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Social Structure and National Movements among the Yugoslav Peoples on the Eve of the First World War

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 January 2017

Mirjana Gross
Mirjana Gross*
Affiliation:
Department of History of the Philosophical Faculty, Zagreb, Yugoslavia
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Extract

Little attention has been paid in Yugoslav historiography to the relationship between social structure and the character of the national movements of the various Yugoslav peoples. Enough data are available, however, to compile a list of the problems that should be studied in any systematic comparison of these national movements. The purpose of this paper is to examine some aspects of the interaction of social structures and national movements among the Yugoslav peoples for the twenty-year period before the First World War. The paper is primarily focused on urban society, which took the leading role in national movements

Type
Articles
Information
Slavic Review , Volume 36 , Issue 4 , December 1977 , pp. 628 - 643
Copyright
Copyright © Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies. 1977

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References

This is the text of a paper read at the International Commission for Slavic Studies at the Fourteenth International Congress of Historical Sciences in San Francisco, August 22-29, 1975. Some corrections have been made and notes have been added.

1. Numerous works of economic history give data useful for research into the social foundations of national movements. In this paper I mainly used results of Yugoslav historiography during the last ten years. See The Historiography of Yugoslavia 1965-1975 (Belgrade: Association of Yugoslav Historical Societies, 1975); and the first two bibliographic volumes, Ten Years of Yugoslav Historiography 1945-1955 (Belgrade: National Committee for Historical Studies, 1955), and Historiographie Yougoslave 1955-1965 (Belgrade: Fédération des Societés historiques de Yougoslavie, 1965).

2. For general information on national movements of the Yugoslav peoples, see F. Zwitter in collaboration with Šidak, J. and Bogdanov, V., Les problèmes nationaux dans la monarchic de Habsbourg (Belgrade, 1960)Google Scholar. See also, in Slovene, Nacionalni problemi v HabsburŠki monarhiji [National Problems in the Habsburg Monarchy] (Ljubljana, 1962); and Djordjević, D., Revolutions nationales des peuples balkaniques 1804-1914 (Belgrade, 1965)Google Scholar.

3. Gross, M., “Einfluss der sozialen Struktur auf den Charakter der Nationalbewegung in den kroatischen Ländern im 19. Jahrhundert,” in Schieder, Th., ed., Sozialstruktur und Organisation europäischer Nationalbewegungen, Abhandlungen der Forschungsabteilung des Historischen Seminars der Universität Köln, vol. 3 (Munich and Vienna, 1971), pp. 67–92 Google Scholar; and Gross, M, “Classi sociali e partiti politici in Croazia nella seconda metà del secolo XIX,” Annali della Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia di Trieste, 3 (1966-67): 115–28.Google Scholar

4. Numerous articles on the development of towns and various strata of the middle classes bear witness to this. See Historic*graphic Yougoslave, pp. 194-96; and Historiography of Yugoslavia, pp. 171 ff.

5. Savković, J., Pregled postanka, rasvitka i rasvojačenja Vojne granice od XVI veka do 1873. godine [A Review of the Origin, Development, and Abolishment of the Military Frontier from the Sixteenth Century to 1873] (Novi Sad, 1964)Google Scholar. See also Historic: graphic Yougoslave, p. 167; and Historiography of Yugoslavia, pp. 174 and 265.

6. See works by R. Petrović, D. Foretić, and I. Karaman, in Historiography of Yugoslavia, pp. 266-68.

7. Gestrin, F. and Melik, V., Slovenska sgodovina od konca osamnajstega stoletja do 1918 [Slovene History from the End of the Eighteenth Century to 1918] (Ljubljana, 1966).Google Scholar

8. Historiography of Yugoslavia, pp. 326 ff.

9. Zografski, D., Razvitokot na kapitalističkite dementi vo Makedonija za vreme na turskoto vladeenje [The Development of Capitalist Elements in Macedonia During Turkish Rule] (Skopje, 1967)Google Scholar. See also Historiography of Yugoslavia, pp. 314-16.

10. See the collection of sources, Agrarni odnosi u BiH (1878-1918) [Agrarian Relations in Bosnia-Herzegovina (1878-1918)], ed. H. Kapidžić, Archives of Bosnia-Herzegovina, materials 5 (Sarajevo, 1969). See also Historiography of Yugoslavia, pp. 334-35.

11. See papers from the Sixth Congress of Yugoslav Historians in connection with the subject “Urban-rural Relations,” in Jugoslovenski istorijski časopis, 1973, nos. 1-2 and 3-4, and 1974, nos. 1-2.

