Hostname: page-component-6bf8c574d5-h6jzd Total loading time: 0.001 Render date: 2025-02-17T12:51:05.285Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The great diversity in kinds of seed dormancy: a revision of the Nikolaeva–Baskin classification system for primary seed dormancy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 December 2021

Jerry M. Baskin  and
Carol C. Baskin Open the ORCID record for Carol C. Baskin [Opens in a new window]
Jerry M. Baskin
Affiliation:
Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA
Carol C. Baskin*
Affiliation:
Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0312, USA
*
*Author for Correspondence: Carol C. Baskin, E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This review provides a revised and expanded word-formula system of whole-seed primary dormancy classification that integrates the scheme of Nikolaeva with that of Baskin and Baskin. Notable changes include the following. (1) The number of named tiers (layers) in the classification hierarchy is increased from three to seven. (2) Formulae are provided for the known kinds of dormancy. (3) Seven subclasses of class morphological dormancy are designated: ‘dust seeds’ of mycoheterotrophs, holoparasites and autotrophs; diaspores of palms; and seeds with cryptogeal germination are new to the system. (4) Level non-deep physiological dormancy (PD) has been divided into two sublevels, each containing three types, and Type 6 is new to the system. (5) Subclass epicotyl PD with two levels, each with three types, has been added to class PD. (6) Level deep (regular) PD is divided into two types. (7) The simple and complex levels of class morphophysiological dormancy (MPD) have been expanded to 12 subclasses, 24 levels and 16 types. (8) Level non-deep simple epicotyl MPD with four types is added to the system. (9) Level deep simple regular epicotyl MPD is divided into four types. (10) Level deep simple double MPD is divided into two types. (11) Seeds with a water-impermeable seed coat in which the embryo-haustorium grows after germination (Canna) has been added to the class combinational dormancy. The hierarchical division of primary seed dormancy into many distinct categories highlights its great diversity and complexity at the whole-seed level, which can be expressed most accurately by dormancy formulae.

Keywords

combinational dormancycryptogeal germinationdouble dormancyepicotyl dormancymorphophysiological dormancyphysical dormancyphysiological dormancy
Type
Review Paper
Information
Seed Science Research , Volume 31 , Issue 4 , December 2021 , pp. 249 - 277
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abraham, V and Subramanyam, K (1965) Studies on seeds of various taxa of Utricularia occurring in West Bengal. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Science Section B 62, 97–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adams, CA, Baskin, JM and Baskin, CC (2005) Trait stasis versus adaptation in disjunct relict species: evolutionary changes in seed dormancy-breaking and germination requirements in a subclade of Aristolochia subgenus Siphisia (Piperales). Seed Science Research 15, 161–173.Google Scholar
Agyili, J, Sacande, M, Koffi, E and Peprah, T (2007) Improving the collection and germination of West African Garcinia kola Heckel seed. New Forests 34, 269–279.Google Scholar
Alang, ZC, Moir, GFJ and Jones, LH (1988) Composition, degradation and utilization of endosperm during germination in the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). Annals of Botany 61, 261–268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, R and Farmer, RE Jr (1977) Germination characteristics of bear oak. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 1, 19–20.Google Scholar
Andrade, ACS, Cunha, R, Souza, AF, Reis, RB and Almeida, KJ (2003) Physiological and morphological aspects of seed viability of a neotropical savannah tree, Eugenia dysenterica DC. Seed Science & Technology 31, 125–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anjos, AMG and Ferraz, IDK (1999) Morfologia, germinacao e teor de agua das sementes de araca-boi (Eugenia stipitata ssp. sororia). Acta Amazonica 29, 337–348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anonymous (1955) Notes on the botany of the oil palm. 1. The seed and its germination. Journal of West African Insitute of Oil Palm Research 1, 73–74 + 1 figure.Google Scholar
Anto, M, Angala, M, Jothish, PS and Anilkumar, C (2019) Conservation of Garcinia imbertii Bourd. through seeds. Plant Science Today 6, 243–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arber, A (1920) Water plants. A study of aquatic angiosperms. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arber, A (1925) Monocotyledons. A morphological study. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Arditti, J (1967) Factors affecting the germination of orchid seeds. The Botanical Review 33, 1–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arditti, J and Ernest, R (1993) History, pp. 1–72 in Arditti, J (Ed.) Micropropagation of orchids. New York, John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Arekal, GD (1963) Embryological studies in Canadian representatives of the tribe Rhinantheae, Scrophulariaceae. Canadian Journal of Botany 41, 267–303 + 2 plates with 190 figures.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asinelli, MEC, Souza, MC and Mourão, KSM (2011) Fruit ontogeny of Garcinia gardneriana (Planch. & Triana) Zappi (Clusiaceae). Acta Botanica Brasilica 25, 43–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asomaning, JM, Olympio, NS and Sacande, M (2011) Desiccation sensitivity and germination of recalcitrant Garcinia kola Heckel seeds. Research Journal of Seed Science 4, 15–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, WJ and Dransfield, J (2016) Beyond Genera Palmarum: progress and prospects in palm systematics. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 182, 207–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barbosa, CZR, Mendonça, MS and Rodrigues, RS (2014) Seedling morphology of three sympatric savanna species of Byrsonima: first evidence of cryptogeal germination in Malpighiaceae and an overlooked seedling type in eudicots. Flora 209, 401–407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnett, RJ (1977) The effect of burial by squirrels on germination and survival of oak and hickory nuts. The American Midland Naturalist 98, 319–330.Google Scholar
Barton, LV (1944) Some seeds showing special dormancy. Contributions from Boyce Thompson Institute 13, 259–271.Google Scholar
Barton, LV and Schroeder, EM (1942) Dormancy in seeds of Convallaria majalis L. and Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf. Contributions from Boyce Thompson Institute 12, 277–300.Google Scholar
Baskin, JM and Baskin, CC (1985a) The annual dormancy cycle in buried weed seeds: a continuum. BioScience 35, 492–498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baskin, JM and Baskin, CC (1985b) Germination ecophysiology of Hydrophyllum appendiculatum, a mesic forest biennial. American Journal of Botany 72, 185–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baskin, JM and Baskin, CC (1986) Change in dormancy status of Frasera caroliniensis seeds during overwintering on parent plant. American Journal of Botany 73, 5–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baskin, JM and Baskin, CC (1990) Germination ecophysiology of seeds of the winter annual Chaerophyllum tainturieri: a new type of morphophysiological dormancy. Journal of Ecology 78, 993–1004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baskin, CC and Baskin, JM (1998) Seeds: ecology, biogeography, and evolution of dormancy and germination. San Diego, Academic Press.Google Scholar
Baskin, CC and Baskin, JM (2003) Seed germination and propagation of Xyris tennesseensis, a federal endangered wetland species. Wetlands 23, 116–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baskin, JM and Baskin, CC (2004) A classification system for seed dormancy. Seed Science Research 14, 1–16.Google Scholar
Baskin, JM and Baskin, CC (2005) Seed dormancy in trees of climax tropical vegetation types. Tropical Ecology 46, 17–28.Google Scholar
Baskin, CC and Baskin, JM (2007) Nymphaeaceae: a basal angiosperm family (ANITA grade) with a fully developed embryo. Seed Science Research 17, 293–296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baskin, JM and Baskin, CC (2008) Some considerations for adoption of Nikolaeva's formula system into seed dormancy classification. Seed Science Research 18, 131–137.Google Scholar
Baskin, CC and Baskin, JM (2014a) Seeds: ecology, biogeography, and evolution of dormancy and germination (2nd edn). San Diego, Elsevier/Academic Press.Google Scholar
Baskin, JM and Baskin, CC (2014b) What kind of seed dormancy might palms have? Seed Science Research 24, 17–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baskin, CC and Baskin, JM (2018) Resolving the puzzle of Martin's broad embryo: a solution based on morphology, taxonomy and phylogeny. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 34, 61–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baskin, JM and Baskin, CC (2021a) Germination and seed/embryo size in holoparasitic flowering plants with “dust seeds” and an undifferentiated embryo. The Botanical Review. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-020-09242-y.Google Scholar
Baskin, JM and Baskin, CC (2021b) “Dust seeds” with undifferentiated embryos and their germination in mycoheterotrophic Monotropoideae (Ericaceae). Seed Science Research 31, 1–19.Google Scholar
Baskin, CC, Baskin, JM, Yoshinaga, A and Thompson, K (2005) Germination of druplets in multi-seeded drupes of the shrub Leptecophylla tameiameiae (Ericaceae) from Hawaii: a case for deep physiological dormancy broken by high temperature. Seed Science Research 15, 349–356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baskin, CC, Chien, C-T, Chen, S-Y and Baskin, JM (2008) Germination of Viburnum odoratissimum seeds: a new level of morphophysiological dormancy. Seed Science Research 18, 179–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benedict, JC, Smith, SY, Specht, CD, Collinson, ME, Leong-Šorničková, J, Parkinson, DY and Marone, F (2016) Species diversity driven by morphological and ecological disparity: a case study of comparative seed morphology and anatomy across a large monocot order. AoB Plants 8, plw063.Google ScholarPubMed
Benzing, DH (2000) Bromeliaceae: profile of an adaptive radiation. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bewley, JD, Bradford, KJ, Hilhorst, HWM and Nonogaki, H (2013) Seeds: physiology of development, germination and dormancy (3rd edn). New York, Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bezunch, T (1971) The germination and seedling development of Ensete spp. East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal 37, 156–159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bidartondo, MI and Bruns, TD (2005) On the origins of extreme mycorrhizal specificity in the Monotropoideae (Ericaceae): performance trade-offs during seed germination and seedling development. Molecular Ecology 14, 1549–1560.Google ScholarPubMed
Birch, WR (1981) Morphology of germinating seeds of the seagrass Halophila spinulosa (R.Br.) Aschers. (Hydrocharitaceae). Aquatic Botany 11, 79–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blakesley, D, Elliott, S, Kuarak, C, Navakitbumrung, P, Zangkum, S and Anusarnsunthorn, V (2002) Propagating framework tree species to restore seasonally dry tropical forest: implications of seasonal seed dispersal and dormancy. Forest Ecology and Management 164, 31–38.Google Scholar
Bonner, FT (2008) Fagaceae – Beech family. Quercus L. Oak, pp. 928–933 in Bonner, FT and Karrfalt, RP (Eds) The woody plant seed manual. USDA Forest Service Agriculture Handbook 727.Google Scholar
Bonner, FT and Vozzo, JA (1987) Seed biology and technology of Quercus. USDA Forest Service Southern Forest Experimental Station General Technical Report S0-66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borchert, M (2004) Vertebrate seed dispersal of Marah macrocarpus (Cucurbitaceae) after fire in the Western Transverse Ranges of California. Ecoscience 11, 463–471.Google Scholar
