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Introduction to Trace Fossils and Dedication to Robert W. Frey

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 July 2017

Christopher G. Maples  and
Ronald R. West
Christopher G. Maples
Affiliation:
Kansas Geological Survey, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
Ronald R. West
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
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Extract

Over the years, we've participated in several different workshops and short courses on trace fossils. So why this one? Our intention in bringing together these papers for the Trace Fossil Short Course is to give an overview of how trace fossils can be used in paleontology. Historically, trace fossil research has centered on paleoenvironmental and depositional reconstructions—areas where trace fossils have much to tell. Indeed, the use of trace fossils by sedimentologists has flourished and is experiencing another burst of activity through the use of ichnofabrics in sequence stratigraphic studies. But trace fossils have paleontological stories to tell as well. Their use in uncovering the first occurrences of life in different parts of the stratigraphic column is well documented (e.g., the classic example of trace fossils occurring before body fossils in Precambrian/Cambrian transitional strata) as is their use in detailing different morphological details of unpreserved taxa or body parts.

Type
Research Article
Information
Short Courses in Paleontology , Volume 5: Trace Fossils , 1992 , pp. 1 - 14
Copyright
Copyright © 1992 Paleontological Society 

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References

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ROBERT W. FREY, The citations listed below are taken from Bob Frey's vita (version of January 1991) and supplemented with library searches. Compendia Edited

Frey, R.W., and Lane, M.A., eds. 1966. A survey of Indiana geology. Bloomington, Indiana, Rho Chapter, Sigma Gamma Epsilon, 112 p.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W., ed. 1973. The Neogene of the Georgia coast. Field Trip Guidebook, 8th Annual Field Trip, Georgia Geological Society, 102 p.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W., ed. 1975. The study of trace fossils, a synthesis of principles, problems, and procedures in ichnology. New York, Springer-Verlag, 568 p.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W., ed. 1980. Excursions in southeastern geology. Vol. I. Pre-meeting field trips. Geological Society of America, Annual Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia. American Geological Institute, p. 1–278.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W., ed. 1980. Excursions in southeastern geology. Vol. II. Post-meeting field trips. Geological Society of America, Annual Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia. American Geological Institute, p. 279–581.Google Scholar
Howard, J.D., Depratter, C. B., and Frey, R.W., eds. 1980. Excursions in southeastern geology: the archaeology-geology of the Georgia coast. Geological Society of America, Annual Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia. Georgia Geological Survey, Guidebook 20:1–253.Google Scholar

Books Coauthored

Chamberlain, C.K., and Frey, R.W. 1976. Seminar on trace fossils. Golden, Colorado, U.S. Geological Survey, Short Course Syllabus, 43 p.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W., and Allard, G.O. 1976. Geology for elementary teachers, a text and syllabus. Department of Geology, University of Georgia, 193 p.Google Scholar
Pinet, P.R., Whitney, J.A., and Frey, R.W. 1976. Earth history, an introduction to the methods of historical geology. Dubuque, Iowa, Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co., 181 p.Google Scholar
Pinet, P.R., Frey, R.W., and Whitney, J.A. 1980. Earth history, an introduction to the methods of historical geology. Winston-Salem, North Carolina, Hunter Publishing Co., 187 p.Google Scholar
Pinet, P.R., Frey, R.W., and Whitney, J.A. 1983. Earth history, an introduction to the principles of historical geology (2nd ed.), Winston-Salem, North Carolina, Hunter Textbooks, 202 p.Google Scholar
Pemberton, S.G., and Frey, R.W. 1983. Biogenic structures in Upper Cretaceous outcrops and cores. For: The Mesozoic of middle North America. Field Trip Guidebook 8, Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Calgary, Alberta, 161 p.Google Scholar
Kamola, D.L., Pfaff, B.J., Newman, S.L., Frey, R.W., and Howard, J.D. 1985. Depositional facies of the Castlegate and Blackhawk Formations, Book Cliffs, eastern Utah. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Field Trip Guidebook 10, Midyear Meeting, Golden, Colorado, 152 p.Google Scholar
Pinet, P.R., Frey, R.W., and Whitney, J.A. 1988. Earth History, an Introduction to the Methods of Historical Geology (3rd ed.). Hunter Textbooks Inc., Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 202 p.Google Scholar

