Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T04:50:21.847Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Polyamines and seed germination

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2008

A.J. Matilla
A.J. Matilla*
Affiliation:
Department of Plant Biology, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Granada University, Granada, Spain
*
*Correspondence
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This review examines the presence of free and bound PAs during the life cycle of seeds. Although data are still rather scarce, PAs, present, but with an unknown function during embryogenesis, are accumulated in relatively high quantities in mature dry seeds of some species. PA concentration can be altered by the process of stratification, and PAs are synthesized in growing organs after germination, but it is also possible that the reserve organs synthesize and export some types of PA to the axis. This metabolism and sink-source relationship depend on the germination conditions and on the greater or lesser presence of enzymes related to synthesis (ADC, ODC, LDC and AdoMetDC) and degradation (DAO and PAO) of free PAs. The biochemical mechanism binding the PAs to a series of compounds of low and high molecular weight is currently unknown in seeds. The present study also considers intra- and intercellular compartmentation of free and bound PAs in growing axes and the physiological implications of the ethylene-production pathway in relation to seed behaviour.

Keywords

Polyaminesembryogenesisgerminationstratificationembryonic axiscotyledonsfree and bound polyaminesethylene pathway
Type
Special Review
Information
Seed Science Research , Volume 6 , Issue 3 , September 1996 , pp. 81 - 93
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1996

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abeles, F.B. (1986) Role of ethylene in Lactuca sativa cv. “Grand Rapids” seed germination. Plant Physiology 81, 780–787.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Altman, A. (1989) Polyamines and plant hormones. pp 121–145 in Bachrach, U., Heimer, V.M. (Eds) The physiology of polyamines, Vol II, Boca Raton, Florida, CRC Press.Google Scholar
Altman, A. and Levin, N. (1993) Interaction of polyamines and nitrogen nutrition in plants. Physiologia Plantarum 89, 653–658.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Angelini, R. and Federico, R. (1989) Histochemical evidence of polyamine oxidation and generation of hydrogen peroxide in the cell wall. Journal of Plant Physiology 135, 212–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Angelini, R., Federico, R. and Mancinelli, A. (1988) Phytochrome-mediated control of diamine oxidase level in epicotyl of etiolated lentil (Lens culinaris Medicus) seedlings. Plant Physiology 88, 1207–1209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Angelini, R., Manes, F. and Federico, R. (1990) Spatial and functional correlation between diamine oxidase and peroxidases and their dependence upon de-etiolation and wounding in chick-pea stems. Planta 182, 89–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Angosto, T. and Matilla, A.J. (1994) Modifications in seeds of Festuca indigesta from two different altitudinal habitats. Seed Science and Technology 22, 319–328.Google Scholar
Angosto, T. and Matilla, A.J. (1993) Variations in seed of three endemic leguminous species at different altitudes. Physiologia Plantarum 87, 329–334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Angosto, T., González, F. and Matilla, A.J. (1988) Partial purification and some biochemical properties of acid phosphatase in germinating chick-pea (Cicer arietinum) seeds. Physiologia Plantarum 74, 715–719.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anguillesi, M.C., Floris, C., Grilli, I. and Meletti, P. (1978) Metabolism in wheat seed dormancy: polyamine content during early germination. Biochimie und Physiologie der Pflanzen 173, 340–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anguillesi, M.C., Grilli, I. and Floris, C. (1982) Polyamines and protein metabolism in maize inbreds differing in seed protein content. Journal of Experimental Botany 33, 1014–1020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anguillesi, M.C., Grilli, I. and Floris, C. (1980) Rate of synthesis of spermine and spermidine in germinating seeds of Glycine, Helianthus and Triticum. Planta 148, 24–27.Google ScholarPubMed
Anguillesi, M.I., Grilli, I., Tazziolo, R. and Floris, C. (1990) Polyamine accumulation in aged wheat seeds. Biologia Plantarum 32, 189–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antognoni, F., Casali, P., Pistochi, R. and Bagni, N. (1994) Kinetics and calcium-specificity of polyamine uptake in carrot protoplasts. Amino Acids 6, 301–309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Apelbaum, A., Canellakis, Z.N., Applewhite, P.B., Kaur-Sawhney, R. and Galston, A.W. (1988) Binding of spermine to unique protein in thin-layer tobacco tissue culture. Plant Physiology 88, 996–998.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Augieri, M.I., Angelini, R. and Federico, R. (1990) Sub-cellular localization and tissue distribution of polyamine oxidase in maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings. Journal of Plant Physiology 136, 690–695.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bachrach, U. (1989) Polyamines as indicators of disease activity and response to the therapy in cancer patients. pp 235–250 in Bachrach, U., Heimer, Y.M. (Eds) The physiology of polyamines, Vol II, Boca Raton, Florida, CRC Press.Google Scholar