Borchert, M (2006) Seed fate of Marah macrocarpus (Cucurbitaceae) following fire: do seedlings recruit from rodent burrows? Ecological Research 21, 641–650.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyd, L (1932) Monocotylous seedlings: morphological studies in post-seminal development of the embryo. Transactions and Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh 31, 1–224.Google Scholar
Braz, MIG and Mattos, EA (2010) Seed dispersal phenology and germination characteristics of a drought-prone vegetation in southeastern Brazil. Biotropica 42, 327–335.Google Scholar
Burrows, GE, Boag, TS and Stockey, RA (1992) A morphological investigation of the unusual cryptogeal germination strategy of bunya pine (Araucaria bidwillii) – an Australian rain forest conifer. International Journal of Plant Sciences 153, 503–512.Google Scholar
Burtt, BL (1972) Plumular protection and some related aspects of seedling behavior. Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh 41, 393–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calvi, GP, Anjos, AMG, Kranner, I, Pritchard, HW and Ferraz, IDK (2017a) Exceptional flooding tolerance in the totipotent recalcitrant seeds of Eugenia stipitata. Seed Science Research 27, 121–130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calvi, GP, Aud, FF, Ferraz, IDK, Pritchard, HW and Kranner, I (2017b) Analyses of several seed viability markers in individual recalcitrant seeds of Eugenia stipitata McVaugh with totipotent germination. Plant Biology 19, 6–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cannon, CH, Brendel, O, Deng, M, Hipp, AL, Kremer, A, Kua, C-S, Plomion, C, Romero-Severson, J and Sork, VL (2018) Gaining a global perspective on Fagaceae genomic diversification and adaptation. New Phytologist 218, 894–897.Google ScholarPubMed
Cantlon, JE, Curtis, EJC and Malcolm, WM (1963) Studies of Melampyrum lineare. Ecology 44, 466–474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cardoso, AA, Pereira, FJ, Pereira, MP, Corrêa, FF, Castro, EM and Santos, BR (2013) Anatomy of stems, leaves, roots and the embryo of Garcinia brasiliensis Mart. – Clusiaceae. Revista de Ciências Agrária 56, 23–29.Google Scholar
Carta, A (2016) Seed regeneration in Mediterranean temporary ponds: germination ecophysiology and vegetation processes. Hydrobiologia 782, 23–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carvălho, JEU, Muller, CH and Leao, NVM (1998) Chronology of morphological events associated to germination and desiccation sensitivity of Platonia insignis Mart. seeds – Clusiaceae. Revista Brasileira de Sementes 20, 236–240.Google Scholar
Castillo, G, Marquez-Guzmán, J and Collazo-Ortega, M (2013) Seed germination and early development in seedlings of Noveloa coulteriana (Podostemaceae). Aquatic Botany 109, 25–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Center, A, Etterson, JR, Deacon, NJ and Cavender-Bares, J (2016) Seed production timing influences seedling fitness in the tropical live oak Quercus oleoides of Costa Rican dry forests. American Journal of Botany 103, 1407–1419.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chacko, KC and Pillai, PKC (1997) Seed characteristics and germination of Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) Robs. Indian Forester 123, 123–126.Google Scholar
Chadha, A, Florentine, S, Chaudan, BS, Long, B, Jayasundera, M, Javid, MM and Turville, C (2019) Environmental factors affecting the germination and seedling emergence of two populations of an emerging agricultural weed: wild lettuce (Lactuca serriola). Crop & Pasture Science 70, 709–717.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chandra, VVR, Salin, PN and Puthur, JT (2015) Germination-associated morphological and anatomical changes in Corypha umbraculifera L. seeds. Phytomorphology 65, 11–17.Google Scholar
Chen, Z and Zhang, D (1999) Seed germination and seedling growth of 24 tree species in lower subtropical forest. Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Botany 7, 37–46.Google Scholar
Chen, Z-H, Peng, J-F, Zhang, D-M and Zhao, J-G (2002) Seed germination and storage of weedy species in the lower subtropical forest. Acta Botanica Sinica 44, 1469–1476.Google Scholar
Chen, J, Liu, SS, Kohler, A, Yan, B, Luo, HM, Chen, XM and Guo, SX (2017) iTRAQ and RNA-Seq analyses provide new insights into regulation mechanism of symbiotic germination of Dendrobium officinale seeds (Orchidaceae). Proteome 16, 2174–2187.Google ScholarPubMed
Chien, C-T, Kuo-Huang, L-L, Shen, Y-C, Zhang, R, Chen, S-Y, Yang, JC and Pharis, RP (2004) Storage behavior of Chionanthus retusus seed and development of the radicle and shoot apex during germination in relation to germination inhibitors, including abscisic acid and four phenolic glucosides. Plant & Cell Physiology 45, 1158–1167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Christenhusz, MJE and Byng, JW (2016) The number of known plant species in the world and its annual increase. Phytotaxa 261, 201–217.Google Scholar
Churchill, AC (1983) Field studies on seed germination and seedling development in Zostera marina L. Aquatic Botany 16, 21–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarkson, JR and Clifford, HT (1987) Germination of Jedda multicaulis J. R. Clarkson (Thymelaeaceae). An example of cryptogeal germination in the Australian flora. Australian Journal of Botany 35, 715–720.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cochrane, JA (2020) Thermal requirements underpinning germination allude to risk of species decline from climate warming. Plants 9, 796.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coker, WC (1912) The seedlings of the live oak and white oak. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 28, 34–41.Google Scholar
Connor, EF and Sowa, S (2003) Effects of desiccation on the physiology and biochemistry of Quercus alba acorns. Tree Physiology 23, 1147–1152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Copete, E, Herranz, JM, Ferrandis, P, Baskin, CC and Baskin, JM (2011) Physiology, morphology and phenology of seed dormancy break and germination in the endemic Iberian species Narcissus hispanicus (Amaryllidaceae). Annals of Botany 107, 1003–1016.Google ScholarPubMed
Copete, E, Copete, MA, Ferrandis, P and Herranz, JM (2020) Seed germination in Narcissus yepesii (Amaryllidaceae): clinal variation in the morphophysiological dormancy levels. AoB Plants 12, plaa060.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corbineau, F and Côme, D (1986) Experiments on the storage of seeds and seedlings of Symphonia globulifera L.f. (Guttiferae). Seed Science & Technology 14, 585–591.Google Scholar
Corbineau, F and Côme, D (1988) Storage of seeds of four tropical species. Seed Science & Technology 16, 97–103.Google Scholar
Correa, S and Zotz, G (2014) The influence of collecting date, temperature and moisture regimes on the germination of epiphytic bromeliads. Seed Science Research 24, 353–363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costea, M, Miari, HE, Laczkó, L, Fekete, R, Molnár, AV, Lovas-Kiss, Á and Green, AJ (2019) The effect of gut passage by waterbirds on the seed coat and pericarp of diaspores lacking “external flesh”: evidence for widespread adaptation to endozoochory in angiosperms. PLoS ONE 14, e022651.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crocker, W (1916) Mechanics of dormancy in seeds. American Journal of Botany 3, 99–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crocker, W (1948) Growth of plants. Twenty years’ research at Boyce Thompson Institute. New York, Reinhold Publishing Company [See Chapter 3, pp. 67–138 on “Dormancy in seeds”].Google Scholar
Cunha, R, Prado, MAD, Carvalho, JEUD and Góes, MD (1996) Morphological studies on the development of Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K. (Brazil nut). Seed Science & Technology 24, 581–584.Google Scholar
Curtis, EJC and Cantlon, JE (1963) Germination of Melampyrum lineare: interrelated effects of afterripening and gibberellic acid. Science 140, 406–408.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Curtis, EJC and Cantlon, JE (1965) Studies on the germination process in Melampyrum lineare. American Journal of Botany 52, 552–555.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curtis, EJC and Cantlon, JE (1968) Seed dormancy and germination in Melampyrum lineare. American Journal of Botany 55, 22–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Custódio, CC, Marks, TR, Pritchard, HW, Hosomi, ST and Machado-Neto, NB (2016) Improved tetrazolium viability testing in orchid seeds with a thick carapace (Dactylorhiza fuchsia) or dark seed coat (Vanda curvifolia). Seed Science & Technology 44, 177–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dalling, JW and Harms, KE (1999) Damage tolerance and cotyledonary resource use in the tropical tree Gustavia superba. Oikos 85, 257–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dalziell, EL (2016) Seed biology and ex situ storage behavior of Australian Nymphaea (water lilies): implications for conservation. PhD dissertation, The University of Western Australia, Crawley.Google Scholar
Dalziell, EL, Baskin, CC, Baskin, JM, Young, RE, Dixon, KW and Merritt, DJ (2019) Morphophysiological dormancy in the basal angiosperm order Nymphaeales. Annals of Botany 123, 95–106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Darwin, C (1880[1888]) The power of movements in plants. New York, D. Appleton and Company.Google Scholar
Daws, MI, Garwood, NC and Pritchard, HW (2005) Traits of recalcitrant seeds in a semi-deciduous tropical forest in Panamá: some ecological implications. Functional Ecology 19, 874–885.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dayrell, RLC, Garcia, QS, Negreiros, D, Baskin, CC, Baskin, JM and Silveira, FAO (2016) Phylogeny strongly drives seed dormancy and quality in a climatically buffered hotspot for plant endemism. Annals of Botany 119, 267–277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Andrade, LG, Sánchez-Tapia, A and de Andrade, ACS (2021) Germination, viability and dormancy of 47 species from threatened tropical montane grassland in southeast Brazil: implications for ex situ conservation. Plant Biology 23, 735–742.Google ScholarPubMed
Degtjareva, G, Casper, J, Hellwig, F and Sokoloff, D (2004) Seed morphology in the genus Pinguicula (Lentibulariaceae) and its relation to taxonomy and phylogeny. Botanische Jahrbucher fur Systematik Pflanzengeschichte und Pflansengeographie 125, 431–452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Degtjareva, G, Casper, J, Hellwig, F, Schmidt, AR, Steiger, J and Sokoloff, DD (2006) Morphology and nrITS phylogeny of the genus Pinguicula L. (Lentibulariaceae), with special attention to embryo evolution. Plant Biology 8, 778–790.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Delay, C and Mangenot, G (1960) De développement de la graine chez Allanblackia floribunda Oliv. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique (Série) 12, 387–439.Google Scholar
Delgado, LF and Barbedo, CJ (2007) Tolerancia a dessecacao de sementes de especies de Eugenia. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 42, 265–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delgado, LF and Barbedo, CJ (2012) Water potential and viability of seeds of Eugenia (Myrtaceae), a tropical tree species, based upon different levels of drying. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 55, 583–590.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delgado, LF, Mello, JIO and Barbedo, CJ (2010) Potential for regeneration and propagation from cut seeds of Eugenia (Myrtaceae) tropical tree species. Seed Science & Technology 38, 624–634.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeMason, DA (1984) Growth parameters in the cotyledon of date seedlings. Botanical Gazette 145, 176–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeMason, DA (1985) Histochemical and ultrastructural changes in the haustorium of date (Phoenix dactylifera). Protoplasma 126, 168–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
den Hartog, C (1970) The sea-grasses of the world. Amsterdam, North-Holland.Google Scholar
de Vogel, EF (1979) Morphological types in dicot seedlings, with reference to their origin. Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France. Actualités Botaniques 126, 173–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Vogel, EF (1980) Seedlings of dicotyledons. Wageningen, Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation.Google Scholar