Book and Guidebook Chapters

Frey, R.W., and Eckerty, D.G. 1966. Descriptions of stratigraphic units in Indiana. In Frey, R.W. and Lane, M.A., eds., A survey of Indiana Geology. Bloomington, Ind., Rho Chapter, Sigma Gamma Epsilon, p. 22–38.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W. 1966. Paleontology of Indiana. In Frey, R.W. and Lane, M.A., eds., A Survey of Indiana Geology. Bloomington, Ind., Rho Chapter, Sigma Gamma Epsilon, p. 49–64.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W. 1971. Ichnology—the study of fossil and recent lebensspuren. In Perkins, B.F., ed., Trace Fossils—a Field Guide to Selected Localities in Pennsylvanian, Permian, Cretaceous, and Tertiary Rocks of Texas, and Related Papers. Louisiana State University, School of Geosciences, Miscellaneous Publication, 71-1:91–125.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W., and Chowns, T.M. 1972. Trace fossils from the Ringgold road cut (Ordovician and Silurian), Georgia. In Chowns, T.M., ed., Sedimentary Environments in the Paleozoic Rocks of Northwest Georgia. Georgia Geological Survey, Guidebook 11:25–55.Google Scholar
Chowns, T.M., and Frey, R.W. 1972. Stop one—Ringgold road cut. In Chowns, T.M., ed., Sedimentary Environments in the Paleozoic Rocks of Northwest Georgia. Georgia Geological Survey, Guidebook 11:75–84.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W., Howard, J.D., and Reineck, H.-E. 1973. Holocene sediments of the Georgia coastal area. In Frey, R.W., ed., The Neogene of the Georgia Coast. Field Trip Guidebook, 8th Ann. Field Trip, Georgia Geological Society, p. 1–58.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W. 1975. The realm of ichnology, its strengths and limitations. In Frey, R.W., ed., The Study of Trace Fossils. New York, Springer-Verlag, p. 13–38.Google Scholar
Bromley, R.G., Curran, H.A., Frey, R.W., Gutschick, R.C., and Suttner, L.J. 1975. Problems in interpreting unusually large burrows. In Frey, R.W., ed., The Study of Trace Fossils. New York, Springer-Verlag, p. 351–376.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W., and Basan, P.B. 1978. Coastal salt marshes. In Davis, R.A., ed., Coastal Sedimentary Environments. New York, Springer-Verlag, p. 101–169.Google Scholar
Häntzschel, W., and Frey, R.W. 1978. Bioturbation. In Fairbridge, R.W. and Bourgeois, J., eds., Encyclopedia of Sedimentology. Stroudsburg, Pa., Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, p. 68–71.Google Scholar
Häntzschel, W., and Frey, R.W. 1979. Trace fossils. In Fairbridge, R.W. and Jablonski, D., eds., Encyclopedia of Paleontology. Stroudsburg, Pa., Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, p. 813–820.Google Scholar
Howard, J.D., and Frey, R.W. 1980. Holocene depositional environments of the Georgia coast and continental shelf. In Howard, J.D., DePratter, C.B., and Frey, R.W., eds., Excursions in Southeastern Geology: the archaeology-geology of the Georgia coast. Georgia Geological Survey, Guidebook 20:66–134.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W., and Pemberton, S.G. 1984. Trace fossil facies models. In Walker, R.G., ed., Facies Models (2nd ed.). Geoscience Canada, Reprint Series 1:189–207.Google Scholar
Pemberton, S.G., and Frey, R.W. 1984. The Chungo Member, Wapiabi Formation, Mt. Yamnuska. In Leckie, D.A. and Nadon, G., eds., Sedimentology and Ichnology of Upper Cretaceous Cardium Formation and Chungo Member, Western Canada. Symposium on Sedimentology of Shelf Sands and Sandstones, Calgary, Alberta, field guide, p. 38–58.Google Scholar
Pemberton, S.G., and Frey, R.W. 1984. The Cardium Formation at Seebe. In Leckie, D.A. and Nadon, G., eds., Sedimentology and Ichnology of Upper Cretaceous Cardium Formation and Chungo Member, Western Canada. Symposium on Sedimentology of Shelf Sands and Sandstones, Calgary, Alberta, field guide, p. 73–113.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W., and Basan, P.B. 1985. Coastal salt marshes. In Davis, R. A., ed., Coastal Sedimentary Environments (2nd ed.). New York, Springer-Verlag, p. 225–301.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W., and Howard, J.D. 1985. Upper Cretaceous trace fossils, Book Cliffs of Utah: a field guide. In Kamola, D.L., Pfaff, B.J., Newman, S.L., Frey, R.W., and Howard, J.D., Depositional Facies of the Castlegate and Blackhawk Formations, Book Cliffs, Eastern Utah. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Field Trip Guidebook 10, Midyear Meeting, Golden, Colorado, p. 115–152.Google Scholar
Pemberton, S.G., Frey, R.W., and Saunders, T.D.A. 1990. Trace fossils. In Briggs, D.E.G. and Crowther, P.R., eds., Paleobiology—a Synthesis. Blackwell Scientific Publishers, Oxford, p. 355–362.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W., Pinet, P.R., and Whitney, J.A. 1991. Earth History, an Introduction to the Methods of Historical Geology (4th ed.). Hunter Textbooks Inc., Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 190 p.Google Scholar
Pemberton, S.G., Maceachern, J.A., and Frey, R.W. In press. Trace fossil facies models: their environmental and allostratigraphic significance. In Walker, R.G., ed., Facies Models (3rd ed.). Geoscience Canada, Reprint Series.Google Scholar

