Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T04:21:43.591Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Seed-bank dynamics of the tropical weed Sida rhombifolia (Malvaceae): incidence of seedling emergence, predators and pathogens

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 December 2009

Claudia Rodríguez  and
Maria Alice Garcia
Claudia Rodríguez*
Affiliation:
Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
Maria Alice Garcia
Affiliation:
Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil
*
*Correspondence Fax: +59825258616 E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Arrowleaf sida (Sida rhombifolia) is a tropical weed that grows in disturbed areas. Its control by hand pulling and mowing are only partially effective because arrowleaf sida is difficult to pull and quickly sprouts after cutting. We studied the seed-bank dynamics of S. rhombifolia in the region of Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil for 2 years, following a known number of seeds placed artificially at five burial depths. Predators and pathogens were responsible for the loss of c. 40% of the seeds during the first year of the experiment. The importance of predation declined with depth. Mortality due to fungal attack did not differ among the burial depths, except for seeds placed at the surface (where it was negligible). Seedling emergence only occurred during the first year, after the beginning of the rainy period and when the study area was still free of a dense vegetation cover. Seedlings did not emerge from depths greater than 5 cm. We conclude that seedling emergence and death are significant causes of seed losses from the seed bank of S. rhombifolia but their relative importance is highly dependent on depth of burial.

Keywords

seed bankseedling emergenceseed pathogenseed predationSida rhombifoliaweed control
Type
Research Article
Information
Seed Science Research , Volume 19 , Issue 4 , December 2009 , pp. 241 - 248
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Álvarez-Buylla, E.R. and Martínez-Ramos, M. (1990) Seed bank versus seed rain in the regeneration of a tropical pioneer tree. Oecologia 84, 314–325.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Azevedo-Ramos, C., Moutinho, P.R.S. and Guimarães, P. (1991) Food exploitation of reproductive structures of Sida carpinifolia (Malvaceae) by Dysdercus ruficollis L. 1764 (Hemiptera, Pyrrhocoridae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 35, 761–765.Google Scholar
Becker, P. and Wong, M. (1985) Seed dispersal, seed predation and juvenile mortality of Aglaia sp. (Meliaceae) in lowland dipterocarp rainforest. Biotropica 17, 230–237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benvenuti, S. (2007) Natural weed seed burial: effect of soil texture, rain and seed characteristics. Seed Science Research 17, 211–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blaney, C.S. and Kotanen, P.M. (2001) Effects of fungal pathogens on seeds of native and exotic plants: a test using congeneric pairs. Journal of Applied Ecology 38, 1104–1113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blaney, C.S. and Kotanen, P.M. (2002) Persistence in the seed bank: the effects of fungi and invertebrates on seeds of native and exotic plants. Écoscience 9, 509–517.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blate, G.M., Peart, D.R. and Leighton, M. (1998) Post-dispersal predation on isolated seeds: a comparative study of 40 tree species in a Southeast Asian rainforest. Oikos 82, 522–538.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burdon, J.J. (1987) Diseases and plant population biology. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Burdon, J.J. and Shattock, R.C. (1980) Disease in plant communities. Applied Biology 5, 145–219.Google Scholar
Cardoso, V.J.M. (1990) Germination studies on dispersal units of Sida rhombifolia L. Revista Brasileira de Botânica 13, 83–88.Google Scholar
Cavers, P.B. (1983) Seed demography. Canadian Journal of Botany 61, 3578–3590.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cavers, P.B. and Benoit, D.L. (1989) Seed banks in arable land. pp. 309–328in Leck, M.A.; Parker, V.T.; Simpson, R.L. (Eds) Ecology of soil seed banks. New York, Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chambers, J.C. and MacMahon, J.A. (1994) A day in the life of a seed: movements and fates of seeds and their implications for natural and managed systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 25, 263–292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christensen, M. (1981) Species diversity and dominance in fungal communities. pp. 201–232in Wicklow, D.T.; Carroll, G.C. (Eds) The fungal community. New York, Marcel Dekker.Google Scholar