Bagni, N. (1989) Polyamines in plant growth and development. pp 107–120 in Bachrach, U., Heimer, Y.M. (Eds) The physiology of polyamines, Vol II, Boca Raton, Florida, CRC Press.Google Scholar
Bagni, N. (1970) Metabolic changes of polyamines during the germination of Phaseolus vulgaris. New Phytologist 69, 159–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bagni, N. and Pistocchi, R. (1991) Uptake and transport of polyamines and inhibitors of polyamines metabolism in plants. pp 10–120 in Slocum, R.D., Flores, H.E. (Eds) Biochemistry and physiology of polyamines in plants. Boca Raton, Florida, CRC Press.Google Scholar
Bagni, N., Adamo, P., Serafini-Fracassini, D. and Villanueva, V.R. (1981) RNA, proteins and polyamines during tube growth in germinating apple pollen. Plant Physiology 68, 727–730.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bagni, N., Calzoni, G.L. and Speranza, A. (1978) Polyamines as sole nitrogen source for explants in-vitro. New Phytologist 80, 317–323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baskin, J.M. and Baskin, C.C. (1989) Physiology of dormancy and germination in relation to seed bank ecology. pp 53–66 in Leck, M.A., Parker, V.T., Simpson, R.L. (Eds) Ecology of soil seed banks. San Diego, California, Academic Press, Inc.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, E. and Malmberg, R.L. (1990) Analysis of a cDNA encoded arginine decarboxylase from oat reveals similarity to the Escherichia coli arginine decarboxylase and evidence of protein processing. Molecular and General Genetics 224, 431–436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Béranger-Novat, N., Monin, J. and Martin-Tanguy, J. (1994) Polyamines and their biosynthetic enzymes in dormant embryos of the spindle tree (Euonymus europaeus L.) and in dormancy break obtained after treatment with gibberellic acid. Plant Science 102, 139–143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Besford, R., Richardson, C.M., Campos, J.L. and Tiburcio, A.F. (1993) Effect of polyamines on stabilization of molecular complexes in thylakoid membranes of osmotically-stressed oat leaves. Planta 184, 201–206.Google Scholar
Bewley, J.D. and Black, M. (1994) Seeds. Physiology of development and germination. New York, Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biondi, S., Diaz, T., Iglesias, I., Gamberini, G. and Bagni, N. (1990) Polyamines and ethylene in relation to adventitious root formation in Prunus avium shoot cultures. Physiologia Plantarum 78, 474–483.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biondi, S., Hagege, D., Rossini, P. and Bagni, N. (1993) Polyamine metabolism and ethylene biosynthesis in normal and habituated sugar beet callus. Physiologia Plantarum 89, 699–706.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birecka, H. and Birecki, M. (1993) Polyamine biosynthesis. pp 447–467 in Lea, P.J. (Ed.) Methods in plant biochemistry, Volume 9: Enzymes of secondary metabolism. London, Academic Press Limited.Google Scholar
Bors, W., Langebartels, C., Michel, C. and Sandermann, H. Jr., (1989) Polyamines as radical scavengers and protectants against ozone damage. Phytochemistry 28, 1589–1595.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Botha, M.L. and Whitehead, C.S. (1992) The effect of polyamines on ethylene synthesis during normal and pollination-induced senescence of Petunia hybrida L. flowers. Planta 188, 478–483.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bueb, J.L., Da Silva, A., Mousli, M. and Laudry, N. (1992) Natural polyamines stimulate G-proteins. Biochemical Journal 282, 545–550.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bueno, M. and Matilla, A.J. (1992) Abscisic acid increases the content of free polyamines and delays mitotic activity induced by spermine in isolated embryonic axes of chick-pea seeds. Physiologia Plantarum 85, 531–536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bueno, M., Garrido, D. and Matilla, A.J. (1993) Gene expression induced by spermine in isolated embryonic axes of chick-pea seeds. Physiologia Plantarum 87, 381–387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burtin, D., Martin-Tanguy, J., Paynot, M., Carre, M. and Rossin, N. (1990) Polyamines, hydroxycinnamoyl-putrescines, and root formation in leaf explants of tobacco cultivated in vitro. Plant Physiology 93, 1398–1404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carbonell, J. and Navarro, J.L. (1989) Correlation of spermine levels with ovary senescence and with fruit set and development in Pisum sativum. Planta 178, 482–487.Google Scholar