Short Course Chapters

Frey, R.W. 1976. Georgia salt marshes. In Howard, J.D., Pryor, W.A., Reineck, H.-E., and Frey, R.W., Nearshore Clastic Facies. Savannah, Georgia, Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, Short Course Syllabus, p. 1–27.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W. 1978. Behavioral and ecological implications of trace fossils. In Basan, P.B., ed., Trace Fossil Concepts. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Short Course 5:46–72.Google Scholar
Howard, J.D., and Frey, R.W. 1980. Physical and biogenic processes in Georgia estuaries. I. Coastal setting and subtidal facies. In McCann, S.B., ed., Sedimentary Processes and Animal-Sediment Relationships in Tidal Environments. Geological Assoc. Canada, Short Course 1:153–182.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W., and Howard, J.D. 1980. Physical and biogenic processes in Georgia estuaries. II. Intertidal facies. In McCann, S.B., ed., Sedimentary Processes and Animal-Sediment Relationships in Tidal Environments. Geological Assoc. Canada, Short Course 1:183–220.Google Scholar
Howard, J.D., and Frey, R.W. 1980. Physical and biogenic processes in Georgia estuaries. III. Vertical sequences. In McCann, S.B., ed., Sedimentary Processes and Animal-Sediment Relationships in Tidal Environments. Geological Assoc. Canada, Short Course 1:221–232.Google Scholar

Book Reviews (requested by editors of respective journals)

Frey, R.W. 1972. “Coastal Lagoons, a Symposium,” edited by A.A. Castañares and F.B Phleger (review). Journal of Paleontology, 46:461–462.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W. 1973. “Ecology and Palaeoecology of Marine Environments,” by W. Schäfer (review). Science, 179–675.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W. 1984. “Ancient Sedimentary Environments and the Habitats of Living Organisms, Introduction to Palaeoecology,” by J.-C. Gall (review). Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 54:667.Google Scholar

