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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 30 January 2009
If one may combine hypothesis and anachronism, I reckon that John Calvin would be highly uncomfortable in the pluralist society of the West at the end of the second Christian millennium. Even if we do not find him enunciating in so many words Zwingli's bold axiom that ‘a Christian city is none other than a Christian church’, nevertheless the central thrust of the reform in Geneva is clear – that the whole city be united in the honour and service of God. All children should be baptized, and no open dissent or defiance of the Christian order to which the city was corporately committed should go unchallenged. This, at any rate, is the conventional account of a fundamental platform of the Genevan Reformation, shared in large measure by Zūrich, Strasbourg and other cities, but not by Lutheran territories.
1 From his late (published 1531) exposition of Jeremiah (dedicated to Strasbourg), Huldreich Zwinglis Sämtliche Werke XIV (1959), 424Google Scholar; see Walton, R. C., Zwingli's Theocracy (Toronto, 1967), 169, 218.Google Scholar
2 Doumergue, E., Jean Calvin, Les hommes et les choses de son temps, vol, VII (Neuilly-sur-Seine, 1927), 84–88Google Scholar; Monter, E. W., Calvin's Geneva (New York, 1967), 133–134.Google Scholar
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7 On Haggai 1:2–4, CO XLIV, 85–6; ET by Owen, op. at., vol. IV, 325.
8 Deutsche Messe und Ordnung Gottesdiensts, WA [= Weimarer Ausgabe] 19, 72–113 at 75; ET by Thompson, Bard, Liturgies of the Western Church (Cleveland, 1962), 125–126 (altered).Google Scholar
9 Martin Luther. Shaping and Defining the Reformation 1521–1532 (Minneapolis, 1990), 255Google Scholar. For earlier and later intimations of the same ideal in Luther, see Bellardi, op. cit. (n. 10 below), 109; cf. Bornkamm, H., Luther in Mid-Career 1521–1530 (London, 1983), 478–479.Google Scholar
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11 J. Kittelson, ‘Martin Bucer and the ministry of the church’, in Wright, op. cit., 83–94 at 89–94. Cf. also Brady, T. A. Jr., Ruling Class, Regime and Reformation at Strasbourg 1520–1555 (Studies in Medieval and Reformation Thought XXII; Leiden, 1978), 274Google Scholar on the subversiveness of this ‘clerically-led conventicle movement’.
12 Hammann, op. cit., 358–9.
13 Cited by Bellardi, op. cit., 26 from the 1553 edition of the Gospels commentary (cf. Hammann, op. cit., 361–2); Enarrationum in Evangelia… (Strasbourg, 1527)Google Scholar, liber II, ff. 214v–5r (most copies lack liber II).
14 D. F. Wright, ‘Infant baptism and the Christian community’, in Wright (ed.), op. cit., 95–106 at 106, 102.
15 Enarratio in Evangelion lohannis (1528, 1530, 1536), ed. Backus, I. (Martini Buceri Opera Latino, vol. II; Leiden, 1988), 77.Google Scholar
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17 Léonard, E. G., A History of Protestantism, vol. I: The Reformation (London, 1965), 113–114.Google Scholar
18 Cf. Bellardi, op. cit., 109–11.
19 I owe my knowledge of this correspondence to Oberman, ‘Europa afflicta…’ (n.5 above), 97–8.
20 Heinrich Bullinger Werke, Abteilung, Zweite: Briefwechsel, Bd. 2, ed. Gäbler, U. et al. (Zürich, 1982), 58–59, 63 (no. 70).Google Scholar
21 Ibid. 75 (no. 74).
22 Ibid. 78 (no. 75).
23 Ibid. 57 (no. 70).
24 Eire, C. M. N., War Against the Idols. The Reformation of Worship from Erasmus to Calvin (Cambridge, 1986), 260–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25 ‘Europa afflicta …’, 91, 110 (‘the program of the reformed counter-culture of the refugees’).
26 Cf. Pettegree, A., Foreign Protestant Communities in Sixteenth-Century London (Oxford, 1986)Google Scholar, and Emden and the Dutch Revolt. Exile and the Development of Reformed Protestantism (Oxford, 1992).Google Scholar
27 Ed. Fraenkel, P., Martini Buceri Opera Latina, vol. IV (Leiden, 1988)Google Scholar. Ginzburg, Carlo, in II Nicodemismo: Simulazione e dissimulazione religiosa nell’ Europa del ′500 (Turin, 1970)Google Scholar, regarded a partial unsigned copy of this Consilium as the work of Capito; see Matheson, P., ‘Martyrdom or Mission? A Protestant Debate’, Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte 80 (1989), 154–172Google Scholar at 159–62.
28 CO V, 239–78; ET by Beveridge, H. in Tracts and Treatises, vol. III (Edinburgh, 1851), 359–411.Google Scholar
29 Ed. Fraenkel, 13 (3.49), 69 (29:306), 93 (42:375).
30 Ibid. 5 (1:1–6).
31 Ibid. 10 (2:37).
32 Ibid. 157 (66:698).
33 De Fugiendis …, CO V, 260; ET Beveridge, vol. III, 388. Cf. Higman, F., ‘;Bucer et les nicodémites’, in Krieger, C. and Lienhard, M. (eds), Martin Bucer and Sixteenth Century Europe. Actesdu collogue de Strasbourg (28–31 août 1991) (Studies in Medieval and Reformation Thought, LII; Leiden, 1993), vol. II, 645–658Google Scholar at 648, 650.
34 ‘Sur le principe central – que 1’ Eglise papistique est une vraie Eglise – il faut dire que Bucer est clair, net et cohérent, tandis que Calvin est évasif; Higman, art. cit., 649.
35 CO V, 245; ET Beveridge, vol. III, 367.
36 Eire, op. cit., 266–7.
37 Ed. Fraenkel, 5–6 (1:7–8).
38 Ibid. 8 (2:19). See Higman, art. cit., 650, and Matheson, art. cit., 156–7, 159, 169–70, on the importance of the theme of vocation.
39 De Fugiendis…, CO V, 273; ET Beveridge, vol. III, 405–6.
40 Martini Buceri Consilium, CO VI, 625. Bucer is throughout this (625–6) preoccupied with ‘winning, gaining’ Catholics. For (slightly differing) accounts of the genesis of this Consilium, see Eire, op. cit., 245–7, and Higman, art. cit., 652–3. Eire, 247 n. 51, wrongly asserts that Bucer was supporting Calvin. As Higman shows, his position had not changed in its essentials from 1540. See further for a comparison of Bucer's, Calvin's and others' views on the mass in this context, Pollet, J. V., Martin Bucer. Etudes sur les relations de Bucer avec Les Pays-Bas, L'Electorat de Cologne et L'Allemagne du Nord (Studies in Medieval and Reformation Thought XXXIII; Leiden, 1985), vol. I, 293–320.Google Scholar
41 Ed. Fraenkel, 166 (69:761). Passages like this one strengthen Higman's suggestion, art. cit., 647 n. 5, that the Consilium may have been written for a Catholic priest now committed to reform.
42 De Fugiendis …, CO V, 264–5; ET Beveridge, vol. III, 393–4. Cf. Eire, op. cit., 256–7.
43 Ed. Fraenkel, 132–3 (56:549).
44 Calvin's Old Testament Commentaries (Edinburgh, 1986), 184–187.Google Scholar
45 CO XLIII, 505; ET by Owen, , Minor Prophets, vol. IV, 34–35.Google Scholar
46 CO XLIII, 429–30; ET by Owen, , Minor Prophets, vol. III, 402.Google Scholar
47 CO XXXVIII, 404; ET by Owen, John, Jeremiah (Edinburgh, 1854), vol. III, 132.Google Scholar
48 CO XXXIX, 202; ET by Owen, , Jeremiah, vol. IV, 453.Google Scholar
49 CO XXXVIII, 652; ET by Owen, , Jeremiah, vol. IV, 69.Google Scholar
50 John Calvin and the Church. A Prism of Reform (Louisville, KY, 1990), 96–117.Google Scholar
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52 Ibid. 114.
53 ‘Europe afflicta…’ (art. cit.), 109.
54 Ibid. 110. For the place of the suffering minority in the Marian exiles' notions of ‘the true church’, see Dawson's, J. E. A. essay on ‘The Apocalyptic Thinking of the Marian Exiles’, in Wilks, M. (ed.), Prophecy and Eschatology (Studies in Church History: Subsidia X, Oxford, 1994).Google Scholar