Chaudhuri, M.M. and Ghosh, B. (1984) Purification and characterization of diamine oxidase from rice embryos. Phytochemistry 23, 241–243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chibi, F., Angosto, T., Garrido, D. and Matilla, A.J. (1993) Requirement of polyamines for in-vitro maturation of the mid-binucleate pollen of Nicotiana tabacum. Journal of Plant Physiology 142, 452–456.Google Scholar
Chibi, F., Matilla, A.J., Angosto, T. and Garrido, D. (1994) Changes in polyamine synthesis during anther development and pollen germination in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). Physiologia Plantarum 92, 61–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, E., Arad, S., Heimer, Y.H. and Mizrahi, Y. (1984) Polyamine biosynthetic enzymes in the cell cycle of Chlorella. Correlation between ornithine decarboxylase and DNA synthesis at different light intensities. Plant Physiology 74, 385–388.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cona, A., Angelini, R. and Federico, R. (1987) A preliminary study of hormones on diamine oxidase activity in lentil seedlings. Annali di Botanica (Roma) 45, 135–139.Google Scholar
Corbineau, F., Rudnicki, R.M. and Côme, D. (1989) ACC conversion to ethylene by sunflower seeds in relation to maturation, germination and thermodormancy. Plant Growth Regulation 8, 105–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drolet, G., Dumbroff, E.B., Legge, R.L. and Thompson, J.E. (1986) Radical scavenging properties of polyamines. Phytochemistry 25, 367–371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dumortier, F.M., Flores, H.E., Shekhawat, N.S. and Galston, A.W. (1983) Gradients of polyamines and their biosynthetic enzymes in coleoptiles and roots of corn. Plant Physiology 72, 915–918.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dureja-Munjal, I., Kumar, Acharya M. and Guha-Mukherjee, S. (1992) Effects of hormones and spermidine on the turnover of inositolphospholipids in Brassica seedlings. Phytochemistry 31, 1161–1163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Egea-Cortines, M. and Mizrahi, Y. (1991) Polyamines in celldivision, fruit set and development and germination. pp 143–158 in Slocum, R.D., Flores, H.E. (Eds) Biochemistry and physiology of polyamines in plants. Boca Raton, Florida, CRC Press.Google Scholar
Esashi, Y. (1991) Ethylene and seed germination. pp 133–157 in Mattoo, A.K., Suttle, J.C. (Eds) The plant ethylene hormone. Boca Raton, Florida, CRC Press.Google Scholar
Evans, P.T. and Malmberg, R.L. (1989) Do polyamines have roles in plant development? Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 40, 235–269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Even-Chen, Z., Mattoo, A.K. and Goren, R. (1982) Inhibition of ethylene biosynthesis by aminoethoxyvinylglycine and by polyamines shunts label from 3,4-(14C) methionine into spermidine in aged orange peel discs. Plant Physiology 69, 385–388.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Federico, R. and Angelini, R. (1991) Polyamine catabolism. pp 41–56 in Flores, H.E., Slocum, R.D. (Eds) Biochemistry and physiology of polyamines in plants. Boca Raton, Florida, CRC Press.Google Scholar
Federico, R., Alisi, C. and Forlani, F. (1989) Properties of the polyamine oxidase from the cell wall of maize seedlings. Phytochemistry 28, 45–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Federico, R., Angelini, R., Cona, A. and Niglio, A. (1992) Polyamine oxidase bound to cell walls from Zea mays seedlings. Phytochemistry 31, 2955–2957.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Felix, H. and Harr, J. (1987) Association of polyamines to different parts of various plant species. Physiologia Plantarum 71, 245–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flores, H.E. and Martin-Tanguy, J.M. (1991) Polyamines and plant secondary metabolites. pp 58–72 in Slocum, R.D., Flores, H.E. (Eds) Biochemistry and physiology of polyamines in plants. Boca Raton, Florida, CRC Press.Google Scholar
Flores, H.E., Protaccio, C.M. and Signs, N.W. (1989) Primary and secondary metabolism of polyamines in plants. pp 329–393 in Poulton, J.E., Romeo, J.T., Cohn, E.E. (Eds) Recent advances in phytochemistry. New York, Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Foudouli, A.C. and Kyriakidis, D.A. (1989) Chromatin-associated ODC at early stages of growth and differentiation of etiolated mono- and dicotyledonous plants. Plant Growth Regulation 8, 233–242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedman, R., Altman, A. and Bachrach, U. (1982) Polyamines and root formation in mung bean hypocotyl cuttings. I. Effects of exogenous compounds and changes in endogenous polyamine content. Plant Physiology 70, 844–849.