Editorials

Frey, R.W., and Pemberton, S.G. 1990. The dawning of Ichnos (editorial). Ichnos, 1:1.Google Scholar

Special Publications

Frey, R.W., and Howard, J.D. 1970. Comparison of Upper Cretaceous ichnofaunas from siliceous sandstones and chalk, Western Interior Region, U.S.A. In Crimes, T.P. and Harper, J.C., eds., Trace Fossils. Geological Journal, Special Issue, 3:141–166.Google Scholar
Basan, P.B., and Frey, R.W. 1977. Actual-palaeontology and neoichnology of salt marshes near Sapelo Island, Georgia. In Crimes, T.P. and Harper, J.C., eds., Trace Fossil 2. Geological Journal, Spec. Issue 9:41–70.Google Scholar
Curran, H.A., and Frey, R.W. 1977. Pleistocene trace Fossils from North Carolina (U.S.A.), and their Holocene analogues. In Crimes, T.P. and Harper, J.C., eds., Trace fossils 2. Geological Journal, Spec. Issue 9:139–162.Google Scholar
Belt, E.S., Frey, R.W., and Welch, J.S. 1983. Pleistocene coastal marine and estuarine sequences, Lee Creek Mine. In Ray, C.E., ed., Geology and Paleontology of the Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina, I. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 53:229–263.Google Scholar
Pemberton, S.G., and Frey, R.W. 1984. Ichnology of storm-influenced shallow marine sequence: Cardium Formation (Upper Cretaceous) at Seebe, Alberta. In Stott, D.F., and Glass, D.J., eds., The Mesozoic of Middle North America. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 9:281–304.Google Scholar
Pemberton, S.G., and Frey, R.W. 1985. The Glossifungites Ichnofacies: modern examples from the Georgia coast, U.S.A. In Curran, H.A., ed., Biogenic Structures: Their Use in Interpreting Depositional Environments. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication 35:237–259.Google Scholar

Technical Reports

Howard, J.D., and Frey, R.W. 1977. Influence of sediment-animal interactions on shelf sediments, p. 73–82. In Gorsline, D.S. and Swift, D.J.P., eds., Shelf Sediment Dynamics, a National Overview. National Science Foundation, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Geological Survey, Energy Resources and Development Administration.Google Scholar

Journal Articles

Frey, R.W. 1967. Geologic writing: common problems and principles. The Compass, 44:201–210.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W. 1968. The lebensspuren of some common marine invertebrates near Beaufort, North Carolina. I. Pelecypod burrows. Journal of Paleontology, 42:570–574.Google Scholar
Bell, B.M., and Frey, R.W. 1969. Observations on ecology and the feeding and burrowing mechanisms of Mellita quinquiesperforata (Leske). Journal of Paleontology, 43:553–560.Google Scholar
Hattin, D.E., and Frey, R.W. 1969. Facies relations of Crossopodia sp., a trace fossil from the Upper Cretaceous of Kansas, Iowa, and Oklahoma. Journal of Paleontology, 43:1435–1440.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W., and Howard, J.D. 1969. A profile of biogenic sedimentary structures in a Holocene barrier island-salt marsh complex, Georgia. Gulf Coast Association of Geological Soieties., Transactions, 19:427–444.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W., and Cowles, J. 1969. New observations on Tisoa, a trace fossil from the Lincoln Creek Formation (mid-Tertiary) of Washington. The Compass, 46:10–22.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W. 1970. The lebensspuren of some common marine invertebrates near Beaufort, North Carolina. II. Anemone burrows. Journal of Paleontology, 44:308–311.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W. 1970. Environmental significance of recent marine lebensspuren near Beaufort, North Carolina. Journal of Paleontology, 44:507–519.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W. 1970. Trace fossils of Fort Hays Limestone Member of Niobrara Chalk (Upper Cretaceous), west-central Kansas. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Article 53:1–41.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W., and Larwood, G.P. 1971. Pyripora shawi; new bryozoan from the Upper Cretaceous of Kansas (Niobrara Chalk) and Arkansas (Brownstown Marl). Journal of Paleontology, 45:969–976.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W., and Mayou, T.V. 1971. Decapod burrows in Holocene barrier island beaches and washover fans, Georgia. Senckenbergiana Maritima, 3:53–77.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W. 1972. Paleoecology and depositional environment of Fort Hays Limestone Member, Niobrara Chalk (Upper Cretaceous), west-central Kansas, University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Article 58:1–72.Google Scholar
Howard, J.D., Frey, R.W., and Reineck, H.-E. 1972. Georgia coastal region, Sapelo Island, U.S.A.: sedimentology and biology. I. Introduction. Senckenbergiana Maritima, 4:1–13.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W., and Howard, J.D. 1972. Georgia coastal region, Sapelo Island, U.S.A.: sedimentology and biology. VI. Radiographic study of sedimentary structures made by beach and offshore animals in aquaria. Senckenbergiana Maritima, 4:169–182.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W., and Cowles, J.G. 1972. The trace fossil Tisoa in Washington and Oregon. The Ore Bin, 34:113–119.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W., Basan, P.B., and Scott, R.M. 1973. Techniques for sampling salt marsh benthos and burrows. American Midland Natur., 89:228–234.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W. 1973. Concepts in the study of biogenic sedimentary structures. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 43:4–19.Google Scholar
Howard, J.D., and Frey, R.W. 1973. Characteristic physical and biogenic sedimentary structures in Georgia estuaries. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, 57:1169–1184.Google Scholar
Bromley, R.G., and Frey, R.W. 1974. Redescription of the trace fossil Gyrolithes, and taxonomic evaluation of Thalassinoides, Ophiomorpha and Spongeliomorpha . Geological Society of Denmark, Bull., 23:311–335.Google Scholar
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Howard, J.D., and Frey, R.W. 1975. Estuaries of the Georgia cost, U.S.A.: sedimentology and biology. I. Introduction. Senckenbergiana Maritima, 7:1–31.Google Scholar
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Frey, R.W., Voorhies, M.R., and Howard, J.D. 1975. Estuaries of the Georgia coast, U.S.A.: sedimentology and biology. VIII. Fossil and recent skeletal remains in Georgia estuaries. Senckenbergiana Maritima, 7:257–295.Google Scholar
Pinet, P.R., and Frey, R.W. 1977. Organic carbon in surface sands seaward of Altamaha and Doboy Sounds, Georgia. Geological Society of America, Bulletin, 88:1731–1739.Google Scholar
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Frey, R.W., Howard, J.D., and Dörjes, J. 1989. Coastal sequences, eastern Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts: negligible record of an oil spill. Geology, 17:461–465.Google Scholar
Fogel, M.L., Sprague, E.K., Cize, A.P., and Frey, R.W. 1989. Diagenesis of organic matter of Georgia salt marshes. Estuarine and Coastal Shelf Science, 28:211–230 Google Scholar
Hong, J.-S., Frey, R.W., and Lee, J.-H. 1989. The first record of the pectinariid polychaete Amphictene japonica (Nilsson) in Korea. Korean Journal of Zoology, 32:9–13.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W., and Wheatcroft, R.A. 1989. Organism-Substrate relations and their impact on sedimentary petrology. Journal of Geological Education, 37:261–279.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W., Howard, J.D., and Dörjes, J. 1989. Coastal sediments and patterns of bioturbation, eastern Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 59:1022–1035.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W., Pemberton, S.G., and Saunders, T.D.A. 1990. Ichnofacies and bathymetry: a passive relationship. Journal of Paleontology, 64:155–158.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W., and Howard, J.D. 1990. Trace fossils and depositional sequences in a clastic shelf setting, Upper Cretaceous of Utah. Journal of Paleontology, 64:803–820.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W. 1990. Trace fossils and hummocky cross-stratification, Upper Cretaceous of Utah. Palaios, 5:203–218.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W., and Pemberton, S.G. 1990. Bioturbate texture or Ichnofabric? Palaios, 5:385–386.Google Scholar
Pemberton, S.G., and Frey, R.W. 1991. J.W. Dawson and the interpretation of Rusophycus . Ichnos, 1(3):237–242.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W., and Pemberton, S.G. 1991. The ichnogenus Schaubcylindrichnus; morphological, temporal, and environmental significance. Geological Magazine, 128(6):595–602.Google Scholar