Dias, DS, Ribeiro, LM, Lopes, PSN, Munné-Bosch, S and Garcia, QS (2017) Hormonal profile and the role of cell expansion in the germination control of Cerrado biome palm seeds. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 118, 168–177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dias, DS, Ribeiro, LM, Lopes, PSN, Melo, GA, Müller, M and Munné-Bosch, S (2018) Haustorium-endosperm relationships and the integration between developmental pathways during reserve mobilization in Butia capitata (Arecaceae) seeds. Annals of Botany 122, 267–277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dickson, A (1882) On the germination of Podophyllum emodi. Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh 16, 129–130 + plate IX.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dionisio, LFS, Auca, ED, Schwartz, G, Bardales-Lozano, RM, Agurto, JJM and Corvera-Gomringer, R (2019) Seedling production of Bertholletia excelsa in response to seed origin and position inside fruit. Ciências Florestais 14, e5662.Google Scholar
Duarte, EF, Carneiro, IF and Rezende, MH (2009) Morfologia de frutos e sementes e desenvolvimento pós-seminal de Dyckia goehringii Gross &Rauh (Bromeliaceae). Revista de Biologia Neotropical 6, 1–12.Google Scholar
Dulić, J, Ljubojević, M, Ornjanov, V, Barać, G and Dulić, T (2019) In vitro germination and seedling development of two European orchid species, Himantoglossum jankae Somlyay, Kreutz & Óvári and Spiranthese spiralis (L.) Chevall. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology – Plant 55, 380–391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Durán-López, ME, Caroca-Cáceres, R, Jahreis, K, Narváez-Vera, M, Ansoloni, R and Cazar, ME (2019) The micorrhyzal fungi Ceratobasidium sp. and Sebacina vermifera promote seed germination and seedling development of the terrestrial orchid Epidendrum secundum Jacq. South African Journal of Botany 125, 54–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dwyer, TP (1983) Seed structure of carnivorous plants. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 12, 8–23.Google Scholar
Eames, AJ (1961) Morphology of the angiosperms. New York, McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Edwards, W, Gadek, P, Weber, E and Worboys, S (2001) Idiosyncratic phenomenon of regeneration from cotyledons in the idiot fruit tree, Idiospermum australiense. Austral Ecology 26, 254–258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engelmann, G (1880) The acorns and their germination. Transaction of the Academy of Science of St. Louis 4, 190–192.Google Scholar
Erickson, TE, Muñoz-Rojas, M, Kildisheva, OA, Stokes, BA, White, SA, Heyes, JL, Dalziell, EL, Lewandrowski, W, James, JJ, Madsen, MD, Turner, SR and Merritt, DJ (2017) Benefits of adopting seed-based technologies for rehabilitation in the mining sector: a Pilbara perspective. Australian Journal of Botany 65, 646–660.Google Scholar
Escobar, DFE, Silveira, FAO and Morellato, LP (2018) Timing of seed dispersal and seed dormancy in Brazilian savanna: two solutions to face seasonality. Annals of Botany 121, 1197–1209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Escobar, DFE, Silveira, FAO and Morellato, LP (2021) Do regeneration traits vary according to vegetation structure? A case study for savannas. Journal of Vegetation Science 32, e12940.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2013) Seed propagation of Allanblackia spp. Technologies and practices for small agriculture producers. World Agroforestry Centre. ID 7793.Google Scholar
Farmer, RE Jr (1977) Epicotyl dormancy in white and chestnut oaks. Forest Science 23, 329–332.Google Scholar
Farooq, M (1964) Studies in the Lentibulariaceae. I. The embryology of Utricularia stellaris Linn. f. var. inflexa Clarke. Part 2. Microsporangium; male gametophyte; fertilization; endosperm; embryo and seed. Proceedings of the National Institute of Sciences of India 30, 280–299.Google Scholar
Fernández-Pascual, E, Carta, A, Cavieres, L, Rosbakh, S, Venn, S, Satyanti, A, Guja, L, Briceño, VF, Vandelook, F, Mattana, E, Saatkamp, A, Bu, H, Sommerville, K, Poschlod, P, Liu, K, Nicotra, A and Jiménez-Alfaro, B (2021) The seed germination spectrum of alpine plants: a global meta-analysis. New Phytologist 229, 3573–3586.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Figueirêdo, FJC and Carvalho, JEU (1994) Availiacao de caracteristicas recalcitrantes de sementes de castanha-do-brasil. Belém EMBRAPA-CPATU, Boletim de Pesquisa Number 154.Google Scholar
Fisher, JB (2008) Anatomy of axis contraction in seedlings from a fire prone habitat. American Journal of Botany 95, 1337–1348.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flores, EM (1996) Recalcitrant tree seed species of socioeconomic importance in Costa Rica: state of knowledge of physiology, pp. 136–140 in Ouédraogo, AS; Poulsen, K and Stubsgaard, F (Eds) Intermediate/recalcitrant tropical forest seeds. Proceedings of a workshop on improved methods for handling and storage of intermediate/recalcitrant tropical forest tree seeds, 8–10 June 1995. Humlebaek, Denmark, IPGRI, Rome and DANIDA Forest Seed Centre.Google Scholar
Flores, EM (2002) Seed biology, pp. 13–124 in Vozzo, JA (Ed.) Tropical tree seed manual. USDA Forest Service Agriculture Handbook 721.Google Scholar
Flores-Enríquez, V, Castillo, G and Collazo-Ortega, M (2019) Experimental seed germination of ex situ conservation of Mexican Podostemaceae. Botanical Sciences 97, 413–422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, JF (1982) Adaptation of gray squirrel behavior to autumn germination by white oak acorns. Evolution 36, 800–809.Google ScholarPubMed
Franceschini, MC (2004) An unusual case of epigeal crypocotylar germination in Rollinia salicifolia (Annonaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 146, 53–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedman, WE, Bachelier, JB and Hormaza, JI (2012) Embryology in Trithuria submersa (Hydatellaceae) and relationships between embryo, endosperm, and perisperm in early-diverging flowering plants. American Journal of Botany 99, 1083–1095.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gale, SW, Yamazaki, J, Hutchings, MJ, Yukawa, T and Miyoshi, K (2010) Constraints on establishment in an endangered terrestrial orchid: a comparative study of in vitro and in situ seed germinability and seedling development in Nervilia nipponica. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 163, 166–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galil, J (1970) Studies on the survival of dicotyledonous cormous weeds in ploughed fields. Journal of Applied Ecology 7, 61–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garcia, QS, Barreto, LC and Bicalho, EM (2020) Environmental factors driving seed dormancy and germination in tropical ecosystems: a perspective from Campo rupestre species. Environmental and Experimental Botany 178, 104164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garwood, NC (1983) Seed germination in a seasonal tropical forest in Panama: a community study. Ecological Monographs 53, 159–181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gatin, MC-L (1908) Recherces anatomiques sur l'embryon et la germination des Cannacées et des Musacées. Annales des Sciences Naturalles, Botanique (Series IX) 8, 113–146 + 2 plates.Google Scholar
Gentil, DFO and Ferreira, SAN (1999) Viabilidade e superacao da dormencia em sementes de araca-boi (Eugenia stipitata ssp. sororia). Acta Amazonica 29, 21–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibbs, RE (1902) Phyllospadix as a beach-builder. The American Naturalist 36, 101–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Givnish, TJ, Barfuss, MHJ, Van Ee, B, Riina, R, Schulte, K, Horres, R, Gonsiska, PA, Jabaily, RS, Crayn, DM, Smith, JA, Winter, K, Brown, GK, Evans, TM, Holst, BK, Luther, H, Till, W, Zizka, G, Berry, PE and Sytsma, KJ (2014) Adaptive radiation, correlated and contingent evolution, and net species diversification in Bromeliaceae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 71, 55–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Givnish, TJ, Spalink, D, Ames, M, Lyon, SP, Hunter, SJ, Zuluaga, A, Doucette, A, Caro, GG, McDaniel, J, Clements, MA, Arroyo, MTK, Endara, L, Kriebel, R, Williams, NH and Cameron, KM (2016) Orchid historical biogeography, diversification, Antarctica and the paradox of orchid dispersal. Journal of Biogeography 43, 1905–1916.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gogoi, K, Kumaria, S and Tandon, P (2012) Ex situ conservation of Cymbidium ebureum Lindl.: a threatened and vulnerable orchid, by asymbiotic seed germination. Biotechnology 2, 337–343.Google Scholar
Gonçalves-Magalhães, C, de Santana, DG and Ribeiro-Oliveira, JP (2020) Misunderstanding on germination sensu stricto leads us to a false positive germination-dormancy balance in diaspores of Paepalanthus chiquitensis Herzog (Eriocaulaceae), a threatened everlasting flowering species. Plant Species Biology 36, 246–257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gray, A (1877) The germination of the genus Megarrhiza Torr. American Journal of Science and Arts (Series 3) 14, 79–84.Google Scholar
Gu, R, Zhou, Y, Song, X, Xu, S, Zhang, X, Lin, H, Xu, S and Zhu, S (2018) Effects of temperature and salinity on Ruppia sinensis seed germination, seedling establishment, and seedling growth. Marine Pollution Bulletin 134, 177–185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gumilevskaya, NA and Azarkovich, MI (2007) Physiological and biochemical characteristics of the recalcitrant seeds having dormancy: a review. Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology 43, 332–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ha, CO, Sands, VE, Soepadmo, E and Jong, K (1988) Reproductive patterns of selected understorey trees in the Malaysian rain forest: the apomictic species. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 97, 317–331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haines, RW (1975) Seedlings of Nymphaeaceae. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 70, 255–265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haines, RW and Lye, KA (1979) Monocotylar seedlings: a review of evidence supporting an origin by fusion. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 78, 123–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harms, KE, Dalling, JW and Aizprúa, R (1997) Regeneration from cotyledons in Gustavia superba (Lecythidaceae). Biotropica 29, 234–237.Google Scholar
Harper, JL (1957) The ecological significance of dormancy and its importance in weed control. Proceedings of the International Congress on Crop Protection (Hamburg) 4, 415–420.Google Scholar
Harper, JL (1977) Population biology of plants. London, Academic Press.Google Scholar
Harrison, PG (1991) Mechanisms of seed dormancy in an annual population of Zostera marina (eelgrass) from The Netherlands. Canadian Journal of Botany 69, 1972–1976.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartley, CWS (1988) The oil palm. Essex, Longman Scientific & Technical.Google Scholar
Henderson, FM (2006) Morphology and anatomy of palm seedlings. The Botanical Review 72, 273–329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hidayati, SN, Baskin, JM and Baskin, CC (2005) Epicotyl dormancy in Viburnum acerifolium (Caprifoliaceae). The American Midland Naturalist 153, 232–244.Google Scholar
Hill, AW (1906) The morphology and seedling structure of the geophilous species of Peperomia, together with some views on the origin of monocotyledons. Annals of Botany 20, 395–427 + plate XXIX with 50 figures.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, AW (1916) Studies on seed germination. The genus Marah (Megarrhiza), Cucurbitaceae. Annals of Botany 30, 215–222 + plate V.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, AW (1939) Studies in the germination of seeds. Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (Special Publication) 7, 13–49.Google Scholar
Hofmeyr, J (1921) A note on the germination of the seed of Elephantorrhiza burchellii. Bth. South African Journal of Natural History 3, 215–216.Google Scholar
Holm, T (1891) Contribution to the knowledge of the germination of some North American plants. Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 2, 57–108 + plates XVII–XIX.Google Scholar
Holm, T (1899) Podophyllum peltatum. A morphological study. Botanical Gazette 27, 419–433.Google Scholar