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gallardo, M., Bueno, M., Angosto, T., Gallardo, E. and Matilla, A.J. (1992a) Free polyamines in Cicer arietinum seeds during the onset of germination. Phytochemistry 31, 2283–2287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallardo, M., Delgado, M.M., Sánchez-Calle, I.M. and Matilla, A.J. (1991) Ethylene production and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid conjugation in thermoinhibited Cicer arietinum L. seeds. Plant Physiology 97, 122–127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gallardo, M., Gallardo, M.E., Matilla, A.J., Muñoz De Rueda, P. and Sánchez-Calle, I.M. (1994b) Inhibition of polyamine synthesis by cyclohexylamine stimulates the ethylene pathway and accelerates the germination of Cicer arietinum seeds. Physiologia Plantarum 91, 9–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallardo, M., Matilla, A.J. and Sánchez-Calle, I.M. (1992b) Effects of spermine, ABA and temperature upon ethylene production in Cicer arietinum seeds. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry (Paris) 30, 19–27.Google Scholar
Gallardo, M., Muñoz, De, Rueda, P., Matilla, A.J. and Sánchez-Calle, I.M. (1995) Alterations of the ethylene pathway in germinating thermoinhibited chick-pea seeds caused by the inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis. Plant Science 104, 169–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallardo, M., Muñoz, De, Rueda, P., Matilla, A.J. and Sánchez-Calle, I.M. (1994a) The relationships between ethylene production and germination of Cicer arietinum seeds. Biologia Plantarum 36, 201–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallardo, M., Sánchez-Calle, I.M., Muñoz, De, Rueda, I.M. and Matilla, A.J. (1996) The alleviation of thermoinhibition in chick-pea seeds by putrescine involves the ethylene pathway. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 23 (4)(in press).Google Scholar
Galston, A.W. and Flores, H.E. (1991) Polyamines and plant morphogenesis. pp 178–193 in Slocum, R.D., Flores, H.E. (Eds) Biochemistry and physiology of polyamines in plants. Boca Raton, Florida, CRC Press.Google Scholar
Galston, A.W. and Kaur-Sawhney, R. (1995) Polyamines as endogenous growth regulators. pp 158–178 in Davis, P.J. (Ed.) Plant hormones. Netherlands, Kluwer Academic Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galston, A.W. and Kaur-Sawhney, R. (1990) Polyamines in plant physiology. Plant Physiology 94, 406–410.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gamarnik, A. and Frydman, R.B. (1991) Cadaverine, an essential diamine for the normal root development of germinating soybean (Glycine max) seeds. Plant Physiology 97, 778–785.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garrido, D., Chibi, F. and Matilla, A.J. (1995) Polyamines in the induction of Nicotiana tabacum pollen embryogenesis by starvation. Journal of Plant Physiology 145, 731–735.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammill, D.J., Robins, R.J., Parr, A.J., Evans, D.M., Furze, J.M. and Rhodes, M.J.C. (1990) Over-expressing a yeast ornithine decarboxylase gene in transgenic roots of Nicotiana rustica can lead to enhanced nicotine accumulation. Plant Molecular Biology 15, 27–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hausman, J.F., Kevers, C. and Gaspar, T. (1994) Involvement of putrescine in the inductive rooting phase of poplar shoots raised in-vitro. Physiologia Plantarum 92, 201–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirasawa, E. (1988) Diamine oxidase in cotyledons of Pisum sativum develops as a result of the supply of oxygen through the embryonic axis during germination. Plant Physiology 88, 441–443.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huang, H.T. and Villanueva, V.R. (1992) Inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis and seed germination in Picea abies. Phytochemistry 31, 3353–3356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, X.L. and Khan, A.A. (1992) Alleviation of thermoinhibition in preconditioned lettuce seeds involves ethylene, not polyamine biosynthesis. Journal of the American Society for Horticulture Science 117, 841–845.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kashiwagi, K., Hosokawa, N., Furuchi, T., Tobayashi, H., Sasakawa, C., Yoshikawa, M. and Igarasghi, K. (1990) Isolation of polyamine transport-deficient mutants of E. coli and cloning of the genes for polyamine transport proteins. Journal of Biological Chemistry 265, 20893–20897.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kashiwagi, K., Miyamoto, S., Nukui, E., Kaobayashi, H. and Igarasghi, K. (1993) Functions of pot A and pot D proteins in spermidine-preferential uptake systems in Escherichia coli. Journal of Biological Chemistry 268, 19358–19363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katoh, Y., Hasegawa, T., Suzuki, T. and Fujii, T. (1987) Effects of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid production on the changes in the polyamine levels in Hiproly barley callus after auxin withdrawal. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 51, 2457–2463.Google Scholar