Historical Articles

Pemberton, S.G., and Frey, R.W. 1990. Darwin on worms: the advent of experimental neoichnology. Ichnos, 1:65–71.Google Scholar

Abstracts: National-International Meetings

Frey, R.W. 1969. Mixed benthic assemblages in Holocene clays, Cabretta Island beach, Georgia. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Program, 1:71.Google Scholar
Howard, J.D., and Frey, R.W. 1970. Examination of Georgia coastal sediments with the NEL spade corer. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, 54:853.Google Scholar
Reineck, H.-E., Howard, J.D., Frey, R.W., Dörjes, J., and Hertweck, G. 1970. Characteristics of shoreface sediments. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, 54:866.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W., and Mayou, T.V. 1970. Decapod burrows in Holocene barrier island beaches, Georgia. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Program, 2:554.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W. 1971. Progress in ichnology—study of animal spoor. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, 55:339.Google Scholar
Edwards, J.M., and Frey, R.W. 1972. Radiographic and sedimentologic examination of Holocene salt marsh, Georgia. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, 56:616.Google Scholar
Howard, J.D., Rjes, J.D., Frey, R.W., Gadow, S., Hertweck, G., Reineck, H.-E., and Wunderlich, F. 1972. Usable beach-to-offshore model for tide-dominated shoreline; Sapelo island, Georgia. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, 56:629.Google Scholar
Basan, P.B., and Frey, R.W. 1972. Paleoecologic aspects of a salt marsh. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Program, 4:445.Google Scholar
Howard, J.D., Frey, R.W., and Kingery, F.A. 1973. Physical and biogenic characteristics of sediments from outer Georgia continental shelf. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, 57:784.Google Scholar
Howard, J.D., and Frey, R.W. 1976. Ophiomorpha—good news and bad news. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, 60:681.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W. 1978. Ichnology and uniformitarianism. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, 62:514.Google Scholar
Howard, J.D., and Frey, R.W. 1978. Mud facies from the Georgia coast, U.S.A. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Program, 10:424–425.Google Scholar
Schroder, C.H., Hurst, V.J., and Frey, R.W. 1980. Sedimentologic and diagenetic significance of trace fossils in kaolin-bearing and overlying sediments, east-central Georgia. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Program, 12:518.Google Scholar
Rindsberg, A.K., and Frey, R.W. 1981. Ichnology of neritic turbidite: Silurian Red Mountain Formation, Georgia and Tennessee. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, 65:979.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W., and Pemberton, S.G. 1982. The Glossifungites ichnofacies on the modern Georgia coast. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Program, 14:492.Google Scholar
Pemberton, S.G., and Frey, R.W. 1983. Ichnology of a storm-dominated unit, the Cardium Formation at Seebe, Alberta., Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Mesozoic Conference, Program with Abstracts, p. 117.Google Scholar
Sprague, E.K., Frey, R.W., Fogel, M.L., and Gize, A.P. 1986. Diagenesis of organic matter in a Georgia salt marsh. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Abstracts, 3:105.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W., and Wheatcroft, R.A. 1988. Organism-substrate relations and their impact on sedimentary petrology. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Program, 20:A187.Google Scholar
Martin, A.J., and Frey, R.W. 1989. Markov chain analysis of bioturbate textures as a tool for recognition of depositional rates. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Program, 21:A332.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W. 1990. Trace fossils, storm beds, and depositional sequences in a clastic shelf setting, Upper Cretaceous of Utah. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, 74:657.Google Scholar
Wheatcroft, R.A., and Frey, R.W. 1990. Spatial autocorrelation of bioturbate texture: a new quantitative measure of mixing intensity, p. 230. In Sediments 1990, 13th International Sedimentological Congress, Nottingham, England, Abstracts of Posters.Google Scholar

Abstracts: Regional Meetings

Frey, R.W. 1968. Implications of some common marine lebensspuren at Beaufort, North Carolina. Abstracts with Program, Southeast. Section, Geological Society of America, Durham, N.C., p. 36.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W. 1968. Trace fossils from the Fort Hays Limestone Member of the Niobrara Chalk (Upper Cretaceous) in west-central Kansas. Prog., North-Central Sect., Geological Society of America, Iowa City, Iowa, p. 25–26.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W., and Cowles, J. 1969. New observations on the trace fossil Tisoa Serres. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Program, 1:25–26.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W., and Howard, J.D. 1969. Profile of biogenic sedimentary structures in Holocene barrier island-salt marsh complex, Georgia. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, 53:2036.Google Scholar
Welch, J.S., Frey, R.W., and Belt, E.S. 1972. Physical and biogenic sedimentary structures as depositional indicators in the Pleistocene of North Carolina. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Program, 4:113.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W., Basan, P.B., and Scott, R.M. 1972. Techniques for sampling geologically important salt marsh animals and burrows. Georgia Academy of Science, Bulletin, 30:82.Google Scholar
Basan, P.B., and Frey, R.W. 1973. Morphology of modern salt marsh burrows. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Program, 5:376.Google Scholar
Basan, P.B., Pierce, R., and Frey, R.W. 1973. Microenvironments and shrinkage in natural molds of the mussel Modiolus demissus . Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Program, 5:376–377.Google Scholar
Curran, H.A., Iannicelli, S.K., and Frey, R.W. 1973. Pleistocene trace fossils and recent analogues as paleoenvironmental indicators. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Program, 5:391–392.Google Scholar
Curran, H.A., and Frey, R.W. 1974. Pleistocene and recent biogenic sedimentary structures as paleoenvironmental indicators. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Program, 6:332.Google Scholar
Basan, P.B., and Frey, R.W. 1974. Orientation of sessile pelecypods relative to water currents in Georgia salt marshes. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Program, 6:332.Google Scholar
Shrum, J.W., Frey, R.W., and Allard, G.O. 1974. Geology for elementary teachers. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Program, 6:398.Google Scholar
Pinet, P.R., and Frey, R.W. 1976. Distribution of organic carbon in surface sands seaward of Altamaha and Doboy Sounds, Georgia. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Program, 8:247.Google Scholar
Pinet, P.R., and Frey, R.W. 1978. Calcium-carbonate distribution in surface sands seaward of Altamaha and Doboy Sounds, Georgia. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Program, 10:194.Google Scholar
Allard, G.O., Shrum, J.W., and Frey, R.W. 1978. Student evaluations of a geology course for elementary teachers. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Program, 10:161.Google Scholar
Frey, R.W. 1982. Patterns of branching among modern and ancient lebensspuren. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Program, 14:19.Google Scholar
Sprague, E.K., Frey, R.W., Webb, H.L., and Pickering, S.M. 1989. The trace fossil Diplocraterion: first report of occurrence within kaolins of the Huber Fm. (Paleocene-Eocene) from two localities in east-central Georgia. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Program, 21(3):59.Google Scholar
Martin, A.J., and Frey, R.W. 1990. Storm-generated deposits in the Sequatchie Formation (Upper Ordovician), Georgia and Tennessee. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Program, 22(4):24.Google Scholar