Holm, T (1901) Erigenia bulbosa Nutt. A morphological and anatomical study. American Journal of Science IV 11, 63–72.Google Scholar
Hong, TD, Linington, S and Ellis, RH (1998) Compendium of information on seed storage behavior, vol. 2. Kew, Royal Botanic Gardens.Google Scholar
Horrill, AD (1972) Biological flora of the British Isles. No. 434. Melampyrum cristatum L. Journal of Ecology 60, 235–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, H, Zi, X-M, Lin, H and Gao, J-Y (2018) Host-specificity of symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi for enhancing seed germination, protocorm formation and seedling development of over-collected medicinal orchid, Dendrobium devonianum. Journal of Microbiology 56, 42–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Humphrey, JE (1896) The development of the seed in the Scitamineae. Annals of Botany 10, 1–40 + 4 plates with 70 figures.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hussey, G (1958) An analysis of the factors controlling the germination of oil palm, Elaeis guineensis (Jacq.). Annals of Botany 22, 259–284 + 1 plate with 8 figures.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huynh, TT and McLean, CB (2002) Seed germination and propagation of Caladenia formosa. Combined Proceedings of the International Plant Propagators’ Society 52, 86–91.Google Scholar
Hynson, NA, Madsen, TP, Selosse, M-A, Roy, M and Gebauer, G (2013a) The physiological ecology of mycoheterotrophy, pp. 297–342 in Merckx, VSFT (Ed.) Mycoheterotrophy: the biology of plants living on fungi. New York, Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hynson, NA, Weiß, M, Preiss, K, Gebauer, G and Treseder, KK (2013b) Fungal host specificity is not a bottleneck for the germination of Pyroleae species (Ericaceae) in a Bavarian forest. Molecular Ecology 22, 1473–1481.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ileleji, F, Hamadina, EI and Orluchukwu, JA (2015) Germination of Allanblackia floribunda seeds: the effect of soak duration in fluridone on germination and seedling growth. Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 4, 142–147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, G (1968) Notes on West African vegetation – III. The seedling morphology of Butyrospermum paradoxum (Gaertn. F.) Hepper. Journal of the West African Science Association 13, 215–222.Google Scholar
Jackson, G (1974) Cryptogeal germination and other seedling adaptions to the burning of vegetation in savanna regions: the origin of the pyrophytic habit. New Phytologist 73, 771–780.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaganathan, GK (2020) Defining correct dormancy class matters: morphological and morphophysiological dormancy in Arecaceae. Annals of Forest Science 77, 100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaganathan, GK (2021) Ecological insights into the coexistence of dormancy and desiccation-sensitivity in Arecaceae species. Annals of Forest Science 78, 10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaganathan, GK, Bayarkhuu, N, He, L-L, Liu, B, Li, J and Han, Y (2021) Germination ecology of Trachycarpus fortunei (Arecaceae), a species with morphophysiological and shoot dormancy. Botany 99, 601–608.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jayasuriya, KMGG, Wijetunga, ASTB, Baskin, JM and Baskin, CC (2010) Recalcitrancy and a new kind of epicotyl dormancy in seeds of the understory tropical rainforest tree Humboldtia laurifolia (Fabaceae, Caesalpinioideae). American Journal of Botany 97, 15–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jayasuriya, KMGG, Wijetunga, ASTB, Baskin, JM and Baskin, CC (2012) Physiological epicotyl dormancy and recalcitrant storage behavior in seeds of two tropical Fabaceae (subfamily Caesalpinioideae) species. AoB Plants 2012, pls044.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Joët, T, Ourcival, J-M, Capelli, M, Dussert, S and Morin, X (2016) Explanatory ecological factors for the persistence of desiccation-sensitive seeds in transient soil seed banks: Quercus ilex as a case study. Annals of Botany 117, 165–176.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, DS (1900) On the endosperm and embryo of Peperomia pellucida. Botanical Gazette 30, 1–11.Google Scholar
Johnson, DS (1902) On the development of certain Piperaceae. Botanical Gazette 34, 321–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, EW (1959) Biological flora of the British Isles. No. 67. Quercus L. Journal of Ecology 47, 169–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joshi, G, Kumar, ANA, Gowda, B and Srinivasa, YB (2006) Production of supernumerary plants from seed fragments in Garcinia gummi-gutta: evolutionary implications of mammalian frugivory. Current Science 91, 372–376.Google Scholar
Joshi, G, Phartyal, SS and Arunkumar, AN (2017) Non-deep physiological dormancy, desiccation and low-temperature sensitivity in seeds of Garcinia gummi-gutta (Clusiaceae): a tropical evergreen recalcitrant species. Tropical Ecology 58, 241–250.Google Scholar
Justo, CF, Alvarenga, AA, Alves, E, Guimarãea, RM and Strassburg, RC (2007) Efeito da secagem, do armazenamento e da germinacao sobre a micromorfologia de sementes de Eugenia pyriformis Camb. Acta Botanica Brasileira 21, 539–551.Google Scholar
Kadry, AER and Tewfic, H (1956a) A contribution to the morphology and anatomy of seed germination in Orobanche crenata. Botaniska Notiser 109, 385–399.Google Scholar
Kadry, AER and Tewfic, H (1956b) Seed germination in Orobanche crenata Forssk. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 50, 270–286.Google Scholar
Kainer, KA, Duryea, ML, Malavasi, MDM, Silva, ERD and Harrison, J (1999a) Moist storage of Brazil nut seeds for improved germination and nursery management. Forest Ecology and Management 116, 207–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kainer, KA, Malavasi, MDM, Duryea, ML and Silva, ERD (1999b) Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) seed characteristic, preimbibition and germination. Seed Science & Technology 27, 731–745.Google Scholar
Kaldy, JE, Shafer, DJ, Ailstock, MS and Magoun, AD (2015) Effects of temperature, salinity and seed age on induction of Zostera japonica germination in North America, USA. Aquatic Botany 126, 73–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kanmegne, G and Ndoumou Omokolo, D (2007) Effects of hormones applications on the germination of six populations of Garcinia kola Heckel (Guttiferae) seeds. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 1, 255–261.Google Scholar
Karlsson, LM, Hidayati, SN, Walck, JL and Milberg, P (2005) Complex combination of seed dormancy and seedling development determine emergence of Viburnum tinus (Caprifoliaceae). Annals of Botany 97, 15–26.Google Scholar
Karlsson, LM, Tamado, T, Dalbato, AL and Mikias, Y (2013) Seed morphology and germination of Ensete ventricosum. Seed Science & Technology 41, 357–370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katayama, H, Kato, M, Nishiuchi, T and Yamada, T (2011) Comparative anatomy of embryogenesis in three species of Podostemaceae and evolution of the loss of embryonic shoot and root meristems. Evolution and Development 13, 333–342.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaul, RB (1978) Morphology of germination and establishment of aquatic seedlings in Alismataceae and Hydrocharitaceae. Aquatic Botany 5, 139–147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kausik, SB (1938) Pollen development and seed formation in Utricularia coerulea L. Beihefte zum Botanischen Centralblatt, Morphologie und Physiologie der Pflanzen 58A, 365–378.Google Scholar
Khan, R (1954) A contribution to the embryology of Utricularia flexuosa Vahl. Phytomorphology 4, 80–117.Google Scholar
Kildisheva, OA, Erickson, TE, Madsen, MD, Dixon, KW and Merritt, DJ (2019) Seed germination and dormancy traits of forbs and shrubs important for restoration of North American dryland ecosystems. Plant Biology 21, 458–469.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kildisheva, OA, Dixon, KW, Silveira, FAO, Chapman, T, Sacco, AD, Mondoni, A, Turner, SR and Cross, AT (2020) Dormancy and germination: making every seed count in restoration. Restoration Ecology 28, S256–S265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kissling, WD, Baker, WJ, Balslev, H, Barfod, AS, Borchsenius, F, Dransfield, J, Govaerta, R and Svenning, J-C (2012) Quaternary and pre-Quaternary historical legacies in the global distribution of a major tropical plant lineage. Global Ecology and Biogeography 21, 909–921.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kita, Y and Kato, M (2005) Seedling developmental anatomy of an undescribed Malaccotristicha species (Podostemaceae, subfamily Tristichoideae) with implications for body plan evolution. Plant Systematics and Evolution 254, 221–232.Google Scholar
Klemens, JA, Deacon, NJ and Cavender-Bares, J (2011) Pasture recolonization by a tropical oak and the regeneration ecology of seasonally dry tropical forests, pp. 221–237 in Dirzo, R; Young, HS; Mooney, HA and Ceballos, G (Eds) Seasonally dry tropical forests. Washington, DC, Island Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koch, EW and Seeliger, U (1988) Germination ecology of two Ruppia maritima L. populations in southern Brazil. Aquatic Botany 31, 321–327.Google Scholar
Koi, S and Kato, M (2010) Developmental morphology of seedling and shoot and phylogenetic relationship of Diplobryum koyamae (Podostemaceae). American Journal of Botany 97, 373–387.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koi, S, Werukamkul, P, Ampornpan, L-A and Kato, M (2012) Seedling development in Hanseniella, Hydrobryum and Thawatchaia (Podostemaceae), and implications on body plan evolution in the Hydrobryum clade. Plant Systematics and Evolution 298, 1755–1766.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kondo, K, Segawa, M and Nehira, K (1978) Anatomical studies on seeds and seedlings of some Utricularia (Lentibulariaceae). Brittonia 30, 89–95.Google Scholar
Kondo, T, Mikubo, M, Yamada, K, Walck, JL and Hidayati, SN (2011) Seed dormancy in Trillium camchatcense (Melanthiaceae) and the possible roles of light and temperature requirements for seed germination. American Journal of Botany 98, 215–226.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kondo, T, Narita, M, Phartyal, SS, Hidayati, SN, Walck, JL, Baskin, JM and Baskin, CC (2015) Morphophysiological dormancy in seeds of Convallaria keiskei and a proposal to recognize two types of double dormancy in seed dormancy classification. Seed Science Research 25, 210–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kondo, T, Walck, JL and Hidayati, SN (2019) Radicle emergence with increased temperatures following summer dispersal in Trillium camschatcense: a species with deep simple double morphophysiological dormancy in seeds. Plant Species Biology 34, 45–52.Google Scholar
Korstian, CF (1927) Factors controlling germination and early survival in oaks. Yale University School of Forestry Bulletin Number 19, 1–115 + 7 plates.Google Scholar
Kos, M, Baskin, CC and Baskin, JM (2012) Relationship of kinds of dormancy with habitat and life history in the Southern Kalahari flora. Journal of Vegetation Science 23, 869–879.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kron, KA, Judd, WS, Stevens, PF, Crayn, DM, Anderberg, AA, Gadek, PA, Quinn, CJ and Luteyn, JL (2002) Phylogenetic classification of Ericaceae: molecular and morphological evidence. The Botanical Review 68, 335–423.Google Scholar
Kumazawa, M (1967) An experimental study on the seedling of Utricularia pilosa Makino. Phytomorphology 17, 494–498.Google Scholar
Kuo, J, Iizumi, H, Nilsen, BE and Aioi, K (1990) Fruit anatomy, seed germination and seedling development in the Japanese seagrass Phyllospadix (Zosteraceae). Aquatic Botany 37, 229–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuo, J and Kirkman, H (1992) Fruits, seeds and germination in the seagrass Halophila ovalis (Hydrocharitaceae). Botanica Marina 35, 197–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuo, J and Kirkman, H (1996 ) Seedling development of selected Posidonia species from southwest Australia, pp. 57–64 in Kuo, J; Phillips, RC; Walker, DI and Kirkman, H (Eds) Seed grass biology: proceedings of an international workshop. Rottnest Island, Western Australia, 25–29 January 1996.Google Scholar
Kuo, J, Long, WL and Coles, RG (1993) Occurrence and fruit and seed biology of Halophila tricostata Greenway (Hydrocharitaceae). Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 44, 43–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamarca, EV, Prataviera, JS, Borges, IF, Delgado, LF, Teixeira, CC, Camargo, MBP, Faria, JMR and Barbedo, CJ (2013) Maturation of Eugenia pyriformis seeds under different hydric and thermal conditions. Anais da Academica Brasileria de Ciencias 85, 223–233.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lan, Q-Y, Xia, K, Wang, X-F, Liu, J-W, Zhao, J and Tan, Y-H (2014) Seed storage behavior of 101 woody species from the tropical rainforest of southern China: a test of the seed-coat ratio-seed mass (SCR-SM) model for determination of desiccation sensitivity. Australian Journal of Botany 62, 305–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lan, Q-Y, Yin, SH, He, HY, Tan, Y, Liu, Q, Xia, Y, Wen, B, Baskin, CC and Baskin, JM (2018) Seed dormancy-life form profile for 358 species from the Xishuangbanna seasonal tropical rainforest, Yunnan Province, China compared to world database. Scientific Reports 8, 4674.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Landrum, LR (1981) A monograph of the genus Myrceugenia (Myrtaceae). Flora Neotropica 29, 1–135.Google Scholar
Landrum, LR (1986) Campomanesia, Pimenta, Blepharocalyx, Legrandia, Acca, Myrrhinium, and Luma (Myrtaceae). Flora Neotropic 45, 1–178.Google Scholar
Landrum, LR and Kawaski, ML (1997) The genera of Myrtaceae in Brazil: an illustrated synoptic treatment and identification keys. Brittonia 49, 508–536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landrum, LR and Stevenson, D (1986) Variability of embryos in subtribe Myrtinae (Myrtaceae). Systematic Botany 11, 155–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leiva, MJ and Díaz-Maqueda, A (2016) Fast-growing seeds and delayed rodent predatory activity in the seeding season: a combined mechanism to escape and survive rodent predation in Quercus ilex subsp. ballota L. acorns and seedlings. Forest Ecology and Management 380, 23–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lesar, H, Čeranič, N, Kastelec, D and Luthar, Z (2012) Asymbiotic seed germination of Phalenopsis Blume orchids after hand pollination. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica 99, 5–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, IM (1911) The seedling of Quercus virginiana. Plant World 13, 119–123.Google Scholar
Li, Y-Y, Guo, S-X and Lee, Y-I (2020) Ultrastructural changes during the symbiotic seed germination of Gastrodia elata with fungi, with emphasis on the fungal colonization region. Botanical Studies 61, 4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, Y, Qiu, YP, Zhang, L and Chen, J (2005) Dormancy breaking and storage behavior of Garcinia cowa Roxb. (Guttiferae) seeds: implications for ecological function and germplasm conservation. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 47, 38–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, Y, Baskin, CC, Baskin, JM, Yang, J, Cao, M and Wen, B (2021) Seed dormancy profiles for forest dynamics plot data: focusing on a tropical seasonal rainforest in Xishuangbanna, southwest China. Plant Biology 23, 420–426.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luna, R, Guzmán, D, Núñez-Farfán, J, Philbrick, CT, Collazo-Ortega, M and Márquez-Guzmán, J (2012) Cross compatibility between Marathrum rubrum and Marathrum schiedeanum (Podostemaceae), two closely related species of the Pacific Mexican coast. Aquatic Botany 102, 1–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mabberley, DJ (2008) Mabberley's plant-book. A portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses (3rd edn). Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Malik, SK, Chaudhury, R and Abraham, Z (2005) Seed morphology and germination characteristics in three Garcinia species. Seed Science & Technology 33, 595–604.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maluf, AM, Bilia, DAC and Barbedo, CJ (2003) Drying and storage of Eugenia involucrata DC. seeds. Scientia Agricola 60, 471–475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manos, PS and Stanford, AM (2001) The historical biogeography of Fagaceae: tracking the Tertiary history of temperate and subtropical forests of the Northern Hemisphere. International Journal of Plant Sciences 162, S77–S93.Google Scholar
Mantovani, A and Iglesias, RR (2008) Factors limiting seed germination of terrestrial bromeliads in the sandy coastal plains (restinga) of Maricá, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Rodriguésia 59, 135–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marques, AR, Atman, APF, Silveira, FAO and Lemos-Filho, JP (2014) Are seed germination and ecological breadth associated? Testing the regeneration niche hypothesis with bromeliads in a heterogeneous neotropical montane vegetation. Plant Ecology 215, 517–529.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, AC (1946) The comparative internal morphology of seeds. The American Midland Naturalist 36, 513–660.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martinotto, C, Paiva, R, Santos, BR, Soares, FP, Nogueira, RC and Silva, AAN (2007) Efeito da escarificacao e luminosidade na germinacao in vitro de sementes de cagaiteira (Eugenia dysenterica DC.). Ciência e Agrotecnologia 31, 1668–1671.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masselink, AK (1980) Germination and seed population dynamics in Melampyrum pratense L. Acta Botanica Neerlandica 29, 451–468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mathew, KL and George, TS (1995) Dormancy and storage of seeds in Garcinia cambogia Desr. (Kodampuli). Journal of Tropical Agriculture 33, 77–79.Google Scholar
Matsuda, K and McBridge, JR (1987) Germination and shoot development of seven California oaks planted at different elevations, pp. 79–85 in Proceedings of the Symposium on Multiple-Use Management of California's Hardwood Resources. USDA Forest Service Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station Report PSW-100.Google Scholar
Mattana, E, Peguero, B, Sacco, AD, Agramonte, W, Castillo, WRE, Jiménez, F, Clase, T, Pritchard, HW, Gómez-Barreiro, P, Castillo-Lorenzo, E, Encarnación, MT, Way, MJ, Garcia, R and Ulian, T (2020) Assessing seed desiccation responses of native trees in the Caribbean. New Forests 51, 705–721.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maury-Lechon, G, Corbineau, F and Côme, D (1980) Données préliminaries sur la germination des grains et la conservation des plantules de Symphonia globulifera L. f. (Guttifère). Bois et Forets des Tropiques 196, 35–40.Google Scholar
Mayrinck, RC, Vaz, TAA and Davide, AC (2016) Physiological classification of forest seeds regarding the desiccation tolerance and storage behavior. Cerne 22, 85–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCartan, SA, Jinks, RL and Barsoum, N (2015) Using thermal time models to predict the impact of assisted migration on the synchronization of germination and shoot emergence of oak (Quercus robur L.). Annals of Forest Science 72, 479–487.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McMillan, C (1981) Seed reserves and seed germination for two seagrasses, Halodule wrightii and Syringodium filiforme, from the western Atlantic. Aquatic Botany 11, 279–296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McMillan, C, Bridges, KW, Kock, RL and Falanruw, M (1982) Fruit and seedlings of Cymodocea rotundata in Yap, Micronesia. Aquatic Botany 14, 99–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McNeal, JR, Bennett, JR, Wolfe, AD and Mathews, S (2013) Phylogeny and origins of holoparasitism in Orobanchaceae. American Journal of Botany 100, 971–983.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meekers, T, Hutchings, MJ, Honnay, O and Jacquemyn, H (2012) Biological flora of the British Isles. No. 162. Gymnadenia conopsea s.l. Journal of Ecology 199, 1269–1288.Google Scholar
Mendes, AMS and Mendonca, MS (2012) Tratamentos pre-germinativos em sementes de araca-boi (Eugenia stipitata). Revista Brasileira Fruticultura 34, 921–929.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menezes, CG, Gasparino, EC, Baleeiro, PC and Miranda, VFOD (2014) Seed morphology of bladderworts: a survey on Utricularia sect. Foliosa and sect. Psyllosperma (Lentibulariacae) with taxonomic implications. Phytotaxa 167, 173–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merritt, DJ, Turner, SR, Clarke, S and Dixon, KW (2007) Seed dormancy and germination stimulation syndromes for Australian temperate species. Australian Journal of Botany 55, 336–344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miquel, S (1987) Morphologie fonctionnelle de plantules d'especies forestieres du Gabon. Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle Paris 9, 101–121.Google Scholar
Mohan Ram, HY and Sehgal, A (1992) Podostemacea-the strange family of aquatic angiosperms. Palaeobotanist 41, 192–197.Google Scholar
Mohan Ram, HY and Sehgal, A (2001) Biology of Indian Podostemaceae, pp. 365–391 in Rangaswamy, NS (Ed.) Phytomorphology, Golden Jubilee Issue 2001: Trends in Plant Sciences. Delhi, International Society of Plant Morphologists.Google Scholar
Molinas, ML and Verdaguer, D (1993) Lignotuber ontogeny in the cork-oak (Quercus suber; Fagaceae). II. Germination and young seedling. American Journal of Botany 80, 182–191.Google Scholar
Montes-Recinas, S, Márquez-Guzmán, J and Orozco-Segovia, A (2012) Temperature and water requirements for germination and effects of discontinuous hydration on germinated seed survival in Tillandsia recurvata L. Plant Ecology 213, 1069–1079.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mori, SA and Prance, GT (1990) Taxonomy, ecology, and economic botany of the Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa Humb. & Bonpl.: Lecythidaceae). Advances in Economic Botany 8, 130–150.Google Scholar
Moura, ACF, Ribeiro, LM, Mazzottini-dos-Santos, H, Mercadante-Simőes, MO and Nunes, YRF (2019) Cytological and histochemical evaluations reveal roles of the cotyledonary petiole in the germination and seedling development of Mauritia flexuosa (Arecaceae). Protoplasma 256, 1299–1316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mourão, KSM and Beltrati, CM (1995a) Morfologia dos frutos, sementes e plantulas de Platonia insignis Mart. (Clusiaceae). I. Aspectos anatomicos dos frutos e sementes em descenvolviemnto. Acta Amazonica 25, 11–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mourão, KSM and Beltrati, CM (1995b) Morfologia dos frutos, sementes e plantulas de Platonia insignis Mart. (Clusiaceae). II. Morfo-anatomica dos fruits e sementes maduros. Acta Amazonica 25, 33–46.Google Scholar
Mourão, KSM and Beltrati, CM (1995c) Morfologia dos frutos, sementes e plantulas de Platonia insignis Mart. (Clusiaceae). III. Germinacao e plantulas. Acta Amazônica 25, 47–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muenscher, WC (1936) Storage and germination of seeds of aquatic plants. Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station. Bulletin 652.Google Scholar
Müller, CH (1981) Castanha-do-Brasil: estudios agronomicos. EMBRAPA. Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuaria do Tropico Umido. Documentos 1, Bélem, Pará, Brazil.Google Scholar
Müller, L-L, Albach, DC and Zotz, G (2017) Are 3°C too much?: thermal niche breadth in Bromeliaceae and global warming. Journal of Ecology 105, 507–516.Google Scholar
Mwaura, L and Munjuga, M (2007) Allanblackia floridunda Oliv, pp. 25–33 in van der Vosssen, HAM and Mkamilo, GS (Eds) Plant resources of tropical Africa 14. Vegetable oils. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen. Leiden, Backhuys Publishers.Google Scholar
Neves, SDC, Ribeiro, LM, Gomez da Cunha, IR, Silva Pimento, MA, Mercadante-Simões, MO and Nascimento Lopes, PS (2013) Diaspore structure and germination ecophysiology of the babassu palm (Attalea vitrivir). Flora 208, 68–78.Google Scholar
Ng, FSP (1973) Germination of fresh seeds of Malaysian trees. The Malaysian Forester 36, 54–65.Google Scholar
Ng, FSP (1980) Germination ecology of Malaysian woody plants. The Malaysian Forester 43, 406–438.Google Scholar
Ng, FSP (1991) Manual of forest fruits, seeds and seedlings, vol. 1. Kuala Lumpur, Forest Research Institute Malaysia.Google Scholar
Ng, FS (1992) Manual of forest fruits, seeds and seedlings, vol. 2. Kuala Lumpur, Forest Research Institute Malaysia.Google Scholar
Ng, FSP and Sanah, ABN (1979) Germination of fresh seeds of Malaysian trees IV. The Malaysian Forester 42, 221–224.Google Scholar
Nikolaeva, MG (1967[1969]) Fizilogiya glubokogo pokoya semyan (Physiology of deep dormancy in seeds). Leningrad, Nauka (Translated from Russian to English by Z. Shapiro, National Science Foundation, Washington, DC).Google Scholar
Nikolaeva, MG (1977) Factors controlling the seed dormancy pattern, pp. 51–74 in Khan, AA (Ed.) The physiology and biochemistry of seed dormancy and germination. Amsterdam, North-Holland.Google Scholar
Nikolaeva, MG (1999) Patterns of seed dormancy and germination as related to plant phylogeny and ecological and geographical conditions of their habitats. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology 46, 369–373.Google Scholar
Nikolaeva, MG (2001) Ekologo-fiziologicheskie osobennosti pokoya i prorastaniya semyan (itogi issledovantii zaistekshee stoletie) [Ecological and physiological aspects of seed dormancy and germination (review of investigations for the last century)]. Botanicheskii Zhurnal 86, 1–14 (A slightly modified version of the English translation of this paper can be found at www.usd./isss/Nikolaeva-manuscript-web.doc. The title of the paper on the web is “An update of Nikolaeva's seed dormancy classification system and its relevance to the ecology, physiology, biogeography and phylogenetic relationships of seed dormancy and germination.”).Google Scholar
Nikolaeva, MG (2004) On the criteria to use in studies of seed evolution. Seed Science Research 14, 315–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nikolaeva, MG, Razumova, MV and Gladkova, VN (1985) in Danilova, MF (Ed.) Spravochnik po prorashchivaniyu pokoyashchikhsya semyan (Reference book on dormancy seed germination). Leningrad, Nauka.Google Scholar
Noor, NM, Aizat, WMA, Hussin, K and Rohani, ER (2016) Seed characteristics and germination properties of four Garcinia (Clusiaceae) fruit species. Fruits 71, 199–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Normah, MN, Ramiya, SD and Gintangga, M (1997) Desiccation sensitivity of recalcitrant seeds – a study on tropical fruit species. Seed Science Research 7, 179–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nur, M, Baskin, CC, Lu, JJ, Tan, DY and Baskin, JM (2014) A new type of non-deep physiological dormancy: evidence from three annual Asteraceae species in the cold deserts of Central Asia. Seed Science Research 24, 301–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oboho, EG and Nwaihu, EC (2016) The seed factor in forest establishment. Net Journal of Agricultural Science 4, 15–21.Google Scholar
Obroucheva, NV and Lityagina, SV (2006) Dormancy release and germination in recalcitrant Aesculus hippocastanum seeds. Dendrobiology 57, 27–33.Google Scholar
Obroucheva, NV, Sinkevich, I and Lityagina, SV (2016) Physiological aspects of seed recalcitrance: a case study on the tree Aesculus hippocastanum. Tree Physiology 36, 1127–1150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oesau, A (1973) Keimung und Wurzelwachstun von Melampyrum arvense L. (Scrophulariaceae). Beitrage Biologie der Pflanzen 49, 73–100.Google Scholar
Oesau, A (1975) Unkersuchungen zur Keimung und Entwicklung des Wurzelsystems in der Gattung Melampyrum L. (Scrophulariaceae). Beitrage Biologie der Pflanzen 51, 121–147.Google Scholar
Ofori, DA, Peprah, T, Cobbinah, JR, Atchwerebour, HA, Osabutey, F, Tchoundjeu, Z, Simons, AJ and Jamnadass, R (2011) Germination requirements of Allanblackia parviflora seeds and early growth of seedlings. New Forests 41, 337–348.Google Scholar
Ofori, DA, Asomaning, JM, Peprah, T, Agyeman, VK, Anjarwalla, P, Tchoundjeu, Z, Mowo, JG and Jamnadass, R (2015) Addressing constraints in propagation of Allanblackia spp. through seed sectioning and air layering. Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 3, 89–96.Google Scholar
Oliveira, NCC, Lopes, PSN, Ribeiro, LM, Mercandante-Simões, MO, Oliveira, LAA and Silvério, FO (2013) Seed structure, germination, and reserve mobilization in Butia capitata (Arecaceae). Trees 27, 1633–1645.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oliveira, TGS, Duarte, AA and Diamantino, IP (2021) Thermal niche for seed germination of Xyris species from Brazilian montane vegetation: implications for climate change. Plant Species Biology 36, 284–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olson, DF Jr and Boyce, SG (1971) Factors affecting acorn production and germination and early growth of seedlings and seedling sprouts, pp. 44–46 in Oak Symposium Proceedings. Upper Darby, PA, USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station.Google Scholar
Onyekwelu, SSC (1987) Germination and seedling morphology of Garcinia kola Heckel. Journal of Tropical Forest Resources 3, 10–14.Google Scholar
Orozco-Segovia, A, Batis, AI, Rojas-Arechiga, M and Mendoza, A (2003) Seed biology of palms. Palms 47, 79–94.Google Scholar
Orpurt, PA and Boral, LL (1964) The flowers, fruits, and seeds of Thalassia testudinum Koenig. Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean 14, 296–302.Google Scholar
Orth, RJ, Harwell, MC, Bailey, EM, Bartholomew, A, Jawad, JT, Lombana, AV, Moore, KA, Rhode, JM and Woods, HE (2000) A review of issues in seagrass seed dormancy and germination: implications for conservation and restoration. Marine Ecology Progress Series 200, 277–288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orwa, C, Mutua, A, Jamnadass, R and Simons, A (2009) Agroforestree database: a tree reference and selection guide, version 4.0. Available at: http://www.worldagroforestry.org/af/treeb/.Google Scholar
Pammel, LH and King, CM (1917) The germination and juvenile forms of some oaks. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science 24, 367–391.Google Scholar
Panza, V, Lainez, V and Maldonado, S (2004) Seed structure and histochemistry in the palm Euterpe edulis. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 145, 445–453.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pascual, G, Molinas, M and Verdaguer, D (2002) Comparative anatomical analysis of the cotyledonary region in three Mediterranean Basin Quercus (Fagaceae). American Journal of Botany 89, 383–392.Google ScholarPubMed
Pelissari, F, José, AC, Fontes, MAL, Matos, ACB, Pereira, WVS and Faria, JMR (2018) A probalilistic model for tropical tree seed desiccation tolerance and storage classification. New Forests 49, 143–158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pereira, AR, Pereira, TS, Rodrigues, AS and Andrade, ACS (2008) Morfologia de sementes e do desenvolvimento pós-seminal de espécies de Bromeliaceae. Acta Botanica Brasilica 22, 1150–1162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pereira, AR, Andrade, ACS, Pereira, TS, Forzza, RC and Rodrigues, AS (2009) Compartamento germinativo de espécies epífitas e rupícolas de Bromeliaceae do Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Revista Brasileira Botanica 32, 827–838.Google Scholar
Perez, HE, Criley, RA and Baskin, CC (2008) Promoting germination of dormant seeds of Pritchardia remota (Kuntze) Beck., an endangered palm endemic to Hawaii. Natural Areas Journal 28, 251–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peterken, CJ and Conacher, CA (1997) Seed germination and recolonization of Zostera capricorni after grazing by dugongs. Aquatic Botany 59, 333–340.Google Scholar
Philbrick, CT (1984) Aspects of floral biology, breeding system, and seed and seedling biology in Podostemum ceratophyllum (Podostemaceae). Systematic Botany 9, 166–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Philbrick, CT and Novelo, RA (1994) Seed germination of Mexican Podostemaceae. Aquatic Botany 48, 145–151.Google Scholar
Philbrick, CT and Novelo, RA (1997) Ovule number, seed number and seed size in Mexican and North American species of Podostemaceae. Aquatic Botany 57, 183–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Philbrick, CT and Novelo, RA (2004) Monograph of Podostemum (Podostemaceae). Systematic Botany Monographs 70, 1–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Philomena, PA and Shah, CK (1985) Unusual germination and seedling development in two monocotyledonous dicotyledons. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Science (Plant Science) 95, 221–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pickett, Fl (1913) The germination of seeds of Arisaema. Indian Academy of Science Proceedings 1913, 123–128.Google Scholar
Płachno, BJ and Świątek, P (2010) Unusual embryo structure in viviparous Utricularia nelumbifolia, with remarks on embryo evolution in genus Utricularia. Protoplasma 239, 69–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Porceddu, M, Mattana, E, Prtichard, HW and Bacchetta, G (2016) Sequential temperature control of multi-phasic dormancy release and germination of Paeonia corsica seeds. Journal of Plant Ecology 9, 464–473.Google Scholar
Porceddu, M, Pritchard, HW, Mattana, E and Bacchetta, G (2020) Differential interpretation of mountain temperatures by endospermic seeds of three endemic species impacts the timing of in situ germination. AoB Plants 9, 1382.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pozdova, LM and Razumova, MV (2006) Seed dormancy, pp. 429–437 in Batygina, TB (Ed.) Embryology of flowering plants: terminology and concepts. Volume 2. Seeds. Enfield, NH, Science Publishers.Google Scholar
Prance, GT and Mori, SA (1978) Observations on the fruits and seeds of Neotropical Lechythidaceae. Brittonia 30, 21–33.Google Scholar
Prataviera, JS, Lamarca, EV, Teixeira, CC and Barbedo, CJ (2015) The germination success of the cut seeds of Eugenia pyriformis depends on their size and origin. Journal of Seed Science 37, 47–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pritchard, HW, Wood, JA and Manger, KR (1993) Influence of temperature on seed germination and the nutritional requirements for embryo growth in Arum maculatum L. New Phytologist 123, 801–809.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pritchard, HW, Tompsett, PB and Manger, KR (1996) Development of a thermal time model for the quantification of dormancy loss in Aesculus hippocastanum seeds. Seed Science Research 6, 127–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pritchard, HW, Steadman, KJ, Nash, JV and Jones, C (1999) Kinetics of dormancy release and the high temperature germination response in Aesculus hippocastanum seeds. Journal of Experimental Botany 50, 1507–1514.Google Scholar
Pritchard, HW, Daws, MI, Fletcher, BJ, Gaméné, CS, Msanga, HP and Omondi, W (2004) Ecological correlates of seed desiccation tolerance in tropical African dryland trees. American Journal of Botany 91, 863–870.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Probert, RJ and Brenchley, JL (1999) The effect of environmental factors on field and laboratory germination in a population of Zostera marina L. from southern England. Seed Science Research 9, 331–339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raich, JW and Khoon, GW (1990) Effects of canopy openings on tree seed germination in a Malaysian dipterocarp forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology 6, 203–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rajapakshe, RPVGSW, Jayasuriya, KMGG, Rajapakse, S and Peramunugama, DHP (2017) Seed germination and predation of the tropical monocarpic palm tree Corypha umbraculifera. Taiwania 62, 129–138.Google Scholar
Rangaswamy, NS (1967) Morphogenesis of seed germination in angiosperms. Phytomorphology 17, 477–487.Google Scholar
Rego, SS, Cosmo, NL, Gogsz, AM, Kuniyoshi, YS and Nogueira, AC (2011) Caracterizaco morfologica e germinacao de sementes de Curitiba prismatica (D. Legrand) Salywon & Landrum. Revista Brasileira de Sementes 33, 616–625.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reyes-Ortega, I, Sánchez-Coronado, ME and Orozco-Segovia, A (2009) Seed germination in Marathrum schiedeanum and M. rubrum (Podostemaceae). Aquatic Botany 90, 13–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rizzini, CT (1965) Experimental studies on seedling development of cerrado woody plants. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 52, 410–426.Google Scholar
Rizzini, CT (1970) Efeito tegumentar na germinacao de Eugenia dysenterica DC (Myrtaceae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia 30, 381–402.Google Scholar
Rocha, AP, Matos, VP, Sena, LHM, Pachero, MV and Ferreira, RLC (2018) Methods para superacao da dormencia em sentenes de Garcinia gardneriana (Planch. & Triana) Zappi. Ciência Florestal 28, 505–514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodrigues, ARP, Forzza, RC and Andrade, ACS (2014) Physiological characteristics underpinning successful cryopreservation of endemic and endangered species of Bromeliaceae from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 176, 567–578.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodrigues-Junior, AG, Oliveira, TGS, de Souza, PP and Riberio, LM (2016) Temperature effects on Acrocomia aculeata seeds provide insights into overcoming dormancy in neotropical savanna palms. Flora 223, 30–37.Google Scholar
Rosbakh, S, Baskin, CC and Baskin, JM (2020) Nikolaeva et al.'s reference book on seed dormancy and germination. Ecology 101, e03040.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rowlee, WW and Hastings, GT (1898) The seeds and seedlings of some Amentiferae. Botanical Gazette 28, 349–353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rudall, PJ, Eldridge, T, Tratt, J, Ramsay, MM, Tuckett, RE, Smith, SY, Collinson, ME, Remizowa, MV and Sokoloff, DD (2009) Seed fertilization, development, and germination in Hydatellaceae (Nymphaeales): implications for endosperm evolution in early angiosperms. American Journal of Botany 96, 1581–1593.Google ScholarPubMed
Rutishauser, R (2016) Evolution of unusual morphologies in Lentibulariaceae (bladderworts and allies) and Podostemaceae (river-weeds): a pictorial report at the interface of developmental biology and morphological diversification. Annals of Botany 117, 811–832.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saarela, JM, Rai, HS, Doyle, JA, Endress, PK, Mathews, S, Marchant, AD, Briggs, BG and Graham, SW (2007) Hydatellaceae identified as a new branch near the base of the angiosperm phylogenetic tree. Nature 446, 312–315.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salazar, A, Goldstein, G, Franco, AC and Miralles-Wilhelm, F (2011) Timing of seed dispersal and dormancy, rather than persistent soil seed-banks, control seedling recruitment of woody plants in Neotropical savannas. Seed Science Research 21, 103–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sánchez, JA, Montejo, L, Gamboa, A, Albert-Puentes, D and Hernández, F (2015) Germinación y dormancía de arbustos y trepadoras del bosque siempreverde de la Sierra del Rosario, Cuba. Pastos y Forrajes 38, 11–28.Google Scholar
Sánchez, JA, Pernús, M, Torres-Arias, Y, Barrios, D and Dupuig, Y (2019) Dormancia y germinacion en semillas de arboles y arbustos de Cuba: implicaciones para la restauracion ecologica. Acta Botanica Cubana 218, 77–107.Google Scholar
Santos, CMR, Ferreira, AG and Aquila, MEA (2004) Fruit characteristics and germination of seeds of six native Myrtaceae species from Rio Grande do Sul. Ciência, Florestal 14, 13–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sargant, E (1904) The evolution of monocotyledons. Botanical Gazette 37, 325–345.Google Scholar
Sautu, A, Baskin, JM, Baskin, CC and Condit, R (2006) Studies on the seed biology of 100 native species of trees in a seasonal moist tropical forest, Panama, Central America. Forest Ecology and Management 234, 245–263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sautu, A, Baskin, JM, Baskin, CC, Deago, J and Condit, R (2007) Classification and ecological relationships of seed dormancy in a seasonal moist tropical forest, Panama, Central America. Seed Science Research 17, 127–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scalon, SPQ, Filho, HS and Rigoni, MR (2004) Armazenamento e germinacao de sementes de uvaia Eugenia uvalha Cambess. Ciência e Agrotecnologia 28, 1228–1234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scalon, SPQ, Neves, EMS, Maseto, TE and Pereira, ZV (2012) Sensibilidade a dessecacao e aoarmazenamento em sementes de Eugenis pyriformis Cambess. (UVAIA). Revista Brasileira Fruticultura 34, 269–276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schlising, RA (1969) Seedling morphology in Marah (Cucurbitaceae) related to the California climate. American Journal of Botany 56, 552–561.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmid, R (1980) Comparative anatomy and morphology of Psiloxylon and Heteropyxis, and the subfamilial and tribal classification of Myrtaceae. Taxon 29, 559–595.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwienbacher, E, Navarro-Cano, JA, Neuner, G and Erschbamer, B (2011) Seed dormancy in alpine species. Flora 206, 845–856.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scott, R and Sargant, E (1898) On the development of Arum maculatum from the seed. Annals of Botany 12, 399–414 + plate xxv with 15 figures.Google Scholar
Sehgal, S, Mohan Ram, HY and Bhatt, JR (1993) In vitro germination, growth, morphogenesis and flowering of an aquatic angiosperm, Polypleurum stylosum (Podostemaceae). Aquatic Botany 45, 269–283.Google Scholar
Shao, S-C, Wang, Q-X, Beng, KC, Zhao, D-K and Jacquemyn, H (2020) Fungi isolated from host protocorms accelerate symbiotic seed germination in an endangered orchid species (Dendrobium chrysotoxym) from southern China. Mycorrhiza 30, 529–539.Google Scholar
Shrestha, BB (2003) Quercus semecarpifolia Sm. in the Himalayan region: ecology, exploitation and threats. Himalayan Journal of Sciences 1, 126–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siddiqui, SA (1978) Studies in the Lentibulariaceae. 9. Pollination, fertilization, endosperm, embryo and seed in Utricularia dichotoma Labill. Botanische Jahrbucher fur Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflansengeographie 100, 237–245.Google Scholar
Silva, ALG and Pinheiro, MCB (2009) Reproductive success of four species of Eugenia L. (Myrtaceae). Acta Botanica Brasileira 23, 526–534.Google Scholar
Silva, IV and Scatena, VL (2011) Morfologia de sementes e de estádios de plântulas de espécies de Bromeliaceae de Amazônia. Rodriguésia 62, 263–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silva, CV, Bilia, DAC, Maluf, AM and Barbedo, CJ (2003) Fracionamento e germinacao de sementes de uvalia (Eugenia pyriformis Cambess. – Myrtaceae). Revista Brasileira Botanica 26, 213–221.Google Scholar
Silva, RW, Ribeiro, LM, Mercadante-Simões, MO, Nunes, YRF and Lopes, PSN (2014) Seed structure and germination in buriti (Mauritia flexuosa), the swamp palm. Flora 209, 674–685.Google Scholar
Silveira, FAO (2013) Sowing seeds for the future: the need for establishing protocols for the study of seed dormancy. Acta Botanica Brasilica 27, 264–269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, LB and Downs, RJ (1974) Pitcairnioideae (Bromeliaceae). Flora Neotropica Monograph 14, 1–64.Google Scholar
Snow, GE (1991) Germination characteristics of Engelmann oak and coast live oak from the Santa Rosa Plateau, Riverside County, California. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PSW 126, pp. 360–365.Google Scholar
Sokoloff, DD, Remizowa, MV, Beer, AS, Yadav, SR, Macfarland, TD, Ramsey, MM and Rudall, PJ (2013) Impact of spatial constraints during seed germination on the evolution of angiosperm cotyledons: a case study from tropical Hydatellaceae (Nymphaeales). American Journal of Botany 100, 824–843.Google ScholarPubMed
Sokoloff, DD, Remizowa, MV, Conran, JG, Macfarlane, TE, Ramsay, MM and Rudall, PJ (2014) Embryo and seedling morphology in Trithuria lanterna (Hydatellaceae, Nymphaeales): new data for infrafamilial systematics and a novel type of syncotyly. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 174, 551–573.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soltani, E, Baskin, CC and Baskin, JM (2017) A graphical method for identifying the six types of non-deep physiological dormancy in seeds. Plant Biology 19, 673–682.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Soltani, E, Baskin, JM and Baskin, CC (2018a) A review of the relationship between primary and secondary dormancy, with reference to the volunteer crop weed oilseed rape (Brassica napus). Weed Research 59, 5–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soltani, E, Baskin, CC, Baskin, JM, Heshmati, S and Mirfazeli, MS (2018b) A meta-analysis of the effects of frugivory (endozoochory) on seed germination: role of seed size and kind of dormancy. Plant Ecology 219, 1283–1294.Google Scholar
Sommerville, KD, Martyn, AJ and Offord, CA (2013) Can seed characteristics or species distribution be used to predict the stratification requirements of herbs in the Australian Alps? Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 172, 187–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sosa-Luría, D, Chávez-Servia, JL, Mondragón, D, Estrada-Gómez, JA and Ramírez-Vallejo, P (2012) Viabilidad y germinacion de semillas de seis especies de Tillandsia (Bromeliaceae) de Oaxaca, México. Revista Fitotecnia Mexicana 35, 37–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Souza, TV, Torres, IC, Seiner, N and Paulilo, MTS (2015) Seed dormancy in tree species of the tropical Brazilian Atlantic forest and its relationships with seed traits and environmental conditions. Brazilian Journal of Botany 38, 243–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sprecher, MA (1919) Étude sur la semence et la germination du Garcinia mangostana L. Revue Générale de Botanique 31, 513–531.Google Scholar
Statton, J, Sellers, R, Dixon, KW, Kilminster, K, Merritt, DJ and Kendrick, GA (2017) Seed dormancy and germination of Halophila ovalis mediated by simulated seasonal temperatures changes. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 198, 156–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steadman, KJ and Pritchard, HW (2003) Germination of Aesculus hippocastanum seeds following cold-induced dormancy loss can be described in relation to a temperature-dependent reduction in base temperature (Tb) and thermal time. New Phytologist 161, 415–425.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steele, M, Wauters, LA and Larsen, KW (2005) Selection, predation and dispersal of seeds by tree squirrels in temperate and boreal forests: are tree squirrels keystone granivores?, pp. 205–221 in Forget, PM; Lambert, JE; Hulme, PE and VanderWall, SB (Eds) Seed fate. Wallingford, CAB International.Google Scholar
Stevens, PF (2007) Clusiaceeae-Guttiferae, pp. 48–66 in Kubitzki, K (Ed.) The families and genera of vascular plants. IX. Flowering plants – eudicots. Berlin, Springer.Google Scholar
Stocking, KM (1955) Some taxonomic and ecological considerations of the genus Marah (Cucurbitaceae). Madroño 13, 113–137.Google Scholar
Subbiah, A, Ramdhani, S, Pammenter, NW, Macdonald, AHH and Sershen, N (2019) Towards understanding the incidence and evolutionary history of seed recalcitrance: an analytical review. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 37, 11–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sugimuma, Y and Murakami, T (1990) Structure and function of the haustorium in germinating coconut palm seed. Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly 24, 1–14.Google Scholar
Sun, X-Q, Song, Y-G, Ge, B-J, Dai, X-L and Kozlowski, G (2021) Intermediate epicotyl physiological dormancy in the recalcitrant seed of Quercus chungii P.P. Metcalf with the elongated cotyledonary petiole. Forests 12, 263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sung, S-JS, Kormanik, PP and Zarnoch, SJ (2010) White oak epicotyl emergence and 1-0 seedling growth from surgically altered germinating acorns. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. General Technical Report SRS-121, pp. 185–190.Google Scholar
Suszka, B (1966) Conditions for the breaking of dormancy and germination of the seeds of Aesculus hippocastanum L. Arboretum Kornickie 11, 203–220.Google Scholar
Suzuki, L and Kawano, S (2010) Seed germination and dispersal strategy of Trillium apetalon (Trilliaceae): a typical temperate woodland perennial in Japan. Plant Species Biology 25, 231–239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swamy, RD and Mohan Ram, HY (1969) Studies on growth and flowering in axenic cultures of insectivorous plants. I. Seed germination and establishment of cultures of Utricularia inflexa. Phytomorphology 19, 363–371.Google Scholar
Sweeney, PW (2008) Phylogeny and floral diversity in the genus Garcinia (Clusiaceae) and relatives. International Journal of Plant Sciences 169, 1288–1303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tahir, SM, Mu'azu, S, Khan, AU and Iortsuun, DN (2007) Studies on the germination and seedlings characteristics of the savanna palm trees. Science World Journal 2, 25–31.Google Scholar
Tarré, E, Pires, BBM, Guinarães, APM and Mansur, E (2007) Germinability after desiccation, storage and cryopreservation of seeds from endemic Encholirium Mart. ex Schult. & Schult. f. and Dyckia Schult. & Schult. f. Acta Botanica Brasilica 21, 777–783.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, ARA (1957) Studies on the development of Zostera marina L. II. Germination and seedling development. Canadian Journal of Botany 35, 681–695.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teixeira, CC and Barbedo, CJ (2012) The development of seedlings from fragments of monoembryonic seeds as an important survival strategy for Eugenia (Myrtaceae) tree species. Trees 26, 1069–1077.Google Scholar
Teryokhin, ES (1997) Weed broomrapes. Landshut, Aufstieg-Verlag.Google Scholar
Thompson, JS and Leege, LM (2011) A field study of seed germination in the endangered Trillium relinquum Freeman (Trilliaceae). Plant Species Biology 26, 111–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thoreau, HD (2000) Wild fruits: Thoreau’s rediscovered last manuscript. Edited and introduced by B. D. Dean. New York, Norton.Google Scholar
Thornhill, A and Koopowitz, H (1992) Viability of Disa uniflora Berg (Orchidaceae) seeds under variable storage conditions: is orchid gene-banking possible? Biological Conservation 62, 21–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Threadgill, PF, Baskin, JM and Baskin, CC (1981) Dormancy in seeds of Frasera caroliniensis (Gentianaceae). American Journal of Botany 68, 80–86.Google Scholar
Tiaga, B (1965) Development of the seed and fruit in Melampyrum nemorosum L. and M. arvense L. Canadian Journal of Botany 43, 1511–1521.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tillich, H-J (1990) Die keimpflanzen der Nymphaeaceae – monocotyl oder decotyl? Flora 184, 169–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tillich, H-J (1995) Seedling systematics in monocotyledons, pp. 303–352 in Rudall, PJ, Cribb, PJ, Cutler, DF and Humphries, CJ (Eds) Monocotyledons: systematics and evolution. Kew, Royal Botanic Gardens.Google Scholar
Tillich, H-J (2003) Seedling diversity in Araceae and its systematic implications. Feddes Repertorium 114, 454–487.Google Scholar
Tillich, H-J (2007) Seedling diversity and homologies of seedling organs in the order Poales (monocotyledons). Annals of Botany 100, 1413–1429.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tillich, H-J (2014) A new look at seedlings of Araceae. Aroideana 37, 47–60.Google Scholar
Tillich, H-J, Tuckett, R and Facher, E (2004) Do Hydatellaceae belong to the monocotyledons or basal angiosperms: evidence from seedling morphology. Willdenowia 37, 399–406.Google Scholar
Tomlinson, PB (1960) Essays on the morphology of palms. Principes 4, 56–61.Google Scholar
Torres, IC (2008) Presenca e tipos de dormencia em sementes de especies aroreas da Floresta Ombrofila Densa. MS thesis, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.Google Scholar
Troup, RS (1921) The silviculture of Indian trees, vol. 3. London, Oxford University Press. pp. 913–950.Google Scholar
Tuckett, RE, Merritt, DJ, Rudall, PJ, Hay, F, Hopper, SD, Baskin, CC, Baskin, JM, Tratt, J and Dixon, KW (2010) A new type of specialized morphophysiological dormancy and seed storage behavior in Hydatellaceae, an early-divergent angiosperm family. Annals of Botany 105, 1053–1061.Google ScholarPubMed
Tutin, TG (1938) The autecology of Zostera marina in relation to its wasting disease. New Phytologist 37, 50–71 + 2 plates.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tweddle, JC, Dickie, JB, Baskin, CC and Baskin, JM (2003) Ecological aspects of seed desiccation sensitivity. Journal of Ecology 91, 294–304.Google Scholar
Ugese, FD, Ojo, AA and Bello, LL (2005) Effect of pre-sowing treatment and nut orientation on emergence and seedling growth of seeds of shea butter tree (Vitellaira paradoxa). Nigerian Journal of Botany 18, 294–304.Google Scholar
Ugese, FD, Baiyeri, KP and Mbah, BN (2010) Determination of growth stages and seedling structures associated with slow emergence of shea butter tree (Vitellaria paradoxa C. F. Gaertn.) seedlings. Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences 8, 993–998.Google Scholar
Uniyal, PL and Mohan Ram, HY (1996) In vitro germination and seedling development of Dalzellia zeylanica (Gardner) Wight (Podostematceae). Aquatic Botany 54, 59–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uniyal, PL and Mohan Ram, HY (2001) Studies on the morphology and in vitro seed germination in Willisia selaginoides (Bedd.) Warm. ex Willis (Podostemaceae). Flora 196, 370–380.Google Scholar
Van der Schijff, HP and Snyman, L (1970) The morphology and germination of the seed of Elephantorrhiza elephantina. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 51, 114–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vandvik, V, Elven, E and Töpper, J (2017) Seedling recruitment in subalpine grassland forbs: predicting field regeneration behaviours from lab germination responses. Botany 95, 73–88.Google Scholar
Vegis, A (1964) Dormancy in higher plants. Annual Review of Plant Physiology 15, 185–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vidyashankari, B and Mohan Ram, HY (1987) In vitro germination and origin of thallus in Griffithella hookeriana (Podostemaceae). Aquatic Botany 28, 161–169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vogt, R (1915) The ecology and anatomy of Polygonatum commutatum. The American Midland Naturalist 4, 1–11 + 3 plates.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vollebergh, PJ and Congdon, RA (1986) Germination and growth of Ruppia polycarpa and Lepilaena clyindrocarpa in ephemeral saltmarsh pools, Westernport Bay, Victoria. Aquatic Botany 26, 165–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
von Bülow, JFW, Carmona, R and Parente, TV (1994) Armazenamento e tratamento de sementes de pitanga-vermelha-do-cerrado (Eugenia calycina). Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira 29, 961–970.Google Scholar
Walck, JL, Karlsson, LM, Milberg, P, Hidayati, SN and Kondo, T (2012) Seed germination and seedling development ecology in world-wide populations of a circumboreal Tertiary relict. AoB Plants 2012, pls007.Google ScholarPubMed
Walter, H (1979) Vegetation of the earth ad ecological systems of the geo-biosphere (2nd edn). Translated from the third, revised German edition by Joy Wieser. Berlin, Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watson, W (1901) Germination of seeds of Bertholletia excelsa. Annals of Botany 15, 99–102 + plates IV and V.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wen, J, Lowry, PPII, Walck, JL and Yoo, K-O (2002) Phylogenetic and biogeographic diversification in Osmorhiza (Apiaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 89, 414–428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whigham, D (1974) An ecological life history study of Polygonatum uvularia. The American Midland Naturalist 91, 343–359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whigham, DF, O'Neill, JP, Rasmussen, HN, Caldwell, BA and McCormick, MK (2006) Seed longevity in terrestrial orchids – potential for persistent in situ seed banks. Biological Conservation 129, 24–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wigston, DL (1987) Epicotyl dormancy in Quercus robur L. Quarterly Journal of Forestry 81, 10–12.Google Scholar
Willis, CG, Baskin, CC, Baskin, JM, Auld, JR, Venable, DL, Cavender-Bares, J, Donohue, K, Rubio de Casas, R and The NESCent Germination Working Group (2014) The evolution of seed dormancy: environmental cues, evolutionary hubs, and diversification of the seed plants. New Phytologist 203, 300–309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wood, OM (1938) Seedling reproduction of oak in southern New Jersey. Ecology 19, 276–293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, H, Asaduzzaman, M, Shephard, A, Hopwood, M and Ma, X (2020) Germination and emergence characteristics of prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola L.). Crop Protection 136, 105222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wyse, SV and Dickie, JB (2017) Predicting the global incidence of seed desiccation sensitivity. Journal of Ecology 105, 1082–1093.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xia, K, Daws, MI, Hay, FR, Chen, W-Y, Zhou, Z-K and Pritchard, HW (2012a) A comparative study of desiccation responses of seeds of Asian evergreen oaks, Quercus subgenus Cyclobalanopsis and Quercus subgenus Quercus. South African Journal of Botany 78, 47–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xia, K, Daws, MI, Stuppy, W, Zhou, Z-K and Pritchard, HW (2012b) Rate of water loss and uptake in recalcitrant fruits of Quercus species are determined by pericarp anatomy. PLoS ONE 7, e47368.Google ScholarPubMed
Xia, K, Hill, LM, Li, D-Z and Walters, C (2014) Factors affecting stress tolerance in recalcitrant embryonic axes from seeds of four Quercus (Fagaceae) species native to the USA or China. Annals of Botany 114, 1747–1759.Google ScholarPubMed
Xu, S, Zhou, Y, Wang, P, Wang, F, Zhang, X and Gu, R (2016) Salinity and temperature significantly influence seed germination, seedling establishment, and seedling growth of eelgrass Zostera marina L. PeerJ 4, e2697.Google ScholarPubMed
Yamazaki, J and Miyoshi, K (2006) In vitro asymbiotic germination of immature seed and formation of protocorm by Cephalanthera falcata (Orchidaceae). Annals of Botany 98, 1197–1206.Google ScholarPubMed
Yampolsky, C (1922) A contribution to the study of the oil palm, Elaeis guineensis Jacq. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg 3, 107–173 + plates I–XVII.Google Scholar
Yang, J-C and Lin, T-P (2004) Effect of soil moisture content and storage temperature on the storage behavior of seeds of Chinese fringetree (Chionanthus retusus Lindl. & Paxt.). Taiwan Journal of Forest Science 19, 247–258 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Yang, G-S, Yang, L, Wang, Y-H and Shen, S-K (2017) Physiological epicotyl dormancy and its alleviation in seeds of Yunnanopilia longistaminea: the first report of physiological epicotyl dormancy in China. PeerJ 5, e3435.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yeh, C-H, Chen, K-Y and Lee, Y-I (2021) Asymbiotic germination of Vanilla planifolia in relation to the timing of seed collections and seed pretreatments. Botanical Studies 62, 6.Google Scholar
Yi, X, Yang, Y, Curtis, R, Bartlow, AW, Agosta, SJ and Steele, MA (2012) Alternative strategies of seed predator escape by early-germinating oaks in Asia and North America. Ecology and Evolution 2, 487–492.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yi, X, Curtis, R, Bartlow, AW, Agosta, SJ and Steele, MA (2013) Ability of chestnut oak to tolerate acorn pruning by rodents. Naturwissenschaften 100, 81–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yi, X, Bartlow, AW, Curtis, R and Agosta, SJ (2019) Responses of seedling growth and survival to post-germination cotyledon removal: an investigation among seven oak species. Journal of Ecology 107, 1817–1827.Google Scholar
Zanetti, M, Dayrell, RLC, Vardil, MV, Damasceno, A, Fernandes, T, Castilho, A, Santos, FMG and Silveira, FAO (2020) Seed functional traits provide support for ecological restoration and ex situ conservation in the threatened Amazon ironstone outcrop flora. Frontiers in Plant Science 11, 599496.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zeng, S, Zhang, Y, Teixeira da Silva, JA, Wu, K, Zhang, J and Duan, J (2014) Seed germination of Cypripedium. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology 34, 358–371.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zupo, T, Daibes, LF, Pausas, JG and Fidelis, A (2021) Post-fire regeneration strategies in a frequently burned Cerrado community. Journal of Vegetation Science 32, e12968.Google Scholar
Zwanenburg, B, Pospišil, T and Zeljkovié, SC (2016) Strigolactones: new plant hormones in action. Planta 243, 1311–1326.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed