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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 February 2009
The date, nature and significance of the Last Supper has long been a living issue in biblical scholarship, but the issues have taken on a new importance in recent years, due mainly to some of the writings of Mile A. Jaubert,1 who has been working on the Dead Sea Scrolls and whose discoveries go further towards the solution of this problem than anything previously discovered. It is unfortunate, however, that her writings have not been translated into English and have therefore not been widely noticed in this country.2 What we propose to do in this paper is first, to outline again the problem, drawing attention to the main contributions that have been made in recent years; second, to estimate the significance of the problem; and third, to summarise the contribution made by Mlle Jaubert.
page 256 note 1 ‘La date de la dernière Cène’, in Revue de l'histoire des Religions, cxlvi (1954), 140ff, and La Date de la CèneGoogle Scholar.
page 256 note 2 For a review of her arguments, cf. Jeremias, J., J.T.S., 10 (1959), 131ffGoogle Scholar, and for an English summary cf. Black, M., ‘The Arrest and Trial of Jesus and the Date of the Last Supper’, in New Testament Essays. Studies in Memory of T. W. Manson, 19ffGoogle Scholar.
page 256 note 3 The Gospel According to St. Mark, 664–7.
page 256 note 4 The Lord's Supper in the New Testament, 13–23.
page 256 note 5 Die Abendmahlsworte Jesu, E.T. The Eucharistic Words of Jesus.
page 257 note 1 These and other points are listed in Taylor, V., The Gospel According to St. Mark, 666Google Scholar, and answers to some of them are provided in A. J. B. Higgins, op. cit., 17ff.
page 257 note 2 H. H. Rowley (The Re-discovery of the Old Testament, 213) says there is no reason at all to account for the Synoptists' interpretation if it were unhistorical, and Higgins, A. J. B., in a recent re-assessment of the situation (‘The Origins of the Eucharist’, in N.T.S., 1 (1954–1955), 200–209), is confirmed in his previous acceptance of the Synoptic picture partly on these groundsGoogle Scholar.
page 257 note 3 Box, G. H. (‘The Jewish Antecedents of the Eucharist’, in J.T.S., 3 (1902), 357–369)Google Scholar argued that it was a sabbath kiddush and Oesterley, W. O. E. (The Jewish Background of the Christian Liturgy, 167ff)Google Scholar that it was a Passover kiddush.
page 258 note 1 In a review of Dix, G., The Shape of the Liturgy, in J.T.S., 47 (1946), 108Google Scholar.
page 258 note 2 ‘Le dernier repas de Jésus fut-il un repas pascal?’ in Theologische Zeitschrift, iv (1948), 81–101Google Scholar.
page 258 note 3 The Life and Ministry of Jesus, 190ff; Jesus and His Sacrifice, 114ff.
page 258 note 4 op. cit., 16.
page 258 note 5 An Approach to the Theology of the Sacraments, 47c For a criticism of this argument, see Higgins, A. J. B. in S.J.T., 10 (1957), 210Google Scholar.
page 258 note 6 ‘The Last Supper’, in E.T., lxiv (1952–1953), 4–8Google Scholar.
page 258 note 7 English translation by Brooks, E. W., The Book of Joseph and Asenath (S.P.C.K.)Google Scholar.
page 258 note 8 ‘The Last Supper’, in E.T., lxiv (1952–1953), 91–92Google Scholar.
page 259 note 1 Jeremias, J. (‘The Last Supper’, in J.T.S. (1949), 50, 1–10)Google Scholar and V. Taylor (The Gospel According to St. Mark, 665) refer to Billerbeck's argument about the discrepancy between Pharisaic and Sadducaic calendars and to the difficulty in determining the first day of the month.
page 259 note 2 Taylor, V., The Life and Ministry of Jesus, 19offGoogle Scholar. Higgins, A. J. B. (‘The Origins of the Eucharist’, in N.T.S., 1 (1954–1955), 200–209)Google Scholar has more recently re-examined the relationships between John and the Synoptics, and also the alternative explanations of the nature of the meal that have been offered, but still reaffirms his previous position.
page 259 note 3 The Re-discovery of the Old Testament, 213.