Colbach, N., Roger-Estrade, J., Chauvel, B. and Caneill, J. (2000) Modelling vertical and lateral seed bank movements during mouldboard ploughing. European Journal of Agronomy 13, 111–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crawley, M.J. (2000) Seed predators and plant population dynamics. pp. 167–182in Fenner, M. (Ed.) Seeds. The ecology of regeneration in plant communities. Wallingford, CAB International.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crist, T.O. and Friese, C.F. (1993) The impact of fungi on soil seeds: implications for plants and granivores in a semiarid shrub–steppe. Ecology 74, 2231–2239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cromar, H.E., Murphy, S.D. and Swanton, C.J. (1999) Influence of tillage and crop residue on postdispersal predation of weed seeds. Weed Science 47, 184–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dessaint, F., Chadoeuf, R. and Barralis, G. (1991) Spatial pattern analysis of weed seeds in the cultivated soil seed bank. Journal of Applied Ecology 28, 721–730.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Steven, D. and Putz, F.E. (1984) Impact of mammals on early recruitment of a tropical canopy tree, Dipteryx panamensis, in Panama. Oikos 43, 207–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Egley, G.H. and Chandler, J.M. (1983) Longevity of weed seeds after 5.5 years in the Stoneville 50-year buried-seed study. Weed Science 31, 264–270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fenner, M. (1985) Seed ecology. London, Chapman & Hall.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fumanal, B., Gaudot, I. and Bretagnolle, F. (2008) Seed-bank dynamics in the invasive plant, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. Seed Science Research 18, 101–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grundy, A.C., Mead, A. and Burston, S. (1999) Modelling the effect of cultivation on seed movement with application to the prediction of weed seedling emergence. Journal of Applied Ecology 36, 663–678.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harms, K.E., Wright, S.J., Calderón, O., Hernández, A. and Herre, E.A. (2000) Pervasive density-dependent recruitment enhances seedling diversity in a tropical forest. Nature 404, 493–495.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heggenstaller, A.H., Menalled, F.D., Liebman, M. and Westerman, P.R. (2006) Seasonal patterns in post-dispersal seed predation of Abutilon theophrasti and Setaria faberi in three cropping systems. Journal of Applied Ecology 43, 999–1010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoffman, M.L., Owen, M.D.K. and Buhler, D.D. (1998) Effects of crop and weed management on density and vertical distribution of weed seeds in soil. Agronomy Journal 90, 793–799.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holm, L., Doll, J., Holm, E., Pancho, J. and Herberger, J. (1997) World weeds. New York, John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Honek, A., Saska, P. and Martinkova, Z. (2006) Seasonal variation in seed predation by adult carabid beetles. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 118, 157–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horvitz, C.C. and Schemske, D.W. (1994) Effects of dispersers, gaps, and predators on dormancy and seedling emergence in a tropical herb. Ecology 75, 1949–1958.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hulme, P.E. (1994) Rodent post-dispersal seed predation in grassland: magnitude and sources of variation. Journal of Ecology 82, 645–652.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hulme, P.E. (1998 a) Post-dispersal seed predation: consequences for plant demography and evolution. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 1, 32–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hulme, P.E. (1998 b) Post-dispersal seed predation and seed bank persistence. Seed Science Research 8, 513–519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hulme, P.E. and Borelli, T. (1999) Variability in post-dispersal seed predation in deciduous woodland: relative importance of location, seed species, burial and density. Plant Ecology 145, 149–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hulme, P.E. and Benkman, C.W. (2002) Granivory. pp. 132–154in Herrera, C.M.; Pellmyr, O. (Eds) Plant–animal interactions. An evolutionary approach. Oxford, Blackwell Science.Google Scholar
Janzen, D.H. (1969) Seed-eaters versus seed size, number, toxicity and dispersal. Evolution 23, 1–27.Google ScholarPubMed
Janzen, D.H. (1971) Seed predation by animals. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 2, 465–492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirkpatrick, B.L. and Bazzaz, F.A. (1979) Influence of certain fungi on seed germination and seedling survival of four colonizing annuals. Journal of Applied Ecology 16, 515–527.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kohno, K. and Bui Thi, N. (2006) Comparison of the life history strategies of three Dysdercus true bugs (Heteroptera: Pyrrhocoridae), with special reference to their seasonal host plant use. Entomological Science 8, 313–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leishman, M.R., Masters, G.J., Clarke, I.P. and Brown, V.K. (2000) Seed bank dynamics: the role of fungal pathogens and climate change. Functional Ecology 14, 293–299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, J. (1973) Longevity of crop and weed seeds survival after 20 years in soil. Weed Research 13, 179–191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lonsdale, W.M. (1993) Losses from the seed bank of Mimosa pigra: soil micro-organisms vs. temperature fluctuations. Journal of Applied Ecology 30, 654–660.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lorenzi, H. (1991) Plantas daninhas do Brasil. Sao Paulo, Ed. Plantarum.Google Scholar
