Google Scholar On Politkovskaia, see Anna Politkovskaya, A Dirty War: A Russian Reporter in Chechnya, trans. John Crowfoot, introduction, Thomas de Waal (London, 2001). For a typology of masculinity in accounts produced by soldiers, see Natalia Danilova, “Different Meanings of Masculinity in Veterans’ Literature” (paper presented at the conference “Masculinities in Russia,” University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 19- 23 June 2003). On Balabanov's persistent return to matters of masculinity and national identity, see Larsen, Susan, “National Identity, Cultural Authority, and the Post-Soviet Blockbuster: Nikita Mikhalkov and Aleksei Balabanov,” Slavic Review 62, no. 3 (Fall 2003): 491–511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

19. Troshev, Moia voina, 229.

20. Ibid., 259.

21. Ibid.

22. Baisaev, U. V. et al., “Zachistka“: Poselok novye aldy, 5 fevralia 2000 g. (Moscow, 2000), 28.Google Scholar

23. Oliker, Olga, Russia's Chechen Wars, 1994-2000: Lessons from Urban Combat (Santa Monica, Calif., 2001), 12–14.Google Scholar

24. Ibid., 16-20.

25. Ibid., 9. See also Evangelista, The Chechen Wars, 38.

26. Oliker, Russia's Chechen Wars, 1994-2000, xv.

27. Matveeva, Anna, “Russia and USA Increase Their Influence in Georgia,“ Jane's Intelligence Review 15, no. 5 (May 2003): 42–45.Google Scholar

28. Tishkov, Obshchestvo v vooruzhennom konflikte, 51-53, 82.

29. Mikhailov, Chechenskoe koleso, 12-20.

30. Ian Chesnov, “Byt’ Chechentsem: Lichnost'i etnicheskie identifikatsii naroda,” in Furman, ed., Chechnia iRossiia, 89-90. See also Georgii Derlug'ian, “Chechenskaia revoliutsiia i Chechenskaia istoriia,” in Furman, ed., Chechnia i Rossiia, 197-222.

31. Troshev, Moia voina, 379-80.

32. Ibid., 331.

33. Tishkov, Obshchestvo v vooruzhennom konflikte, 251. See also Dunlop, John B., Russia Confronts Chechnya: Roots of a Separatist Conflict (Cambridge, Eng., 1998), 97–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

34. Troshev, Moia voina, 12-24.

35. Tishkov, Obshchestvo v vooruzhennom konflikte, 242; Evangelista, The Chechen Wars, 26-28; Kogan-Iasnyi, “Politicheskii aspekt,” 95-100. On the road to conflict from 1990 to 1994, see Gakaev Dzhabrail, “Put’ k Chechenskoi revoliutsii,” and Taimaz Abubakarov, “Mezhdu avtoritarnost'iu i anarkhiei (Politicheskie dilemmy prezidenta Dudaeva),” both in Furman, ed., Chechnia i Rossiia, 150-76 and 177-96. See also Tracey C. German, Russia's Chechen War (London, 2003).

36. Evangelista, The Chechen Wars, 87.

37. Oliker, Russia 's Chechen Wars, 1994-2000, 63.

38. Evangelista, The Chechen Wars, 63.

39. For an effort to compare Russia's road to war from 1991-94 to the policies of General A. P. Ermolov in the early nineteenth century, see Shakhrudin Gapurov, “Metody kolonial'noi politiki tsarizma v Chechne v pervoi polovine xix veka,” in Furman, ed., Chechnia i Rossiia, 113-27.

40. An account from a Russian-French journalist suggestive of the drama and excitement of the romantic writing of colonialism is Anne Nivat, Chienne de Guerre: A Woman Reporter Behind the Lines of the War in Chechnya, trans. Susan Darn ton (New York, 2001). She disguises herself as a Chechen woman and recounts several somewhat unlikely interviews with Shamil Basaev and Khattab.

41. Brian Williams, “Shamil Baseyev, Chechen Field Commander: Russia's Most Wanted Man,” Analyst (2 August 2000), available at http://www.cacianalyst.org/view_article.php?articleid=145 (last consulted 18 February 2004).

42. On mountain social structure in the nineteenth century, see Said-Akhmed Isaev, “Krest'ianstvo i sotsial'no-ekonomicheskoe razvitie Chechni v xviii-seredine xix veka,” in Furman, ed., Chechnia i Rossiia, 102-12; on the history of language use and transcription, see Zulai Khamidova, “Bor'ba za iazyk (Problemy stanovleniia i razvitiia Chechenskogo iazyka),” in Furman, ed., Chechnia i Rossiia, 128-49.

43. For more on the preceding several paragraphs, see my book Orientalism and Empire: North Caucasus Mountain Peoples and the Georgian Frontier, 1845-1917 (Montreal, 2002).

44. See Brian Williams, “Unravelling the Links between the Middle East and Islamic Militants in Chechnya,” Analyst (12 February 2003), available at http://www.cacianalyst.org/view_article.php?articleid=1053 (last consulted 18 February 2004).

45. Yarlykapov, Akhmet, “Islamic Fundamentalism in the Northern Caucasus: Towards a Formulation of the Problem,” Caucasian Regional Studies 4, no. 1 (1999): 1–10, available at http://poli.vub.ac.be/publi/crs/eng/0401-02.htm (last consulted 18 February 2004).Google Scholar See also Ware, Robert Bruce, Kisriev, Enver, Patzelt, Werner J., and Roericht, Ute, “Political Islam in Dagestan,“Europe-Asia Studies 55, no. 2 (2003): 287–302 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Siukiiainen, L., “Voinas terrorom: Islam prolix \s\iLmskogo eV-steemizma.” Aziiai Afrika segodnia, 2002, no. 2: 8–14 Google Scholar; Z. M. Abdulagatov, “Sovremennaia religioznaia situatsiia v Dagestane (Protsessy musul'manskogo vozrozhdeniia),” Etnograficheskoe obozrenie, no. 6 (November-December 2002): 61-68.

46. Scott, Roddy, “Was Khattab Poisoned by the Russian Security Service?“ Jane's Intelligence Review 14, no. 6 (June 2002): 24–25 Google Scholar; Makarenko, Tamara, “Chechen Militants Threaten Increased Terrorism,“ Jane's Intelligence Review 15, no. 5 (May 2003): 26–29 Google Scholar.

47. Zotov, Georgii, “Chernye prizraki,” Argumenty i fakty, no. 8 (February 2004): 11 Google Scholar; Evdokimov, Pavel, “Bez paniki,” Rossiia, no. 6 (19 February 2004): 1.Google Scholar Fortunately, other more balanced voices can still be heard, as in the nineteenth-century debates about the Caucasus War. See Shermatova, Sanobar, “Moskva—Groznyi,” Moskovskie novosti, no. 1 (13-19 February 2004): 5 Google Scholar, and Kaledin, Nikita, “Schastlivoe puteshestvie v mirnuiu Chechniu,” Stringer, no. 2 (55) (23 February-8 March 2004): 18–20 Google Scholar.

48. Jersild, Orientalism and Empire, 3, 73.