Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T00:20:49.478Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Storage lipid formation in seeds

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2008

Denis J. Murphy ,
Stephen Rawsthorne  and
Matthew J. Hills
Denis J. Murphy*
Affiliation:
Department of Brassica & Oilseeds Research, John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
Stephen Rawsthorne
Affiliation:
Department of Brassica & Oilseeds Research, John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
Matthew J. Hills
Affiliation:
Department of Brassica & Oilseeds Research, John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
*
* Correspondence
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The mechanisms and regulation of storage lipid formation in seeds are reviewed. Seed storage lipids are ultimately derived from simple carbon compounds, such as sucrose, which are imported into seeds from source tissues, such as leaves or pods. The partitioning of this important carbon towards storage lipid, carbohydrate or protein is regulated by a complex interaction between genetically-determined endogenous factors and external environmental influences. Storage lipids are synthesized from fatty acids, derived from acetyl-CoA, and glycerol 3-phosphate. Fatty acid biosynthesis and probably acetyl-CoA formation, occurs within the plastids to produce oleoyl-CoA. Further elaboration of oleoyl-CoA to produce polyunsaturates, hydroxylates or very long chain acyl-CoAs occurs on the endoplasmic reticulum, as does the esterification of acyl-CoAs to glycerol-3-phosphate to produce the final triacylglycerol storage oil. The temporal and hormonal regulation of storage lipid accumulation in seeds is discussed.

Keywords

Fatty acidsoil bodiesoilseedspartitioningstorage lipidtriacylglycerols
Type
Review Article
Information
Seed Science Research , Volume 3 , Issue 2 , June 1993 , pp. 79 - 95
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1993

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Al-Feel, W., Chirala, S.S. and Wakil, S.J. (1992) Cloning of the yeast FAS3 gene and primary structure of yeast acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 89, 4534–4538.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arondel, V., Lemieux, B., Huang, I., Gibson, S., Goodman, H.M. and Somerville, C.R. (1992) Map-based cloning of a gene controlling omega-3 fatty acid desaturation. Science 258, 1353–1358.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Attree, S.M., Pomeroy, M.K. and Fowke, L.C. (1992) Manipulation of conditions for the culture of somatic embryos of white spruce for improved triacyglycerol biosynthesis and desiccation tolerance. Planta 187, 395–404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bafor, M., Jonsson, L., Stobart, A.K. and Stymne, S. (1990) Regulation of triacylglycerol biosynthesis in embryos and microsomal preparations from the developing seeds of Cuphea lanceolata. Biochemical Journal 272, 31–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bafor, M., Smith, M.A., Jonsson, L., Stobart, K. and Stymne, S. (1991) Ricinoleic acid biosynthesis and triacylglycerol assembly in microsomal preparations from developing castor bean (Ricinus communis) endosperm. Biochemical Journal 280, 507–514.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Battey, J.F. and Ohlrogge, J.B. (1989) A comparison of the metabolic fate of fatty acids of different chain lengths in developing oilseeds. Plant Physiology 90, 835–840.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bergfeld, R., Hong, Y.N., Kuhnl, T. and Schopfer, P. (1978) Formation of oleosomes (storage lipid bodies) during embryogenesis and their breakdown during seedling development in cotyledons of Sinapis alba L. Planta 143, 297–307.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernerth, R. and Frentzen, M. (1990) Utilisation of erucoyl-CoA by acyltransferases from developing seeds of Brassica napus involved in triacyglycerol biosynthesis. Plant Science 67, 21–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bettey, M., Ireland, R.J. and Smith, A.M. (1992) Purification and characterisation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase from developing pea embryos. Journal of Plant Physiology 140, 513–520.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bettey, M. and Smith, A.M. (1990) Nature of the effect of the r locus on the lipid content of embryos of peas (Pisum sativum L.). Planta 180, 420–428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Browse, J. and Slack, C.R. (1981) Catalase stimulates linoleate desaturase activity in microsomes from developing linseed cotyledons. FEBS Letters 131, 111–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canvin, D.T. (1965) The effect of temperature on the oil content and fatty acid composition of the oils from several oilseed crops. Canadian Journal of Botany 43, 63–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cao, Y.Z. and Huang, A.H.C. (1986) Diacylglycerol acyltransferase in maturing oilseeds of maize and other species. Plant Physiology 82, 813–820.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cao, Y.Z. and Huang, A.H.C. (1987) Acyl-coenzyme A preference of diacylglyclerol acyltransferase from maturing seeds of Cuphea, maize, rapeseed and canola. Plant Physiology 84, 762–765.