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Soluble carbohydrates in legume seeds

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 July 2012

Ralph L. Obendorf  and
Ryszard J. Górecki
Ralph L. Obendorf*
Affiliation:
Seed Biology, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, 617 Bradfield Hall, Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853-1901, USA
Ryszard J. Górecki
Affiliation:
Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-718Olsztyn, Poland
*
*Correspondence Fax: +1 607 255 2644 Email: [email protected]
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Abstract

Mature dry legume seeds may contain up to 30 different soluble carbohydrates. Sucrose is a major component of the total soluble carbohydrates; others include the raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs; raffinose, stachyose, verbascose) that are mono-, di- and tri-α-galactosyl derivatives of sucrose. Other galactosides may include α-galactosyl derivatives of the cyclitols myo-inositol (galactinol, digalactosyl myo-inositol and trigalactosyl myo-inositol), d-pinitol (galactopinitol A, digalactosyl pinitol A (ciceritol) and trigalactosyl pinitol A; and galactopinitol B; higher galactosyl oligomers of galactopintiol B have rarely been detected), d-chiro-inositol (fagopyritol B1, fagopyritol B2 and fagopyritol B3) and d-ononitol (galactosyl d-ononitol and digalactosyl d-ononitol). Small amounts of myo-inositol, d-pinitol and d-chiro-inositol may also be present. Raffinose, stachyose and verbascose increase late in seed maturation, with 70% of RFOs accumulating after maximum seed dry weight is attained. RFOs are mostly degraded during germination. Sucrose, myo-inositol, d-pinitol and d-chiro-inositol are synthesized in maternal tissues of some legumes and are transported to and unloaded by seed coats into the apoplastic space surrounding developing seed embryos. Free cyclitols may be 60% of total soluble carbohydrates in leaves and 20% in seed coat cup exudates. Increasing the supply of free cyclitols may increase the accumulation of their respective α-galactosides in mature seeds. Seeds with reduced RFO accumulation, but with normal to elevated concentrations of galactosyl cyclitols (including fagopyritols), have normal field emergence and are also tolerant to imbibitional chilling under laboratory conditions. Molecular structures, biosynthetic pathways, accumulation of soluble carbohydrates in response to seed-expressed mutations and the physiological role of galactosides are reviewed.

Keywords

cyclitolsgalactosyl cyclitolslegume seed maturationraffinose family oligosaccharides
Type
Review Paper
Information
Seed Science Research , Volume 22 , Issue 4 , December 2012 , pp. 219 - 242
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012

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