Louda, S.M. (1989) Predation in the dynamics of seed regeneration. pp. 25–51in Leck, M.A.; Parker, V.T.; Simpson, R.L. (Eds) Ecology of soil seed banks. New York, Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mauchline, A.L., Watson, S.J., Brown, V.K. and Froud-Williams, R.J. (2005) Post-dispersal seed predation of non-target weeds in arable crops. Weed Research 45, 157–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moles, A.T. and Westoby, M. (2003) Latitude, seed predation and seed mass. Journal of Biogeography 30, 105–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myster, R.W. (1997) Seed predation, disease and germination on landslides in Neotropical lower montane wet forest. Journal of Vegetation Science 8, 55–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nisensohn, L., Faccini, D., Montero, G. and Lietti, M. (1999) Predación de semillas de Amaranthus quitensis H.B.K. en un cultivo de soja: influencia del sistema de siembra. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 34, 377–384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Hanlon-Manners, D.L. and Kotanen, P.M. (2006) Losses of seeds of temperate trees to soil fungi: effects of habitat and host ecology. Plant Ecology 187, 49–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piñero, D. and Sarukhán, J. (1982) Reproductive behaviour and its individual variability in a tropical palm, Astrocarium mexicanum. Journal of Ecology 70, 461–472.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prete, C.E.C., Nunes, J. and Menten, J.O.M. (1984) Fungos associados a sementes de plantas daninhas. Summa Phytopathologica 10, 260–267.Google Scholar
Roberts, H.A. (1981) Seed banks in soils. Advances in Applied Biology 6, 1–55.Google Scholar
Roberts, H.A. and Neilson, J.E. (1981) Seed survival and periodicity of seedling emergence in twelve weedy species of Compositae. Annals of Applied Biology 97, 325–334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roger-Estrade, J., Colbach, N., Leterme, P., Richard, G. and Caneill, J. (2001) Modelling vertical and lateral weed seed movements during mouldboard ploughing with a skim-coulter. Soil and Tillage Research 63, 35–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sallabanks, R. and Courtney, S.P. (1992) Frugivory, seed predation, and insect vertebrate interactions. Annual Review of Entomology 37, 377–400.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schafer, M. and Kotanen, P.M. (2003) The influence of soil moisture on losses of buried seeds to fungi. Acta Oecologica 24, 255–263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schafer, M. and Kotanen, P.M. (2004) Impacts of naturally-occurring soil fungi on seeds of meadow plants. Plant Ecology 175, 19–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sester, M., Dürr, C., Darmency, H. and Colbach, N. (2006) Evolution of weed beet (Beta vulgaris L.) seed bank: Quantification of seed survival, dormancy, germination and pre-emergence growth. European Journal of Agronomy 24, 19–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shearin, A.F., Reberg-Horton, S.C. and Gallandt, E.R. (2008) Cover crop effects on the activity-density of the weed seed predator Harpalus rufipes (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Weed Science 56, 442–450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, C.A., Shaw, D.R. and Newsom, L.J. (1992) Arrowleaf sida (Sida rhombifolia) and prickly sida (Sida spinosa): germination and emergence. Weed Research 32, 103–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teo-Sherrell, C.P.A., Mortensen, D.A. and Keaton, M.E. (1996) Fates of weed seeds in soil: a seeded core method of study. Journal of Applied Ecology 33, 1107–1113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tooley, J. A. and Froud-Williams, R.J. (1999) Weed seed predation in arable field margins by carabid beetles (Carabidae:Coleoptera). Aspects of Applied Biology 54, 211–216.Google Scholar
Van Assche, J.A. and Vandelook, F.E.A. (2006) Germination ecology of eleven species of Geraniaceae and Malvaceae, with special reference to the effects of drying seeds. Seed Science Research 16, 283–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vander Wall, S.B., Kuhn, K.M. and Beck, M.J. (2005) Seed removal, seed predation and secondary dispersal. Ecology 86, 801–806.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Mourik, T.A., Stomph, T.J. and Murdoch, A.J. (2005) Why high seed densities within buried mesh bags may overestimate depletion rates of soil seed banks. Journal of Applied Ecology 42, 299–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, L. (1990) SYSTAT: the System for Statistics. Illinois, Systat, Inc.Google Scholar