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caughey, I. and Keckwick, R.G.O. (1982) The characteristics of some components of the fatty acid synthetase system in the plastids from the mesocarp of avocado (Persea americana). European Journal of Biochemistry 123, 553–561.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Charles, D.J., Hasegawa, P.M. and Cherry, J.H. (1986) Characterisation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase in the seed of two soybean genotypes. Phytochemistry 25, 55–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheesebrough, T.M. and Cho, S.H. (1990) Purification and characterisation of soybean stearoyl-ACP desaturase. pp 129–130 in Quinn, P.J., Harwood, J.L. (Eds) Plant lipid biochemistry, structure and utilisation. Portland Press, London.Google Scholar
Cummins, J. and Murphy, D.J. (1990) Mechanism of oil body synthesis and maturation in developing seeds. pp 231–233 in Quinn, P.J., Harwood, J.L. (Eds) Plant lipid biochemistry, structure and function. Portland Press, London.Google Scholar
Davies, H.M., Anderson, L., Fan, C. and Hawkins, D.J. (1991) Developmental induction, purification and further characterisation of 12:0-ACP thioesterase from immature cotyledons of Umbellularia californica. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 290, 37–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Bruijn, S.M., Ooms, J.J.J. and Vreugdenhil, D. (1992) Influence of abscisic acid on storage of lipids and carbohydrates in developing Arabidopsis seeds. Physiologia Plantarum 85, 515.Google Scholar
Deerberg, S., von Twickle, J., Forster, H.H., Cole, T., Fuhrmann, J. and Heise, K.P. (1990) Synthesis of medium-chain fatty acids and their incorporation into triacylglycerols by cell-free fractions from Cuphea embryos. Planta 180, 440–444.Google ScholarPubMed
Dennis, D.T. and Miernyk, J.A. (1982) Compartmentation of non-photosynthetic carbon metabolism. Annual Reviews of Plant Physiology 33, 27–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denyer, K. and Smith, A.M. (1988) The capacity of plastids from developing pea cotyledons to synthesise acetyl-CoA. Planta 173, 172–182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doehlert, D.C. and Lambert, R.J. (1991) Metabolic characteristics associated with starch protein and oil deposition in developing maize kernels. Journal of Crop Science 31, 151–157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dörmann, P., Schmid, P.C., Roberts, M. and Spener, F. (1991) Acyl-ACP thioesterases for the cleavage of medium-chain and long-chain acyl-ACPs in Cuphea lanceolata seeds. Biological Chemistry Hoppe-Seyler 372, 528–529.Google Scholar
Dornbos, D.L. and McDonald, M.B. (1986) Mass and composition of developing soybean seeds at five reproductive growth stages. Journal of Crop Science 26, 624–630.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Entwhistle, G. and ap Rees, T. (1988) Enzymic capacities of amyloplasts from wheat (Triticum aestivum) endosperm. Biochemical Journal 255, 391–396.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Entwhistle, G. and ap Rees, T. (1990) Lack of fructose-1 6-bisphosphatase in a range of higher plants that store starch. Biochemical Journal 271, 467–472.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fan, K. and Rawsthorne, S. (1993) Metabolic pathways to fatty acids and starch in plastids isolated from developing embryos of oilseed rape in Shrewry, P.R., Stobart, A.K. (Eds) Seed Storage Compounds. Annual Proceedings of the Phytochemical Society of Europe, in press.Google Scholar
Fehling, E., Lessire, R., Cassagne, C. and Mukherjee, K.D. (1992) Solubilisation and partial purification of constituents of acyl-CoA elongase from Lunaria annua. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1126, 88–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fehling, E. and Mukherjee, K.D. (1991) Acyl-CoA elongase from a higher plant (Lunaria annua): Metabolic intermediates of very-long-chain acyl-CoA products and substrate specificty. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1082, 239–246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finkelstein, R. and Somerville, C. (1989) Abscisic acid or high osmoticum promote accumulation of long-chain fatty acids in developing embryos of Brassica napus. Plant Science 61, 213–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frehner, M., Pozueta-Romero, J. and Akazawa, T. (1990) Enzyme sets of glycolysis, glyconeogenesis and oxidative pentose phosphate pathway are not complete in nongreen highly purified amyloplasts of sycamore (Acer pseudopla tanus L.) cell suspension cultures. Plant Physiology 94, 538–544.Google Scholar
FreyWyssling, A. Wyssling, A., Grieshaber, E. and Muhlethaler, K. (1963) Origin of spherosomes in plant cells. Journal of Ultrastructure and Molecular Structure Research 8, 506–516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galliard, T. and Stumpf, P.K. (1966) Enzymatic synthesis of ricinoleic acid by a microsomal preparation from developing Ricinus communis seeds. Journal of Biological Chemistry 241, 5806–5812.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gennity, J.M. and Stumpf, P.K. (1985) Studies on the Δ12 desaturase of Carthamus tinctorius L. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 239, 444–454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grami, B. and Stefansson, B.R. (1977a) Paternal and maternal effects on protein and oil content in summer rape. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 57, 945–949.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grami, B. and Stefansson, B.R. (1977b) Gene action for protein and oil content in summer rape. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 57, 625–631.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffiths, G. and Harwood, J.L. (1991) The regulation of triacylglycerol biosynthesis in cocoa (Theobroma cacao) L. Planta 184, 279–284.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Griffiths, G., Stobart, A.K. and Stymne, S. (1985) The acylation of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate and the metabolism of phosphatidate in microsomal preparations from the developing cotyledons of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seed. Biochemical Journal 230, 379–388.Google Scholar
Griffiths, G., Stobart, A.K. and Stymne, S. (1988) Δ6 and Δ12 desaturase activities and phosphatidic acid formation in microsomal preparations from the developing cotyledons of common borage (Borago officinalis). Biochemical Journal 252, 641–647.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gunstone, F.D. (1986) Fatty acid structure. pp 1–24 in Gunstone, F.D., Harwood, J.L., Padley, F.B. (Eds) The Lipid Handbook. Chapman and Hall, London.Google Scholar
Gurr, M.I. (1980) Triacylglycerol biosynthesis. pp 205–248 in Stumpf, P.K., Conn, E.E. (Eds) The Biochemistry of Plants 4. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Harwood, J.L. (1988) Fatty acid metabolism. Annual Reviews of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 39, 101–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harwood, J.L., Sodja, A., Stumpf, P.K. and Supurr, A.R. (1971) On the origin of oil droplets in maturing castor bean seeds Ricinus communis. Lipids 6, 851–854.Google Scholar
Hatzfeld, W.D. and Stitt, M. (1990) A study of the rate of recycling of triose phosphates in heterotrophic Chenopodium rubrum cells, potato tubers and maize endosperm. Planta 180, 198–204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heintz, A., Görlach, J., Leuschner, C., Hoppe, P., Schulze-Siebert, D. and Shultz, G. (1990) Plastidic isoprenoid synthesis during chloroplast development. Change with metabolic autonomy to a division of labor. Plant Physiology 93, 1121–1127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hellyer, A. and Slabas, A. (1990) Acyl-[acyl carrier protein] thioesterase from oilseed rape: purification and characterisation. pp 157–159 in Quinn, P.J., Harwood, J.L. (Eds) Plant lipid biochemistry structure and utilisation. Portland Press, London.Google Scholar
Hill, L.M. and Smith, A.M. (1991) Evidence that glucose 6-phosphate is imported as the substrate for starch synthesis by the plastids of developing pea embryos. Planta 185, 91–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hills, M.J. and Murphy, D.J. (1991) The Biotechnology of Oilseeds. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews 4, 1–46.Google Scholar
Holbrook, L.A., Magus, J.R. and Taylor, D.C. (1992) Abscisic acid induction of elongase activity, biosynthesis and accumulation of very long chain monounsaturated fatty acids and oil body proteins in microspore-derived embryos of Brassica napus L cv Reston. Plant Science 84, 99–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ichihara, K. (1982) Formation of oleosomes in maturing safflower seeds. Agricultural Biological Chemistry 46, 1767–1773.Google Scholar
Ichihara, K. (1984) sn2-Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase in a particular fraction from maturing safflower seeds. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 232, 685–698.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ichihara, K. (1991) The action of phosphatidate phosphatase on the fatty acid composition of safflower triacyglycerol and spinach glycerolipids. Planta 183, 353–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ichihara, K., Asalin, T. and Fujii, S. (1987) 1-Acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase in maturing safflower seeds and its contribution to the non-random fatty acid distribution of triacyglycerol. European Journal of Biochemistry 167, 339–347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ichihara, K. and Noda, M. (1981) Triacylglycerol synthesis by subcellular fractions of maturing safflower seeds. Phytochemistry 20, 1245–1251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ichihara, K., Takahashi, T. and Fujii, S. (1988) Microsomal phosphatidate phosphatase in maturing safflower seeds. Plant Physiology 90, 413–419.Google Scholar
Imai, H., Nishida, I. and Murata, N. (1992) Acyl-ACP hydrolase from squash cotyledons specific to long-chain fatty acids: purification and characterisation. Plant Molecular Biology 20, 199–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ireland, R.J. and Dennis, D.T. (1981) Isoenzymes of the glycolytic and pentose-phosphate pathways during the development of the castor oil seed. Canadian Journal of Botany 59, 1423–1425.Google Scholar
Jackowski, S. and Rock, C.O. (1987) Acetoacetyl-acyl carrier protein synthetase, a potential regulator of fatty acid biosynthesis in bacteria. Journal of Biological Chemistry 262, 7927–7931.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, B.S. and Stumpf, P.K. (1970) Fat metabolism in higher plants LV acetate uptake and accumulation by class I and II chloroplasts from Spinacia oleracea. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 153, 656–663.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaworski, J.S., Clough, R.C. and Barnum, S.R. (1989) A cerulenin insensitive short chain 3-keto-acyl carrier protein synthase in Spinacia oleracea leaves. Plant Physiology 90, 41–44.Google Scholar
Jaworski, J.G., Post-Beittenmiller, D. and Ohlrogge, J.B. (1992) Acetyl-acyl carrier protein is not a major intermediate of fatty acid biosynthesis. pp 113–116 in Cherif, A. (Ed.) Metabolism, structure and utilisation of plant lipids. 10th International Symposium, Djerba (Tunisia).Google Scholar
Johnson, G. and Williams, J.P. (1989) Effect of growth temperature on the biosynthesis of chloroplast galactosy-ldiacylglycerol molecular species in Brassica napus leaves. Plant Physiology 91, 924–929.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Journet, E.P. and Douce, R. (1985) Enzymic capacities of purified cauliflower bud plastids for lipid synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism. Plant Physiology 79, 458–467.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kater, M.M., Koningstein, G.M., Nijkamp, J.J. and Stuitje, A.T. (1991) cDNA cloning and expression of Brassica napus enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase in Escherichia coli. Plant Molecular Biology 17, 895–909.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kearns, E.V., Hughly, S. and Somerville, C.R. (1991) The role of cytochrome b5 in Δ12 desaturation of oleic acid by microsomes of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L). Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 284, 431–436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keeling, P.L., Wood, J.R., Tyson, R.H. and Bridges, I.G. (1988) Starch biosynthesis in developing wheat grain. Plant Physiology 87, 311–319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kinney, A.J., Hitz, W.D. and Yadau, N.S. (1990) Stearoyl-ACP desaturase and a β-ketoacyl-ACP synthetase from developing soybean. pp 126–128 in Quinn, P.J., Harwood, J.L. (Eds) Plant lipid biochemistry structure and utilisation. Portland Press, London.Google Scholar
Klee, H. and Estelle, M. (1991) Molecular analysis of hormone mutants in higher plants. Annual Reviews of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 42, 529–551.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klein, B., Pawlowski, K., Horicke-Grandpierre, C., Schell, J. and Topfer, R. (1992) Isolation and characterisation of a cDNA from Cuphea lancelota encoding a β-ketoacyl-ACP reductase. Molecular Genetics 223, 122–128.Google Scholar
Knutzon, D.S., Thompson, G.A., Radke, S.E., Johnson, W.B., Knauf, V.C. and Kridl, J.C. (1992) Modification of Brassica seed oil by antisense expression of a stearoylacyl carrier protein desaturase gene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 89, 2624–2628.Google Scholar
Koornneef, M., Hanhart, C., Hilhorst, H.W.M. and Karssen, C.M. (1989) In vivo inhibition of seed development and reserve protein accumulation in recombinants of abscisic acid biosynthesis and responsiveness mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiology 90, 463–469.Google Scholar
Kuhn, D.N., Knauf, M.J. and Stumpf, P.K. (1981) Subcellular localisation of acetyl-CoA synthetase in leaf protoplasts of Spinacia oleracea leaf cells. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 209, 441–450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lardans, A. and Tremolieres, A. (1992) Fatty acid elongation activities in subcellular fractions of developing seeds of Limnanthes alba. Phytochemistry 31, 121–127.Google Scholar
Liedvogel, B. and Stumpf, P.K. (1982) Origin of acetate in spinach leaf cell. Plant Physiology 69, 897–903.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loehden, I. and Frentzen, M. (1992) Triacylglycerol biosynthesis in developing seeds of Tropaeolum majus L. and Limnanthes douglasii R Br. Planta 188, 215–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lopez-Casillas, F., Bai, D.H., Luo, X., Kong, I.S., Hermondson, M.S. and Kim, K.H. (1988) Structure of the coding sequence and primary amino acid sequence of acetyl-Co enzyme A carboxylase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 85, 5784–5788.Google Scholar
Macdonald, F.D. and ap Rees, T. (1983) Enzymic properties of amyloplasts from suspension cultures of soybean. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 755, 81–89.Google Scholar
Mackintosh, R.W., Hardie, D.G. and Slabas, A.R. (1989) A new assay procedure to study the induction of β-ketoacyl-ACP synthase I and II and the complete purification of β-ketoacyl-ACP synthase I from developing seeds of oilseed rape (Brassica napus). Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1002, 114–124.Google Scholar
Mansfield, S.G. and Briarty, L.G. (1991) Cotyledon cell development in Arabidopsis thaliana during reserve deposition. Canadian Journal of Botany 70, 151–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masterson, C., Wood, C. and Thomas, D.R. (1990a) Lacetylcarnitine, a substrate for chloroplast fatty acid synthesis. Plant Cell and Environment 13, 755–765.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masterson, C., Wood, C. and Thomas, D.R. (1990b) Inhibition studies on acetyl group incorporation into chloroplast fatty acids. Plant Cell and Environment 13, 767–771.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McHenry, L. and Fritz, P.J. (1987) Cocoa butter biosynthesis: effect of temperature on Theobroma cacao acyltransferase. Journal of American Oil Chemists Society 64(7), 1012.Google Scholar
McKeon, T.A. and Stumpf, P.K. (1982) Purification and characterisation of the stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase and the acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterase from maturing seeds of safflower. Journal of Biological Chemistry 257, 12141–12147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miernyk, J.A. and Dennis, D.T. (1983) The incorporation of glycolytic intermediates into lipids by plastids from developing endosperm of castor oil seeds (Ricinus communis). Journal of Experimental Botany 34, 712–718.Google Scholar
Miernyk, J.A. and Dennis, D.T. (1992) A developmental analysis of the enolase isozymes from Ricinus communis. Plant Physiology 99, 748–750.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mohankumar, C., Arumughan, C. and Raj, R.K. (1990) Histological localisation of oil palm fruit lipase. Journal of American Oil Chemists Society 10, 665–669.Google Scholar
Moreau, R.A. and Stumpf, P.K. (1981) Recent studies of the enzymic synthesis of ricinoleic acid by developing castor bean. Plant Physiology 67, 672–676.Google Scholar
Mukherjee, K.D. and Kiewitt, I. (1987) Formation of γ-linolenic acid in the higher plant evening primrose (Oenothera biennis L). Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 35, 1009–1012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, D.J. (1990) Storage lipid bodies in plants and other organisms. Progress in Lipid Research 29, 299–324.Google ScholarPubMed
Murphy, D.J. (1993) Biochemical and molecular regulation of storage product formation in oilseeds. in Current Topics in Plant Physiology, American Society of Plant Physiology, USA, in press.Google Scholar
Murphy, D.J. and Cummins, I. (1989) Biosynthesis of storage products during embryogenesis in rapeseed. Journal of Plant Physiology 135, 63–69.Google Scholar
Murphy, D.J., Cummins, I. and Ryan, A.J. (1989) Biosynthesis and mobilisation of the major seed storage proteins of Brassica napus L. An immunocytochemical and biochemial study. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 27, 647–657.Google Scholar
Murphy, D.J. and Leech, R.M. (1977) Lipid biosynthesis from [14C] bicarbonate [2-14C] pyruvate and [1-14C] acetate during photosynthesis by isolated spinach chloroplasts. FEBS Letters 77, 164–168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murphy, D.J. and Leech, R.M. (1978) The pathway of [14C] bicarbonate incorporation into lipids in isolated photosynthesising spinach chloroplasts. FEBS Letters 77, 192–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, D.J. and Stumpf, P.K. (1981) The origin of chloroplastic acetyl-CoA. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 212, 730–739.Google Scholar
Murphy, D.J. and Walker, D.A. (1982) Acetyl coenzyme A biosynthesis in the chloroplast. What is the physiological precursor? Planta 156, 84–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nambara, E., Naito, S. and McCourt, P. (1992) A mutant of Arabidopsis which is defective in seed development and storage protein accumulation is a new abi3 allele. Plant Journal 2, 435–411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oo, K.C. and Huang, A.H.C. (1989) Lysophosphatidate acyltransferase activities in the microsomes from palm endosperm, maize scutellum and rapeseed cotyledon of maturing seeds. Plant Physiology 91, 1288–1295.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peterek, G., Schmidt, V., Wolter, F.P. and Frenzen, M. (1992) Approaches for cloning 1-acylgylcerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase of oilseeds. pp 401–404 in Cherif, A. (Ed.) Metabolism, structure and utilisation of plant lipids, 10th International Symposium, Djerba (Tunisia).Google Scholar
Platt-Aloia, K.A. and Thomson, W.W. (1981) Ultrastructure of the mesocarp of mature avocado fruit and changes associated with ripening. Annals of Botany 48, 451–465.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollard, M.R., Anderson, L., Fan, C., Hawkins, D.J. and Davies, H.M. (1991) A specific acyl-ACP-thioesterase implicated in medium chain fatty acid production in immature cotyledons of Umbellularia californica. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 284, 306–312.Google Scholar
Post-Beittenmiller, D., Jaworski, J.G. and Ohlrogge, J.B. (1991) In vivo pools of free and acylated acyl carrier proteins in spinach. Journal of Biological Chemistry 266, 1858–1865.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Qu, R., Wang, S.M., Lin, Y.H., Vance, V.B. and Huang, A.H.C. (1986) Characteristics and biosynthesis of membrane proteins of lipid bodies in the scutella of maize (Zea mays L). Biochemical Journal 234, 57–65.Google Scholar
Rakow, G. (1977) Zur variabilität von Öl- und Proteingehalten in zuchtstämmen in Winterraps (Brassica napus). Proceedings of the 5th International Rapeseed Congress, Malmo Sweden 1, 115–118.Google Scholar
Rest, J.A. and Vaughan, J.G. (1972) The development of protein and oil bodies in seed of Sinapis alba L. Planta 105, 245–262.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Richards, D.E., Taylor, R.D. and Murphy, D.J. (1993) Localisation and possible substrate specificity of the oleate hydroxylase of developing castor bean seeds. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 31, 89–94.Google Scholar
Rijven, A.H.G.C. and Gifford, R.M. (1983) Accumulation and conversion of sugars by developing wheat grains. 3. Non-diffusional uptake of sucrose, the substrate preferred by endosperm slices. Plant Cell and Environment 6, 417–425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, M.R., Hodge, R., Ross, J.H.E., Sorensen, A.M., Murphy, D.J., Draper, J. and Scott, R. (1993) Characterisation of a new class of oleosins indicates a male gametophyte-specific lipid storage pathway. Plant Journal, in press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, J.H.E. and Murphy, D.J. (1992a) Biosynthesis and localisation of storage proteins, oleosins and lipids during embryo development in Coriandrum sativum and other Umbelliferae. Plant Science 86, 59–70.Google Scholar
Ross, J.H.E. and Murphy, D.J. (1992b) Ultrastructural and immunological studies on storage product accumulation in olive seed. pp 444–447 in Cherif, A. (Ed.) Metabolism, structure and utilisation of plant lipids, 10th International Symposium, Djerba (Tunisia).Google Scholar
Ross, J.H.E. and Murphy, D.J. (1993) Differential accumulation of oleosins, starch, storage proteins and triacylglycerols in embryos and cell cultures of Daucus carota L. Plant Science 88, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roughan, P.G., Post-Beittenmiller, J.B., Ohlrogge, J.B. and Browse, J. (1992) Acetylcarnitine and fatty acid synthesis by isolated chloroplasts. pp 177–180 in Cherif, A. (Ed.) Metabolism, structure and utilisation of plant lipids, 10th International Symposium, Djerba (Tunisia).Google Scholar
Sangwan, R.S., Gauthier, D.A., Turpin, D.H., Pomeroy, M.K. and Plaxton, W.C. (1992a) Pyruvate-kinase isoenzymes from zygotic and microspore-derived embryos of Brassica napus. Planta 187, 198–202.Google Scholar
Sangwan, R.S., Singh, N. and Plaxton, W.C. (1992b) Phosphoenolpyruvate caboxylase activity and concentration in the endosperm of developing and germinating castor oil seeds. Plant Physiology 99, 445–449.Google Scholar
Sato, A., Becker, C.K. and Knauf, V.C. (1992) Nucleotide sequence of a complementary DNA clone encoding stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase from Simmondsia chinensis. Plant Physiology 99, 362–363.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schneider, G., Lindqvist, Y., Shanklin, J. and Somerville, C.R. (1992) Preliminary crystallographic data for stearoylacyl carrier protein desaturase from castor seed. Journal of Molecular Biology 225, 561–564.Google Scholar
Schussler, J.R., Brenner, M.L and Brun, W.A. (1984) Abscisic acid and its relationship to seed filling in soybeans. Plant Physiology 76, 301–306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shanklin, J., Mullins, C. and Somerville, C.R. (1991) Sequence of a complementary DNA from Cucumis sativus L. encoding the stearoyl-acyl-carrier protein desaturase. Plant Physiology 97, 467–468.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shanklin, J. and Somerville, C.R. (1991) Stearoyl-acyl-carrier-protein desaturase from higher plants is structurally unrelated to the animal and fungal homologs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 88, 2510–2514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheldon, P.S. (1988) A study of plant plastid NADPH dependent β-ketoacyl-(acyl carrier protein) reductase. PhD Thesis, University of Birmingham, UK.Google Scholar
Sheldon, P.S., Kekwick, R.G.O., Sidebottom, C., Smith, C.G. and Slabas, A.R. (1990) 3-Oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier protein) reductase from avocado (Persea americana) fruit mesocarp. Biochemical Journal 271, 713–720.Google Scholar
Sheoran, I.S., Sawhney, V., Babbar, S. and Singh, R. (1991) In vivo fixation of CO2 by attached pods of Brassica campestris L. Annals of Botany 67, 425–428.Google Scholar
Shimakata, T. and Stumpf, P.K. (1982) Purification and characterisation of β-keto-acyl-carrier protein reductase, β-hydroxyacyl-carrier-protein dehydrase and enoyl-acylcarrier-protein reductase from Spinacia oleracea leaves. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 218, 77–91.Google Scholar
Siggaard-Andersen, M., Kauppinen, S. and von Wettstein-Knowles, P. (1991) Primary structure of a cerulenin binding β-ketoacyl (acyl-carrier-protein) synthase from barley chloroplasts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 88, 4114–4118.Google Scholar
Simcox, P.B., Garland, W., Deluca, V., Canvin, D.T. and Dennis, D.T. (1979) Respiratory pathways and fat synthesis in the developing castor oil seed. Canadian Journal of Botany 57, 1008–1014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simcox, P.B., Reid, E.E., Canvin, D.T. and Dennis, D.T. (1977) Enzymes of the glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathways in proplastids from the developing endosperm of Ricinus communis. Plant Physiology 59, 1228–1232.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slabas, A.R. and Fawcett, T. (1992) The biochemistry and molecular biology of plant lipid biosynthesis. Plant Molecular Biology 19, 169–191.Google Scholar
Slabas, A.R. and Hellyer, A. (1985) Rapid purification of a high molecular weight subunit polypeptide form of rapeseed acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Plant Science 39, 177–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slabas, A.R., Sidebottom, C.M., Hellyer, A., Kessell, R.M.J. and Tombs, M.P. (1986) Induction, purification and characterisation of NADH-specific enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase from developing seeds of oilseed rape (Brassica napus). Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 877, 271–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slack, C.R., Roughan, P.G. and Browse, J. (1979) Evidence for an oleoylphosphatidylcholine desaturase in microsomal preparations from cotyledons of safflower seeds. Biochemical Journal 179, 649–656.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slocombe, S.P., Cummins, I., Jarvis, P. and Murphy, D.J. (1992) Structure and temporal regulation of an embryospecific Brassica napus cDNA encoding a stearoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) desaturase. Plant Molecular Biology 20, 151–156.Google Scholar
Slocombe, S.P. and Murphy, D.J. (1992) Investigation of temporal and tissue-specific regulation of the stearoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) desaturase in oilseed rape. pp 436–439 in Cherif, A. (Ed.) Metabolism, structure and uitlisation of plant lipids, 10th International Symposium, Djerba (Tunisia).Google Scholar
Smirnov, B.P. (1960) Lipid biosynthesis from acetate in chloroplasts. Biokhimia 25, 419–422.Google Scholar
Smith, A.M., Quinton-Tulloch, J. and Denyer, K. (1990a) Characteristics of plastids responsible for starch synthesis in developing pea embryos. Planta 180, 517–523.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, C.G. (1974) The ultrastructural development of spherosomes and oil bodies in the developing embryo of Crambe abyssinica. Planta 119, 125–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, M.A., Cross, S., Jones, O., Griffiths, T., Stymne, S. and Stobart, K. (1990b) Electron transport components of the Δ12 desaturase in microsomes of developing safflower cotyledons. pp 138–141 in Quinn, P.J., Harwood, J.L. (Eds) Plant lipid biochemistry, structure and utilization, Portland Press, London.Google Scholar
Smith, M.A., Jonsson, L., Stymne, S. and Stobart, K. (1992a) Evidence for cytochrome b 5 as an electron donor in ricinoleic acid biosynthesis in microsomal preparations from developing castor bean (Ricinus communis L). Biochemical Journal 287, 141–144.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, R.G., Gauthier, D.A., Dennis, D.T. and Turpin, D.H. (1992b) Malate- and pyruvate-dependent fatty acid synthesis in leucoplasts from developing castor endosperm. Plant Physiology 98, 1233–1238.Google Scholar
Sonntag, N.O.V. (1991) Erucic, behenic: feedstocks of the 21st century. Inform 2, 449–463.Google Scholar
Spener, F. and Schuch, R. (1992b) Enzymes for the synthesis of medium-chain fatty acids in Cuphea lanceolata seeds. pp 129–132 in Cherif, A. (Ed.) Metabolism, structure and utilisation of plant lipids, 10th International Symposium, Djerba (Tunisia).Google Scholar
Spener, F. and Schuch, R. (1993) Biotechnology of oil crops: enzymes for the generation of fatty acids. in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Fats & Oil Biotechnology, in press.Google Scholar
Springer, J. and Heise, K. (1989) Comparison of acetate and pyruvate dependant fatty acid synthesis by spinach chloroplasts. Planta 177, 417–421.Google Scholar
Stobart, A.K. and Stymne, S. (1990) Triacylglycerol biosynthesis. in Harwood, J.L., Bowyer, J. (Eds) Methods in Plant Biochemistry 4, 19–46.Google Scholar
Stobart, A.K., Stymne, S. and Hoglund, S. (1986) Safflower microsomes catalyse oil accumulation in vitro: a model system. Planta 169, 33–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stumpf, P.K. and James, A.T. (1963) The biosynthesis of long-chain fatty acids by lettuce chloroplast preparations. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 70, 20–32.Google Scholar
Stumpf, P.K. and Shimakata, T. (1983) Molecular structures and functions of plant fatty acid synthetase enzymes. pp 1–15 in Thomson, W.W., Mudd, J.B., Gibbs, M. (Eds) Biosynthesis and function of plant lipids, Proceedings of the sixth annual symposium in botany. American Society of Plant Physiologists, Rockville, Maryland, USA.Google Scholar
Stumpf, P.K., Shimakata, T., Eastwell, K., Murphy, D.J., Liedvogel, B., Ohlrogge, J.B. and Kuhn, D.N. (1982) Biosynthesis of fatty acids in a leaf cell. pp 3–11 in Wintermans, J.F.G.M., Kuiper, P.J.C. (Eds) Biochemistry & metabolism of plant lipids. Elsevier/North Holland, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Stymne, S. and Appleqvist, L. (1978) The biosynthesis of linoleate from oleoyl-CoA via oleoyl phosphatidylcholine in microsomes of developing safflower seeds. European Journal of Biochemistry 90, 223–229.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stymne, S. and Appelqvist, L. (1980) The biosynthesis of linoleate and α-linolenate in homogenates from developing soya bean cotyledons. Plant Science Letters 17, 287–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stymne, S., Tonnet, M.L. and Green, A.G. (1992) Biosynthesis of linolenate in developing embryos and cell-free preparations of high-linolenate linseed (Linum usitatissimum) and low-linolenate mutants. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 294, 557–563.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sun, C., Coa, Y.Z. and Huang, A.H.C. (1988) Acyl coenzyme A preference of the glycerol phosphate pathway in the microsomes from the maturing seeds of palm, maize and rapeseed. Plant Physiology 88, 56–60.Google Scholar
Takai, T., Yokoyama, C., Wada, K. and Tanabe, T. (1988) Primary structure of chicken liver acetyl-CoA carboxylase deduced from cDNA sequence. Journal of Biological Chemistry 263, 2651–2657.Google Scholar
Taylor, D.C., Barton, D.L., Riou, K.P., Mackenzie, S.L., Reed, D.W., Underhill, E.W., Pomeroy, M.K. and Weber, N. (1992) Biosynthesis of acyl lipids containing very long chain fatty acids in microspore derived and zygotic embryos of Brassica napus L cv Reston. Plant Physiology 99, 1609–1618.Google Scholar
Taylor, D.C., Weber, N., Underhill, E.W., Pomeroy, M.K., Keller, W.A., Scowcroft, W.R., Wilen, R.W., Moloney, M.M. and Holbrook, L.A. (1990) Storage protein regulation and lipid accumulation in microspore embryos of Brassica napus L. Planta 181, 18–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, D.C., Weber, N., Barton, D.L., Hogge, L.R., Underhill, E.W. and Pomeroy, M.K. (1991a) Formation of trierucoylglycerol (Trierucin) from 1,2-dierucoylglycerol by a homogenate of microspore-derived embryos of Brassica napus L. Journal of American Oil Chemists Society 69, 355–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, D.C., Weber, N., Barton, D.L., Underhill, E.W., Hogge, L.R., Weselake, R.J. and Pomeroy, M.K. (1991b) Triacylglycerol bioassembly in microsporederived embryos of Brassica napus L. cv Reston. Plant Physiology 97, 65–79.Google Scholar
Thompson, G.A., Scherer, D.E., Foxall-Van Aken, S., Kenny, J.W., Young, H.L., Shintani, D.K., Kridl, J.C. and Knauf, V.C. (1991) Primary structures of the precursors and mature forms of stearoyl-acyl protein desaturase from safflower embryos and requirement of ferredoxin for enzyme activity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 88, 2578–2582.Google Scholar
Turnham, E. and Northcote, D.H. (1983) Changes in the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase during rapeseed formation. Biochemical Journal 212, 223–229.Google Scholar
Tyson, R.H. and ap Rees, T. (1988) Starch synthesis by isolated amyloplasts from wheat endosperm. Planta 175, 33–38.Google Scholar
Viola, R., Davies, H.V. and Chudek, A.R. (1991) Pathways of starch and sucrose biosynthesis in developing tubers of potato (Solanum tuberosum L) and seeds of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Planta 183, 202–208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Voelker, T.A., Worrell, A.C., Anderson, L., Bleibaum, J., Fan, C., Hawkins, D.J., Radke, S.E. and Davies, H.M. (1992) Fatty acid biosynthesis redirected to medium chains in transgenic oilseed plants. Science 257, 72–73.Google Scholar
Walsh, M.C., Kloppenstein, W.E. and Harwood, J.L. (1990) The short-chain condensing enzyme has widespread occurrence in the fatty acid synthetases from higher plants. Phytochemistry 29, 3797–3799.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wanner, G. and Theimer, R.R. (1978) Membranous appendices of spherosomes (oleosomes). Possible role in fat uitlisation in germinating oil seeds. Planta 140, 163–169.Google Scholar
Weber, N., Taylor, D.C. and Underhill, E.W. (1992) Biosynthesis of storage lipids in plant cell and embryo cultures. Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology 45, 99–131.Google Scholar
Weselake, R.J., Taylor, D.C., Pomeroy, M.K., Lawson, S.L. and Underhill, E.W. (1991) Properties of diacyglycerol acyltransferase from microspore-derived embryos of Brassica napus. Phytochemistry 30, 3533–3538.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitfield, H.V., Murphy, D.J. and Hills, M.J. (1993) Subcellular localization of very long chain fatty acid elongases in oilseeds. Phytochemistry 32, 255–258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiberg, E., Rahlen, L., Hellman, M., Tillberg, E., Glimelius, K. and Stymne, S. (1991) The microspore-derived embryo of Brassica napus L as a tool for studying embryo-specific lipid biogenesis and regulation of oil quality. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 82, 515–520.Google Scholar
Williams, J.P., Khan, M.U. and Mitchell, K. (1988) The molecular species of diacylglycerol precursors used in monogalatosyldiacylglycerol biosynthesis in the leaves of a number of higher plant species. Plant and Cell Physiology 29, 849–854.Google Scholar
Williams, J.P., Williams, K. and Khan, M.U. (1992) Low temperature-induced fatty acid desaturation in Brassica napus: thermal lability of the process. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1125, 62–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yamada, Y. and Mahamura, Y. (1975) Fatty acid synthesis of spinach chloroplast II: the path from PGA to fatty acids. Plant and Cell Physiology 16, 151–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zeiher, C.A. and Randall, D.D. (1991) Spinach leaf acetylcoenzyme A synthetase: purification and characterisation. Plant Physiology 96, 382–389.Google Scholar