Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T05:15:17.906Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Taiwanese montane Sambucus chinensis seeds require warm stratification, contrasting with other congeneric temperate members

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 May 2014

Shun-Ying Chen ,
Ching-Te Chien ,
Siti N. Hidayati  and
Jeffrey L. Walck
Shun-Ying Chen
Affiliation:
Division of Silviculture, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei 10066, Taiwan
Ching-Te Chien
Affiliation:
Division of Silviculture, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei 10066, Taiwan
Siti N. Hidayati*
Affiliation:
Evolution and Ecology Group, Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132, USA
Jeffrey L. Walck
Affiliation:
Evolution and Ecology Group, Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132, USA
*
* Correspondence Fax:+1 615-898-5093 E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Many temperate plant genera, like Sambucus, have species with range disjunctions among North America, Europe and/or Asia. Cold stratification (sometimes in combination with warm stratification) is the primary mechanism to break seed dormancy in these species. For some of these genera showing Northern Hemispheric disjunctions, members also occur in subtropical or tropical regions, mostly confined to higher elevations where climate and vegetation differ from those in northern latitudes. We made two hypotheses concerning germination for the subtropical Taiwanese Sambucus chinensis: (1) seeds from populations exposed to warm temperatures would require warm stratification, and (2) seeds from populations exposed to cold temperatures need cold stratification. We investigated the germination (including embryo growth) of non-stratified seeds over a range of temperatures and tested the effects of cold stratification and of gibberellins GA3 and GA4 on germination. The amount and timing of germination among populations varied substantially in response to temperature treatments. Seeds from all populations of this species required warm temperatures for dormancy break and germination, regardless of environmental conditions. As such, the majority of seeds had non-deep simple morphophysiological dormancy, which, until now, has not been reported in any members of Sambucus. The seed characteristics of the subtropical S. chinensis are different from those of temperate members of the genus in which cold stratification is the predominate treatment to overcome dormancy.

Keywords

Caprifoliaceaemontanemorphophysiological dormancySambucusTaiwanwarm stratification
Type
Research Papers
Information
Seed Science Research , Volume 24 , Issue 3 , September 2014 , pp. 217 - 228
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ackerly, D.D., Dudley, S.A., Sultan, S.E., Schmitt, J., Coleman, J.S., Linder, C.R., Sandquist, D.R., Geber, M.A., Evans, A.S., Dawson, T.E. and Lechowicz, M.J. (2000) The evolution of plant ecophysiological traits: recent advances and future directions. BioScience 50, 979–995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adams, C.A., Baskin, J.M. and Baskin, C.C. (2005) Trait stasis versus adaptation in disjunct relict species: evolutionary changes in seed dormancy-breaking and germination requirements in a subclade of Aristolochia subgenus Siphisia (Piperales). Seed Science Research 15, 161–173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baskin, C.C. and Baskin, J.M. (1998) Seeds: Ecology, biogeography, and evolution of dormancy and germination. San Diego, Academic Press.Google Scholar
Baskin, C.C. and Baskin, J.M. (2007) A revision of Martin's seed classification system, with particular reference to his dwarf seed type. Seed Science Research 17, 11–20.Google Scholar
Baskin, J.M. and Baskin, C.C. (2003) Classification, biogeography, and phylogenetic relationships of seed dormancy. pp. 518–544 in Smith, R.D.; Dickie, J.B.; Linington, S.H.; Pritchard, H.W.; Probert, R.J. (Eds) Seed conservation: turning science into practice. Kew, UK, The Royal Botanic Garden.Google Scholar
Baskin, J.M. and Baskin, C.C. (2004) A classification system for seed dormancy. Seed Science Research 14, 1–16.Google Scholar
Bolli, R. (1994) Revision of the genus Sambucus . Dissertationes Botanicæ 223, 1–29, 1–227+ plates.Google Scholar
Fukuoka, N. (1967) Sambucus and Viburnum of Thailand. Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 22, 163–174.Google Scholar
Fukuoka, N. (1976) Notes on the Caprifoliaceae of Indochina and Thailand. Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 27, 157–162.Google Scholar
Gehrke, B. and Linder, H.P. (2009) The scramble for Africa: pan-temperate elements on the African high mountains. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences 276, 2657–2665.Google Scholar
Hidayati, S.N., Baskin, J.M. and Baskin, C.C. (2000) Morphophysiological dormancy in seeds of two North American and one Eurasian species of Sambucus (Caprifoliaceae) with underdeveloped spatulate embryos. American Journal of Botany 87, 1669–1678.Google Scholar
Hidayati, S.N., Walck, J.L. and Taylor, J. (2010) Seed germination ecophysiology of two western North American species of Sambucus (Caprifoliaceae sensu lato), and comparisons with eastern North American and European congeners. Plant Species Biology 25, 203–213.Google Scholar
Hsieh, C.F., Shen, C.F. and Yang, K.C. (1994) Introduction to the flora of Taiwan, 3: floristics, phytogeography, and vegetation. pp. 7–16 in Editorial Committee of the Flora of Taiwan (Ed.) Flora of Taiwan, vol. 1, Pteridophyta ∙ Gymnospermae (2nd edition). Taipei, Sandos Chromagraph Printing Company.Google Scholar
Hu, G., Chunlin, L., Murrell, G. and Keming, L. (2008) Lectotypification of Sambucus chinensis (Caprifoliaceae) and a new variety from Hunan. China. Novon 18, 61–66.Google Scholar
Hutchinson, J. (1909) Notes on the Indian species of Sambucus . Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Gardens, Kew) 4, 191–193.Google Scholar
International Seed Testing Association. (2007) ISTA handbook on moisture determination (1st edition). Bassersdorf, Switzerland, International Seed Testing Association.Google Scholar
Olson, D.M., Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E.D., Burgess, N.D., Powell, G.V.N., Underwood, E.C., D'Amico, J.A., Itoua, I., Strand, H.E., Morrison, J.C., Loucks, C.J., Allnutt, T.F., Ricketts, T.H., Kura, Y., Lamoreux, J.F., Wettengel, W.W., Hedao, P. and Kassem, K.R. (2001) Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: a new map of life on Earth. Bioscience 51, 933–938.Google Scholar
SPSS. (2010) SPSS for Windows, version 19.0. Chicago, SPSS Institute.Google Scholar
Tylkowski, T. (1982) Thermal conditions for the presowing treatment of European elder (Sambucus nigra L.) and red elder (S. racemosa L.). Arboretum Kórnickie 27, 347–355.Google Scholar
Vandelook, F. and Van Assche, J.A. (2008) Deep complex morphophysiological dormancy in Sanicula europaea (Apiaceae) fits a recurring pattern of dormancy types in genera with an Arcto-Tertiary distribution. Botany 86, 1370–1377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vandelook, F., Bolle, N. and Van Assche, J.A. (2007) Seed dormancy and germination of the European Chaerophyllum temulum (Apiaceae), a member of a trans-Atlantic genus. Annals of Botany 100, 233–239.Google Scholar
Van Steenis, G.G.J. (1964) Plant geography of the mountain flora of Mt. Kinabalu. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences 161, 7–38.Google Scholar
Walck, J.L., Hidayati, S.N. and Okagami, N. (2002) Seed germination ecophysiology of the Asian species Osmorhiza aristata (Apiaceae): comparison with its North American congeners and implications for evolution of types of dormancy. American Journal of Botany 89, 829–835.Google Scholar
Walck, J.L., Baskin, C.C., Hidayati, S.N. and Baskin, J.M. (2008) Comparison of seed germination of native and non-native winter annual Apiaceae in North America, with particular focus on Cyclospermum leptophyllum naturalized from South America. Plant Species Biology 23, 33–42.Google Scholar
Walck, J.L., Karlsson, L.M., Milberg, P., Hidayati, S.N. and Kondo, T. (2012) Seed germination and seedling development ecology in world-wide populations of a circumboreal Tertiary relict. AoB PLANTS 2012 , pls007. doi:10.1093/ aobpla/pls007 Google Scholar
Weather Channel. (2012) Weather center. Available at http://www.weather.com (accessed 30 October 2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wen, J. (1999) Evolution of eastern Asian and eastern North American disjunct distributions in flowering plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 30, 421–455.Google Scholar
Westoby, M. (1999) Generalization in functional plant ecology: the species sampling problem, plant ecology strategy schemes, and phylogeny. pp. 847–872 in Pugnaire, F.I.; Valladares, F. (Eds) Handbook of functional plant ecology. New York, Marcel Dekker.Google Scholar
World Climate. (2012) World climate. Available at http://www.climate-charts.com/index.html (accessed 30 October 2012).Google Scholar
World Wildlife Fund. (2006) WildFinder: online database of species distributions, ver. Jan-06. Available at http://www.worldwildlife.org/science/wildfinder (accessed 30 January 2014).Google Scholar
Yang, K.C. and Chiu, S.T. (1998) Caprifoliaceae. pp. 738–759 in Editorial Committee of the Flora of Taiwan (Ed.) Flora of Taiwan, vol. 4, Angiosperms ∙ Dicotyledons [Diapensiaceae – Compositae] (2nd edition). Taipei, Sandos Chromagraph Printing Company.Google Scholar