12. Pleterski, J., “Položaj Slovencev pred prvo svetovno vojno” [The Position of the Slovenes on the Eve of the First World War], in Jugoslovcnski narodi pred prvi svetski rat [The Yugoslav Peoples on the Eve of the First World War], ed. Čubrilović, V. (Belgrade, 1967), pp. 761–88Google Scholar; Čizmić, I., Jugoslavenski iseljenički pokret u SAD i stvaranje jugoslavenske države 1918 [The Yugo$lav Émigré Movement in the U.S.A. and the Formation of the Yugoslav State in 1918] (Zagreb, 1974)Google Scholar; Kapidžić, H., “Ekonomska emigracija iz BiH u SAD početkom XX vijeka” [Economic Emigration from Bosnia-Herzegovina into the U.S.A. at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century], Glasnik Arhiva i Društva arhivista BiH, 7 (1967): 191–220 Google Scholar; Pejović, Dj., Iseljavanje Crnogoraca u XIX vijeku [Montenegrin Emigration in the Nineteenth Century] (Titograd, 1962)Google Scholar. For the Macedonians, see Historiography of Yugoslavia, p. 305.

13. Djurdjev, B., “Les changements historiques et ethniques chez les peuples slaves du sud après la conquete turque,” Actes du premier Congrès international des Êtudes Balkaniques, vol. 3 (Sofia, 1969), pp. 575–78Google Scholar; and Gavrilović, S., Prilog istoriji trgovtne % migracije Balkan-Podunavlje XVIH-XIX stoleća [A Contribution to the History of Trade and Migration, Balkans-Danube Region, Eighteenth-Nineteenth Century] (Belgrade, 1969).Google Scholar

14. Lj. Doklestić, “Makedoncite vo Srbija i nivnoto učestvo vo nejziniot stopanski i opštestven život vo XIX vek” [Macedonians in Serbia and their Participation in Serbian Economic and Social Life in the Nineteenth Century], Glasnik na institutot za nacionalna istorija, 1969, nos. 1-2, pp. 5—34. See also Istorija Beograda [The History of Belgrade], ed. V. Čubrilović (Belgrade, 1974), chapters 5 and 9.

15. The accumulation of capital at the beginning of the twentieth century had already reached a level which allowed the linking of banking and enterprise capital (see, for example, Gross, M., Vladavina hrvatsko-srpske koalicije 1906-1907 [The Rule of the Croato- Serbian Coalition 1906-1907] (Belgrade, 1960), pp. 23–47.Google Scholar

16. Ibid.; and N. Gaćeša, “Posedovni odnosi u Vojvodini pred prvi svetski rat” [Ownership Relations in Vojvodina on the Eve of the First World War], in Jugoslovenski narodi pred prvi svetski rat, pp. 157-80.

17. Hauptmann, F., “Bosansko-hercegovački aga u procjepu izmedju privredne aktivnosti i rentijerstva na početku XX stoljeća” [The Aga of Bosnia-Herzegovina Between Business Activity and Living off Rent at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century], Godišnjak Društva istoričara BiH, 17 (1969): 23–40.Google Scholar

18. Ž. Bulajić, Agrarni odnosi u Crnoj Gori (1878-1912) [Agrarian Relations in Montenegro (1878-1912)] (Titograd, 1959).

19. Stojančević, V., “Društveno-političke prilike medju Arbanasima u Kosovskom vilajetu na početku XX veka i arbanaski otpor protiv turskih reforama 1902/1903. g. “ [Social and Political Conditions among the Albanians in the Kosovo Province at the Be ginning of the Twentieth Century and Albanian Resistance to Turkish Reforms 1902/1903], Istorijski časopis, 11 (1960): 170–212 Google Scholar; and Barjaktarović, M., “Plemensko uredjenje kod Albanaca” [Tribal Relations among the Albanians], in Is istorije Albanaca [From Albanian History] (Belgrade, 1969).Google Scholar

20. Gestrin and Melik, Slovenska zgodovina.

21. R. Lovrenčić, Genesa politike “novog kursa” [The Genesis of the “New Course “ Policy] (Zagreb, 1972); M. Gross, Vladavina hrvatsko-srpske koalicije; J. Šidak, M. Gross, I. Karaman, and D. Šepić, Povijcst hrvatskog naroda 1860-1914 [The History of the Croatian People 1860-1914] (Zagreb, 1968).

22. Rakić, L., Radikalna stranka u Vojvodini ﹛do početka XX veka) [The Radical Party in Vojvodina (until the beginning of the twentieth century)] (Novi Sad, 1975).Google Scholar

23. Imamović, M., “Osnivanje i program srpske narodne organizacije u Bosni i Hercegovini 1907. godine” [The Foundation and Program of the Serbian National Organization in Bosnia-Herzegovina, 1907], Istorija XX veka, 12 (1972): 85–105 Google Scholar; and Gross, M., “Hrvatska politika u Bosni i Hercegovini od 1878 do 1914” [Croatian Policy in Bosnia- Herzegovina from 1878 to 1914], Historijski zbornik, 19-20 (1968): 9–68.Google Scholar

24. M. Gross, Vladavina hrvatsko-srpske koalicije; V. Krestić, Hrvatsko-ugarska nagodba [The Croato-Hungarian Agreement] (Belgrade, 1969); and H. Kapidžić, “Agrarno pitanje u Bosni i Hercegovini za vrijeme austrougarske vladavine (1878-1918)” [The Agrarian Question in Bosnia and Herzegovina durifig Austrian Rule (1878-1918)], in Jugoslovenski narodi pred prvi svetski rat, pp. 315-39.

25. Vučo, N., Državna intervencija u privredi [State Intervention in the Economy] (Belgrade, 1974).Google Scholar

26. For example, the mercantile treaty between Austria-Hungary and Italy contained the so-called “wine clause,” which allowed the impoift of Italian wine with only a very small customs duty. One result of this clause was the destruction of the only important branch of the economy in Dalmatia—wine production. This fact played an important role in the birth of new currents of resistance against the Habsburg Monarchy in Croatian policy (Šidak et al., Povijest hrvatskog naroda).

27. D. Zografski, Rasvitokot na kapitalističkite dementi vo Makedonija.

28. Djurovic, M., Trgovački kapital u Crnoj Gori u drugoj polovini XIX i početkom XX vijeka [Mercantile Capital in Montenegro in the Second Half of the Nineteenth and the Beginning of the Twentieth Century] (Cetinje, 1958).Google Scholar

29. Vučo, N., “Zanatstvo i industrija u XIX veku” [Crafts and Industry in the Nineteenth Century], in Istorija Beograda, pp. 29–69.Google Scholar

30. Češi a Jihoslované v minulosti: Od nejstaršich dob do roku 1918 [The Czechs and the Yugoslavs in the Past: From the Oldest Times to the Year 1918], ed. V. Žáček (Prague, 1975), pp. 490-91.

31. Gestrin and Melik, Slovenska zgodovina.

32. Gross, M., “Nacionalne ideje studentske omladine u Hrvatskoj uoči I svjetskog rata” [National Ideas among the Student Youth in Croatia on the Eve of the First World War], Historijski zbornik, 21-22 (1968-69): 75–143.Google Scholar

33. J. Pleterski, “Položaj Slovencev pred prvo svetovno vojno,” pp. 761-88; Gestrin and Melik, Slovenska zgodovina; I. Karaman, Privreda i društvo Hrvatske u 19. stoljeću [The Economy and Society in Croatia in the Nineteenth Century] (Zagreb, 1972); Šidak et al., Povijest hrvatskog naroda; and Hrelja, K., Industrija Bosne i Hercegovine do kraja prvog svjetskog rata [Industry in Bosnia-Herzegovina to the End of the First World War] (Belgrade, 1961)Google Scholar. See articles on industrial revolution in the Yugoslav lands in Acta historico-oeconomica Jugoslavia?, vol. 1 (Zagreb, 1974).

34. Djordjević, D., Carinski rat Aastro-Ugarske i Srbije 1906-1911 [The Customs War between Austria-Hungary and Serbia 1906-1911] (Belgrade, 1962).Google Scholar

35. For literature on the youth movement in Croatia, Slovenia, and Bosnia-Herzegovina, see Historiography of Yugoslavia, pp. 237, 294, 332.

36. Hauptmann, F., ed., Borba Muslimana Bosne i Herccgovine sa vjersku i vakufskomearifsku autonomiju [The Struggle of Muslims in Bosnia-Herzegovina for Religious, Cultural, and Educational Autonomy] (Sarajevo, 1967)Google Scholar; Historiography of Yugoslavia, p. 329; and Dimeski, S., “Sozdanjeto, strukturata i kompetenciite na makedonskite crkovnoškolski opštini” [The Foundation, Structure, and Competence of the Macedonian Church- School Communes], Glasnik na institutot ca nacionalna istorija, 14, no. 1 (1970): 35–54.Google Scholar

37. Gross, M., “Hrvatska politika velikoaustrijskog kruga oko prijestolonasljednika Franje Ferdinanda” [The Croatian Policy of the Greater Austrian Circle Around the Heir to the Throne, Franz Ferdinand], Časopis za suvremenu povijest, 2 (1970): 9–74 Google Scholar; Gross, M., “Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand und die kroatische Frage” , in Oesterreichische Osthefte, 1966, pp. 217–31Google Scholar; and Pleterski, J, “Trializem pri Slovencih in jugoslovansko zedinjenje“ [Trialism among the Slovenes and Yugoslav Unification], Zgodovinski časopis, 22 (1968): 169–84.Google Scholar

38. Djordjević, D., “Parlamentarna kriza u Srbiji 1905. godine” [Parliamentary Crisis in Serbia in 1905], Istorijski časopis, 14-15 (1963-65): 157–72Google Scholar; and Vučković, V. J., “Unutrašnje krize Srbije i prvi svetski rat” [Internal Crises in Serbia and the First World War], Istorijski časopis, 14-15 (1963-65): 173–229.Google Scholar

39. Melik, V., Volitve na Slovenskem 1861-1918 [Elections in Slovenia 1861-1918] (Ljubljana, 1965)Google Scholar. See also the survey of political development in Istria by D. Šepić, in Šidak et al., Povijest hrvatskog naroda

40. See numerous articles on cultural development in Historiography of Yugoslavia.

41. Dž. Juzbašić, Jesičko pitanje u austrougarskoj politici u Bosni i Hercegovini pred prvi svjetski rat [The Language Question in Austro-Hungarian Policy in Bosnia-Herzegovina on the Eve of the First World War] (Sarajevo, 1973). On the language question in Dalmatia, see Historiography of Yugoslavia, pp. 267-68.

42. See numerous articles on the socialist movement in the Yugoslav lands in Historiography of Yugoslavia.

43. Hadžijahić, M., Od tradicije do identiteta, Genesa nacionalnog pitanja bosanskih Muslimana [From Tradition to Identity, the Genesis of the National Question of the Bosnian Muslims] (Sarajevo, 1974).Google Scholar

44. See the development of the workers’ movement and statistical tables in Šidak’ et al., Poinjest hrvatskog naroda. See also Kovačević, J., Ekonomski položaj radničke klase u Hrvatskoj i Slavoniji 1867-1914 [The Economic Position of the Working Class in Croatia and Slavonia 1867-1914] (Belgrade, 1972).Google Scholar

45. See, for example, Radenić, A., Položaj i borba seljaka u Sremu od kraja XIX veka do 1914 [The Position and Struggle of Peasants in Srem from the End of the Nineteenth Century to 1914] (Belgrade, 1958)Google Scholar.

46. The national revival among the Croats started with the Yugoslav idea, that is, with the Illyrian Movement, and is older than the national-integrational ideology of Croatian exclusive nationalism ( Šidak, J., Studije iz hrvatske povijesti XIX stoljeća [Studies from Croatian Nineteenth-Century History] (Zagreb, 1973)Google Scholar; and Murray-Despalatović, E., Ljudevit Gaj and the Illyrian Movement (New York and London, 1975)Google Scholar. For Croatian exclusive nationalism, see Gross, M., Povijest pravaške ideologije [History of the Party of Rights’ Ideology] (Zagreb, 1973)Google Scholar.

47. See works by M. Gross cited above, all of which give data on the Yugoslav ideology and the contrast between Croatian and Serbian nationalism. See also J. Šidak, Studije is hrvatske povijesti; and Šidak, J., “Die jugoslawische Idee in der kroatischen Politik bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg,” in Donauraum—gestern, heute, morgen (Vienna, Frankfurt, and Zurich, 1967), pp. 93–111 Google Scholar.

48. J. Pleterski, “Trializem pri Slovencih “; L. Ude, “Slovenci in jugoslovanska ideja v letih 1903-1914”. [The Slovenes and the Yugoslav Idea in 1903-1914], in Jugoslovenski narodi pred prvi svetski rat, pp. 887-941; and M. Gross, Povijest pravaške ideologije.

49. M. Hadžijahić, Od tradicijc do identiteta; Gross, M., “Hrvatska politika u Bosni i Hercegovini “; Čubrilovic, V., Istorija političke misli u Srbiji XIX veka [The History of Political Thought in Serbia in the Nineteenth Century] (Belgrade, 1958)Google Scholar; Janković, D., “Jugoslovenstvo u Srbiji 1903-1912” [Yugoslavism in Serbia 1903-1912], Anali Pravnog fakulteta u Beogradu, 17, nos. 5-6 (1969): 523–35Google Scholar; and M. Ekmečić, “Sudbina jugoslovenske ideje do 1914” [The Fate of the Yugoslav Idea before 1914], in Politički šivot Jugoslavije 1914-45 [Political Life in Yugoslavia 1914-45], ed. Aleksandar Ackovic, Radio Belgrade third program (Belgrade, 1973).