Kaur-Sawhney, R. and Applewhite, P.B. (1993) Endogenous protein-bound polyamines: correlation with regions of cell division in tobacco leaves, internodes and ovaries. Plant Growth Regulation 12, 223–228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaur-Sawhney, R., Flores, H.E. and Galston, A.W. (1981) Polyamine oxidase in oat leaves: a cell wall localized enzyme. Plant Physiology 68, 494–497.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khan, A.A. and Prusinski, J. (1989) Kinetin enhanced 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid utilization during alleviation of high temperatures stress in lettuce seeds. Plant Physiology 91, 733–737.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koetje, D.S., Kononowicz, H. and Hodges, T.K. (1993) Polyamine metabolism associated with growth and embryogenic potential of rice. Journal of Plant Physiology 141, 215–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koizuka, N., Tanaka, Y. and Morohashi, Y. (1991) Effects of spermidine on the synthesis of alpha-amylase in cotyledons of mung bean seedlings. Physiologia Plantarum 81, 211–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koromilas, A.F. and Kyriakidis, D.A. (1988a) The existence of ornithine decarboxylase antizyme complex in germinated barley seeds. Physiologia Plantarum 72, 718–724.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koromilas, A.F. and Kyriakidis, D.A. (1988b) Purification and properties of ornithine decarboxylase from germinated barley seeds. Phytochemistry 27, 989–992.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kushad, M.M. and Dumbroff, E.B. (1991) Metabolic and physiological relationships between the polyamine and ethylene biosynthetic pathways. pp 77–92 in Slocum, R.D., Flores, H.E. (Eds) Biochemistry and physiology of polyamines in plants. Boca Raton, Florida, CRC Press.Google Scholar
Kyriakidis, D.A. (1983) Effect of plant growth hormones and polyamines on ornithine decarboxylase activity during germination of barley seeds. Physiologia Plantarum 57, 499–504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langebartels, C., Kerner, K., Leonardi, S., Schraudner, M., Trost, M., Heller, W. and Sandermann, H. Jr., (1991) Biochemical plant responses to ozone. I. Differential induction of polyamine and ethylene biosynthesis in tobacco. Plant Physiology 95, 882–889.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, N., Parsons, B.L., Liu, D. and Mattoo, A.K. (1992) Accumulation of wound-inducible ACC synthase transcript in tomato fruit is inhibited by salicylic acid and polyamines. Plant Molecular Biology 18, 477–487.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, Z.C. and McClure, J.W. (1989) Polyamine oxidase of primary leaves is apoplastic in oat but symplastic in barley. Phytochemistry 28, 2255–2259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, P.P.C. (1984) Polyamine anabolism in germinating Glycine max (L.) seeds. Dynamics of cadaverine and putrescine formation in the embryonic axis. Plant Physiology 76, 372–380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lin, P.P.C., Egli, D.B., Li, G.M. and Meckel, L. (1984) Polyamine titer in the embryonic axis and cotyledons of Glycine max (L.) during seed growth and maturation. Plant Physiology 76, 366–371.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lozano, J.L., Wettlaufer, S.H. and Leopold, C.A. (1989) Polyamine content related to seed storage performance in Zea mays. Journal of Experimental Botany 40, 1337–1340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maki, H., Ando, S., Kodama, H. and Komamine, A. (1991) Polyamines and the cell cycle of Catharanthus roseus cells in culture. Plant Physiology 96, 1008–1013.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malmberg, R.L. and Hiatt, A.C. (1989) Polyamines in plant mutants. pp 147–159 in Bachrach, U., Heimer, Y.M. (Eds) The physiology of polyamines, Vol II, Boca Raton, Florida, CRC Press.Google Scholar
Marciniak, B., Bucholc, M. and Buchowicz, J. (1987) Early DNA synthesis during the germination of wheat embryos. Phytochemistry 26, 331–334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin-Tanguy, J. (1985) The occurrence and possible functions of hydroxycinnamic acid amides in plants. Plant Growth Regulation 3, 381–399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Medda, R., Padiaglia, A. and Floris, G. (1995) Plant copper-amine oxidases. Phytochemistry 39, 1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mehta, A.M., Saftner, R.A., Schaffer, G.W., Mattoo, A.K. (1991) Translational modification of an 18 kilodalton polypeptide by spermine in rice cell suspension cultures. Plant Physiology 91, 1294–1297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merlo, E. and Matilla, A. (1989) Changes in percentage of germination and solute leakage induced by polyamines during the germinative process of Cicer arietinum L. seeds. Agricultora Mediterranea 119, 329–398.Google Scholar
Merlo, E., Fernández, A. and Matilla, A.J. (1988) Effect of polyamines on growth and RNase induced by ABA in the embryonic axes of chick-pea seeds (Cicer arietinum) seeds. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 10, 17–23.Google Scholar