page 259 note 4 The Work and Words of Jesus, 116.
page 259 note 5 ‘Thank’, in Richardson, A. (ed.), A Theological Word Book of the Bible, 255Google Scholar.
page 260 note 1 Le Sacrement de la Sainte Cène, 14 (quoted by Rowley, H. H., The Unity of the Bible, 112n)Google Scholar.
page 260 note 2 Jesus and His Sacrifice, 114ff, 181. Cf. Taylor, F. J., ‘Passover’, in Richardson, A. (ed.), op. cit., 163fGoogle Scholar.
page 260 note 3 Jeremias, ‘J., “The Parables of Jesus” and “The Eucharistic Words of Jesus”’ in E.T., lxvi (1954–1955). 46–50Google Scholar.
page 260 note 4 ‘The Last Supper’, in J.T.S., 50 (1949), 7Google Scholar.
page 261 note 1 J. Jeremias, op. cit., 7.
page 261 note 2 For the attitude of Christ to the Old Testament, see C. H. Dodd, The Old Testament in the New and Thomson, J. G. S. S., ‘Christ and the Old Testament’, in E.T., lxvii (1955–1956), 18ffGoogle Scholar.
page 261 note 3 Introducing New Testament Theology, 20ff, 36.
page 261 note 4 op. cit., 163f.
page 261 note 5 op. cit., 41ff.
page 262 note 1 Higgins, A. J. B., in a review (S.J.T., 10 (1957), 210)Google Scholar, regrets that Clark makes no more of this idea.
page 262 note 2 The Re-discovery of the Old Testament, 213.
page 262 note 3 op, cit., 29ff. Cf. J. Jeremias, op. cit., 7.
page 263 note 1 ‘“Do This in Remembrance of Me” (1 Cor. 11.24)’, in J.B.L., lxxvi (1957), 293–298Google Scholar.
page 264 note 1 op. cit., 49ff.
page 264 note 2 Cf. Jaubert, A., ‘La date de la dernière Cène’, in Revue de l'histoire des Religions, cxlvi (1954), 140–173CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Also Vogt, E., ‘Antiquum Kalendarium Sacerdotale’ and ‘Dies Ultimae Coenae Domini’, in Biblica, 36 (1955), 403–408Google Scholar, 408–13, and Walther, J. A., ‘The Chronology of Passion Week’, in J.B.L., lxxvii (1958), 116–122Google Scholar.
page 265 note 1 Saalschutz, , Das Mosaische Recht (Berlin, 1853)Google Scholar.
page 265 note 2 op. cit., 26.
page 265 note 3 loc. cit.
page 265 note 4 Ed. R. H. Connolly (Oxford, 1929).
page 266 note 1 ‘Le calendrier des Jubilés et de la Secte de Qumrân. Ses Origines Bibliques’, in V.T., 3 (1953), 250–264Google Scholar.
page 266 note 2 ‘Le calendrier des Jubilés et les jours liturgiques de la semaine’, in V. T., 7 (1957). 35ffGoogle Scholar.
page 266 note 3 Ten Tears of Discovery in the Desert ofjudah.
page 266 note 4 ‘The Calendar of the Book of Jubilees, its Origin and its Character’, in V.T., 5 (1955), 34–76Google Scholar.
page 267 note 1 op. cit., 64f.
page 267 note 2 loc. cit.
page 267 note 3 This point has been challenged by Leach, E. R. (‘A Possible Method of Intercalation for the Calendar of the Book of Jubilees’, in V.T., 7 (1957), 392–397)Google Scholar, who propounds a method of intercalation whereby this calendar may in fact have been a practical one and not simply a religious fiction.
page 268 note 1 Skehan, P. W., ‘The Date of the Last Supper’, in C.B.Q., 20 (1958), 192–199Google Scholar.
page 268 note 2 Cf. M. Black, op. cit., 19ff.
page 269 note 1 J.T.S., 10(1959), 131ff.
page 269 note 2 La Dalt de la Cène.
page 269 note 3 Since the above article was written Mile Jaubert has replied to some of her critics in ‘Jesus et le calendrier de Qumran’, in N.T.S., 7 (1960–1961), 1–30Google Scholar.