Mikitzel, L.J. and Knowles, N.R. (1989) Polyamine metabolism of potato seed-tubers during long-term storage and early sprout development. Plant Physiology 91, 183–189.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miyazaki, J. and Yang, S.F. (1987) The methionine salvage pathway in relation to ethylene and polyamine biosynthesis. Physiologia Plantarum 69, 366–370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mizrahi, Y., Applewhite, P.B. and Galston, A.W. (1989) Polyamine binding to proteins in oat and petunia protoplasts. Plant Physiology 100, 738–774.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mukhopadhyay, A. and Ghosh, B. (1986) Protein synthesis and loss of viability of rice seeds: effect of polyamines on in-vivo translation. Physiologia Plantarum 68, 441–445.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mukhopadhyay, A., Choudhuri, M.M., Sen, K. and Ghosh, B. (1983) Changes in polyamines and related enzymes with loss of viability in rice seeds. Phytochemistry 22, 1547–1551.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muñoz, De, Rueda, P., Gallardo, E., Bueno, M., Gallardo, M., Sánchez-Calle, I.M. and Matilla, A.J. (1993) Content and distribution of free and bound polyamines in embryonic axes of chick-pea seeds. Journal of Plant Physiology 142, 347–354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muñoz De Rueda, P., Matilla, A.J., Sánchez-Calle, I.M., Bueno, M. and Gallardo, M. (1994a) Thermoinhibition alters the polyamine levels in cotyledons and embryonic axes during germination of stratified chick-pea seeds. Plant Science 101, 143–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muñoz De Rueda, P., Gallardo, M., Sánchez-Calle, I.M. and Matilla, A.J. (1994b) Germination of chick-pea seeds in relation to manipulation of the ethylene pathway and polyamine biosynthesis by inhibitors. Plant Science 97, 31–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nielsen, K.A. (1990) Polyamine content in relation to embryo growth and dedifferentiation in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Journal of Experimental Botany 41, 849–854.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pandit, M. and Ghosh, B. (1988) Ornithine decarboxylase from embryos of jute seeds. Phytochemistry 27, 1609–1610.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peeters, K.M.U., Geuns, J.M.C. and Van Laere, A.J. (1993) Free polyamines in senescing wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Journal of Experimental Botany 44, 1709–1715.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peters, J.L., Castillo, F.J. and Heath, R.L. (1989) Alteration of extracellular enzymes in pinto bean leaves upon exposure to air pollutants, ozone and sulfur dioxide. Plant Physiology 89, 159–164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pfosser, M., Königshofer, H. and Kandeler, R. (1990) Free, conjugated, and bound polyamines during the cycle of synchronized cell suspension cultures of Nicotiana tabacum. Journal of Plant Physiology 136, 574–579.Google Scholar
Pfosser, M., Mengl, M., Königshofer, H. and Kandeler, R. (1992) Time course of polyamine levels during starvation of Medicago varia cells: its correlation with cell cycle data. Journal of Plant Physiology 140, 334–338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pistochi, R., Antognoni, F., Bagni, N. and Zannoni, D. (1990) Spermidine uptake by mitochondria of Helianthus tuberosus. Plant Physiology 92, 690–695.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pistochi, R., Bagni, N. and Creus, J.A. (1987) Polyamine uptake in carrot cell cultures. Plant Physiology 84, 374–380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raghavan, V. (1986) Embryogenesis in angiosperms. A developmental and experimental study. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ramakrishna, S. and Adiga, P.R. (1974) Amine biosynthesis in Lathyrus sativus seedlings. Phytochemistry 13, 2161–2166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rastogi, R., Dulson, J. and Rothstein, S.J. (1993) Cloning of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) arginine decarboxylase gene and its expression during fruit ripening. Plant Physiology 103, 829–834.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roberts, D.R., Dumbroff, E.B. and Thompson, J.E. (1986) Exogenous polyamines alter membrane fluidity in bean leaves — a basis for potential misinterpretation of their true physiological role. Planta 167, 395–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saini, H.S., Consolacion, E.D., Basi, P.K. and Spencer, M.S. (1989) Control processes in the induction and relief of thermoinhibition of lettuce seed germination. Actions of phytochrome and endogenous ethylene. Plant Physiology 90, 311–315.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saini, H.S., Consolacion, E.D., Basi, P.K. and Spencer, M.S. (1986) Requirements for ethylene synthesis and action during relief of thermoinhibition of lettuce seed germination by combination of gibberellic acid, kinetin and CO2. Plant Physiology 81, 950–953.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sánchez-Calle, I.M., Delgado, M.M., Bueno, M., Díaz-Miguel, M. and Matilla, A.J. (1989) The relationship between ethylene production and cell elongation during the initial growth period of chick-pea seeds (Cicer arietinum). Physiologia Plantarum 76, 569–574.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Savithramma, N. and Swamy, P.M. (1989) Quantitative changes of polyamines and activity of ADC in developing and germinating seeds of two groundnut (Arachis hypogea) genotypes. Annals of Botany 64, 337–341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scalet, M., Federico, R. and Angelini, R. (1991) Time courses of diamine oxidase and peroxidase activities, and polyamine changes after mechanical injury of chick-pea seedlings. Journal of Plant Physiology 137, 571–575.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scaramagli, S., Bueno, M., Torrigiani, P., Altamura, M.M., Capitani, F. and Bagni, N. (1995) Morphogenesis in culture thin layers and explants of tobacco. II. Early hormone-modulated polyamine biosynthesis. Journal of Plant Physiology 147, 113–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schuber, F. (1989) Influence of polyamines on membrane functions. Journal of Biochemistry 260, 1–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwartz, M., Altman, A., Cohen, Y. and Arzee, T. (1986) Localization of ornithine decarboxylase and changes in polyamine content in root meristems of Zea mays. Physiologia Plantarum 67, 485–492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scoccianti, V., Torrigiani, P. and Bagni, N. (1993) Putrescine oxidation in microbodies of Helianthus tuberosus tuber. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry (Paris) 31, 567–571.Google Scholar
Scoccianti, V., Torrigiani, P. and Bagni, N. (1990) Distribution of diamine oxidase and polyamine pattern in bean and soybean seedlings at different stages of germination. Physiologia Plantarum 80, 515–519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sen, K., Choudhuri, M.M. and Ghosh, B. (1981) Changes in polyamine contents during development and germination of rice seeds. Phytochemistry 20, 631–633.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sepúlveda, G. and Sánchez-Jiménez, E. (1988) Polyamine distribution among maize embryogenic tissues and its relation to seed germination. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 153, 881–887.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Serafini-Fracassini, D. (1991) Polyamine biosynthesis and conjugation to macromolecules during the cell cycle of Helianthus tuberosus tuber. pp 40–45 in Fundación, Juan March (Eds) Lecture Course Polyamines as Modulators of Plant Development. Madrid, Spain, Fundación Juan March.Google Scholar
Serafini-Fracassini, D., Del, Duca S. and Beninati, S. (1995) Plant transglutaminase. Phytochemistry 40, 355–365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shen, H.J. and Galston, A.W. (1985) Correlations between polyamine ratios and growth patterns in seedling roots. Plant Growth Regulation 3, 353–363.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sinska, I. and Lewandowska, V. (1991) Polyamines and ethylene in the removal of embryonal dormancy in apple seeds. Physiologia Plantarum 81, 59–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sjölin, A.M. and Møller, I.M. (1991) The effect of polyamines and other cations on NADH oxidation on the inner surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 29, 607–613.Google Scholar
Slocum, R.D. and Flores, H.E. (1991) Biochemistry and physiology of polyamines in plants. Boca Raton, Florida, CRC Press.Google Scholar
Slocum, R.D. and Furey, M.J. (1991) Electron-microscope cytochemical localization of diamine and polyamine oxidases in pea and maize tissues. Planta 183, 443–450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slocum, R.D. and Galston, A.W. (1987) Inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis in plants. pp 305–316 in McCann, P.P., Pegg, A.E., Sjoerdsma, A. (Eds) Inhibition of polyamine metabolism: biological significance and basis for new therapies. Orlando, Florida, Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Small, J.G. and Gutterman, Y. (1992) Effects of sodium chloride on prevention of thermodormancy, ethylene and protein synthesis and respiration in Grand Rapids lettuce seeds. Physiologia Plantarum 84, 35–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, T.A. (1993) Amines. pp 17–49 in Waterman, P.G. (Ed.) Methods in plant biochemistry, Volume 8: Alkaloids and sulphur compounds. London, Academic Press Limited.Google Scholar
Smith, T.A. (1990) Plant polyamines: metabolism and function. pp 1–23 in Flores, H.E., Arteca, R.N., Shannon, J.C. (Eds) Polyamines and ethylene: biochemistry, physiology and interactions. Rockville, MD, American Society of Plant Physiologists.Google Scholar
Smith, T.A. (1985) The di- and poly-amine oxidases of higher plants. Biochemical Society Transactions 13, 319–322.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, T.A. and Marshall, J.H.A. (1988) The di- and polyamine oxidases of plants. pp 573–587 in Zappia, V., Pegg, A.E. (Eds) Progress in polyamines research. New York, Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Srivastava, S.K., Prakash, V. and Naik, B.I. (1977) Regulation of diamine oxidase activity in germinating pea seeds. Phytochemistry 16, 185–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suresh, M.R., Ramakrishna, S. and Adiga, P.R. (1976) Diamine oxidase of Lathyrus sativus seedlings. Phytochemistry 15, 483–485.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suzuki, Y. and Hagiwara, M. (1993) Purification and characterization of diamine oxidase from Zea mays shoots. Phytochemistry 33, 995–998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suzuki, Y. and Yamasaki, K. (1971) Effects of some inhibitors of nucleic acid and protein synthesis on the development of amine oxidase in germinating pea cotyledons. Physiologia Plantarum 24, 441–447.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szczotka, Z. (1984) Differences in concentration of polyamines during the process of after-ripening in seeds of Acer platanoides L. Acta Physiologia Plantarum 6, 137–144.Google Scholar
Szczotka, Z. and Lewandowska, U. (1988) Influence of exogenous spermine on dormancy breaking and endogenous polyamine content in the seeds of sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.). Acta Physiologia Plantarum 10, 171–179.Google Scholar
Tabor, C.W. and Tabor, H. (1989) Microbial mutants deficient in polyamine synthesis. pp 63–72 in Bachrach, U., Heimer, Y.M. (Eds) The physiology of polyamines, Vol II. Boca Raton, Florida, CRC Press.Google Scholar
Tassoni, A., Antognoni, F. and Bagni, N. (1996) Polyamine binding to plasma membrane vesicles isolated from zucchini hypocotyls. Plant Physiology 110, 817–824.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tiburcio, A.F., Besford, R.T., Capell, T., Borrell, A., Testillano, P.S. and Risueño, M.C. (1994) Mechanisms of polyamine action during senescence responses induced by osmotic stress. Journal of Experimental Botany 45, 1789–1800.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tiburcio, A.F., Campos, J.L., Figueras, X. and Besford, R.T. (1993) Recent advances in the understanding of polyamine functions during plant development. Plant Growth Regulation 12, 331–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tiburcio, A.F., Kaur-Sawhney, R. and Galston, A.W. (1990) Polyamine metabolism. pp 283–325 in Miflin, B.J., Lea, P.J. (Eds) The biochemistry of plants. London, Academic Press, Inc.Google Scholar
Torrigiani, P. and Scoccianti, V. (1995) Regulation of cadaverine and putrescine levels in different organs of chick-pea seed and seedlings during germination. Physiologia Plantarum 93, 512–518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torrigiani, P., Scoccianti, V. and Bagni, N. (1988a) Polyamine oxidase activity and polyamine content in maize seed germination. Physiologia Plantarum 74, 427–432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torrigiani, P., Scoccianti, V., Biondi, S. and Bagni, N. (1988b) Evidence for the subcellular localization of polyamines and their biosynthetic enzymes in plant cells. Journal of Plant Physiology 124, 23–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Twardowski, T. and Szczotka, S. (1989) The influence of selected polyamines on elongation binding factor-1 activity during stratification of Norway maple seeds. Journal of Plant Physiology 134, 32–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van der Broeck, D., Van der Straeten, D., Van Montagu, M. and Caplan, A. (1994) A group of chromosomal proteins is specifically released by spermine and loses DNA-binding activity upon phosphorylation. Plant Physiology 106, 559–566.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Villanueva, V.R. and Huang, H. (1993) Effect of polyamine inhibition on pea seed germination. Journal of Plant Physiology 141, 336–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Villanueva, V.R., Adlakha, R.C. and Cantera-Soler, A.M. (1978) Changes in polyamine concentration during seed germination. Phytochemistry 17, 1245–1250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, M.A., Ellis, B.E., Chapple, C.C.S. and Dumbroff, E.B. (1987) Sucellular localization of amines and activities of their biosynthetic enzymes in p-fluorophenylalanine resistant and wild-type tobacco cell cultures. Plant Physiology 85, 78–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, M.A., Roberts, D.R., Shih, C. and Dumbroff, E.B. (1985) A requirement for polyamines during the cell division phase of radicle emergence in seeds of Acer saccharum. Plant and Cell Physiology 26, 967–970.Google Scholar
Walker, M.A., Roberts, D.R., Waite, J.L. and Dumbroff, E.B. (1989) Relationships among cytokinins, ethylene and polyamines during the stratification-germination process in seeds of Acer saccharum. Physiologia Plantarum 76, 326–332.Google Scholar
Young, N.D. and Galston, A.W. (1984) Physiological control of arginine decarboxylase activity in K+-deficient oat shoot. Plant Physiology 76, 331–335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar