Continental Patterns and the Reformation in England and Scotland

George Yule

doi:10.1017/S0036930600055964

Continental Patterns and the Reformation in England and Scotland

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 February 2009

George Yule

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The Reformed churches have frequently regarded the Reformation in ways that are contradictory but without seeing the contradictions. On the one hand the Reformation is assumed to be the common and binding heritage of Fundamentalists, the various Presbyterian churches throughout the world, the Southern Baptists, the Taizé Community, even the avant garde of the Second Vatican Council and BonhoefFer's ‘Protestants without a Reformation’. ‘Justification by faith’, ‘the priesthood of all believers’, ‘the Bible alone’ and often ‘no Bishops’ are catchwords, said to be common to all, and somehow entailing each other.

Type: Research Article
Information: Scottish Journal of Theology , Volume 22 , Issue 3 , September 1969 , pp. 305 - 323

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0036930600055964 [Opens in a new window]
Copyright: Copyright © Scottish Journal of Theology Ltd 1969

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^{page 305 note 1} Rupp, E. G., ‘Patterns of Salvation in the first age of the Reformation’, in Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte, 1966, pp. 52ffGoogle Scholar. I am much indebted to this essay.

^{page 306 note 1} Quoted in H. A. Oberman, Forerunners of the Reformation, 297.

^{page 306 note 2} Quoted Rupp, op. cit., 55.

^{page 306 note 3} Quoted Aldridge, J. W., The Hermeneutic of Erasmus (Richmond, Virginia, 1966), 91.Google Scholar

^{page 306 note 4} ibid., 41.

^{page 306 note 5} ibid., 39.

^{page 307 note 1} ibid., 42.

^{page 307 note 2} Quoted in Garside, C., Zwingli and the Arts (Yale University Press, 1966), 34.Google Scholar

^{page 307 note 3} Quoted Rupp, E. G., ‘Luther and Zwingli’ in Luther Today (Luther College Press, Iowa, 1957), 153.Google Scholar

^{page 307 note 4} Quoted C. Garside, op. cit., 36.

^{page 307 note 5} J. W. Aldridge, The Hermeneutic of Erasmus, 41; Zwingli and Bullinger, ed. G. W. Bromily (L.C.C.), 39; Richardson, G. C., Zwingli and Cranmer on the Eucharist (Evanston, 1949), pp. 11ffGoogle Scholar; McLelland, J. C., ‘Lutheran-Reformed debate on The Eucharist Christology’, in Marburg Revisited, ed. Empie, P. C. and McGord, J. I., 1966.Google Scholar

^{page 308 note 1} Zwingli, Sixty-seven Articles of 1523, article 44.

^{page 308 note 2} Quoted, Garside, op. cit., 43.

^{page 308 note 3} Quoted, Garside, op. cit., 45.

^{page 308 note 4} Quoted, Garside, op. cit., 54.

^{page 309 note 1} Locher, G. W., ‘The Change in the Understanding of Zwingli in Recent Research’, in Church History, March 1965, 11.Google Scholar

^{page 309 note 2} ibid., p. 10.

^{page 309 note 3} Zwingli inserted this text in the heart of his liturgy.

^{page 309 note 4} Luther, Commentary of Epistle to the Romans, 7.6 (L.C.C. edition, p. 199).

^{page 310 note 1} Luther, ‘Formula of the Mass’, Works (Philadelphia edition), VI.92.

^{page 310 note 2} ibid., 93.

^{page 310 note 3} Luther, Eight Sermons at Wittenburg, 1522 (American edition), vol. 51, 74.

^{page 310 note 4} ibid., 89.

^{page 310 note 5} Rupp, ‘Patterns of Salvation,’ op. cit., 62.

^{page 310 note 6} Calvin, Preface to the Commentary of St. Paul to the Colossians, quoted T. H. L. Parker, Portrait of Calvin, 62.

^{page 311 note 1} Wendel, F., Calvin (London, 1963), 131Google Scholar. The 1536 edition of the Institutes reproduces the order and content of Luther's Little Catechism.

^{page 311 note 2} Institutes, IV. 10.32.

^{page 311 note 3} Institutes, IV. 10.14.

^{page 312 note 1} Cranmer, Works (Parker Society), II, 132.

^{page 312 note 2} ibid.

^{page 312 note 3} T. F. Torrance, ‘Justification in Doctrine and Life’, in Theology in Reconstruction, pp. 150ff.

^{page 312 note 4} See especially articles 1, 2 and 4 of the ‘Thirty-nine Articles’.

^{page 312 note 5} For these generalisations see Allison, C. F., The Rise of Moralism (London, 1966)Google Scholar, and Hall, B., ‘Calvin Against the Calvinists’, in John Calvin, ed. Duffield, G. E. (Grand Rapids, 1966)Google Scholar. I am indebted to this essay.

^{page 313 note 1} Quoted in G. Donaldson, The Making of the Scottish Prayer Book of 1637, 15.

^{page 313 note 2} Quoted J. Lorimer, John Knox and The Church of England, 234.

^{page 313 note 3} Letters, ed. Bonnell, vol. III.13, March 1554.

^{page 313 note 4} Institutes, IV.1.12.

^{page 314 note 1} W. Niesel, The Theology of Calvin, 200.

^{page 314 note 2} Letters, III.104.

^{page 314 note 3} T. F. Torrance, Introduction to Calvin's Tracts and Treatises, 1.

^{page 314 note 4} Calvin sent Knox a copy of a Lasco's Church order with its office of Superintendent presumable as a model. For the various analogies with other reformed models and suggestions, see G. Donaldson, The Scottish Reformation, particularly pp. III-16.

^{page 314 note 5} In his letters to Cranmer and Edward VI, Calvin nowhere attacks the government of the Church of England as un-Christian. Bucer's writings on the subject would point to something like a bishop in Presbytery. See Collinson, Patrick, The Elizabethan Puritan Movement (London, 1967), pp. 103, 159–60.Google Scholar

^{page 314 note 6} Collinson, Patrick, ‘Episcopacy and Reform in England in the Later Sixteenth Century’, in Studies in Church History, vol. iii, ed. Cuming, G. J. (1966), 100.Google Scholar

^{page 315 note 1} Strype, J., Ecclesiastical Memorials (Oxford, 1833), II.ii.141.Google Scholar

^{page 315 note 2} ibid., 142.

^{page 315 note 3} Zürich Letters (Parker Society), I.142.

^{page 315 note 4} ibid., I.23.

^{page 315 note 5} Parker, Correspondence (Parker Society), p. 65.

^{page 316 note 1} W. M. S. West, ‘John Hooper and the Origins of English Puritanism’, in The Baptist Quarterly, XV.353–4

^{page 316 note 2} Janet Macgregor, The Scottish Presbyterian Polity, pp. 53–54. (The author's comments in this section should be modified in the light of Dr West's article.) Patrick Collinson, The Elizabethan Puritan Movement, pp. 168ff.

^{page 316 note 3} Strype, J., Annals of the Reformation (Oxford, 1824), II.i.472.Google Scholar

^{page 316 note 4} Quoted from Lambeth Palace MS., by Collinson, Patrick, ‘Episcopacy and Reform in England in the Later Sixteenth Century’, in Studies in Church History, ed. Cuming, G. J., III, 1966.Google Scholar

^{page 316 note 5} The Elizabethan Puritan Movement, Part Four. I am much indebted to this discussion.

^{page 317 note 1} Calderwood, History of the Kirk of Scotland, II.332ff.

^{page 317 note 2} ibid., VI.3.

^{page 317 note 3} Letters, II.330–3 (April 1552).

^{page 317 note 4} Row, , History of the Kirk of Scotland (Wodrow Society, 1842), 303–304.Google Scholar

^{page 317 note 5} Garside, ^{zwingli and the Arts}, 39ff, 141ff.

^{page 318 note 1} A. G. Dickens, The English Reformation, pp. 28gff.

^{page 318 note 2} Coverdale, Humphrey and Sampson to Viret and Beza, Zürich Letters (Parker Society), ii.121.

^{page 318 note 3} Crowley, Robert, ‘A Brief Discourse’, quoted in Primus, J. H., The Vestments Controversy (Kampen, 1960), 112Google Scholar. In particular Hooper held this point of view, ibid., pp. Igff.

^{page 318 note 4} The Seconde Parte of a Register, ed A. Peel, 1.148.

^{page 318 note 5} ibid. The italics mine. This line of thought went to extreme lengths in the Puritan Separatist congregation at Middleburg in the Netherlands, where Mrs Francis Johnson was arraigned for her dress, ‘First the wearing of a long busk after the fashion of the world contrary to Rom. 12.2, I Tim. 2.9 & 10…. Bodice tied to the peticoats with points as men do their doublets to their hose, contrary to 1 Thess. 5.22. Conferred with Deut. 22, 1 John 2.16.’ C. Burrage, Early English Dissenters, 1.160.

^{page 319 note 1} Puritan Manifestoes, Frere, W. H. and Douglas, G. E. (eds.) (1954), 54.Google Scholar

^{page 319 note 2} Parte of a Register (Middleburg, 1593), 530.Google Scholar

^{page 319 note 3} Hooker, Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity, III.x.8.

^{page 319 note 4} See above, p. 313.

^{page 319 note 6} Whitgift, Works (Parker Society), I.250.1.

^{page 320 note 1} See the brilliant discussion of this changing Puritan emphasis in Patrick Collinson, The Elizabethan Puritan Movement. He shows that the central stream in the Church of England was for moderate reform under a reformed pastoral episcopate, and that under Grindal this position had every hope of binding the Church together. But the Queen's dismissal of Grindal wrecked this hope. Whitgift embarked on a repressive and more Erastian policy with the result that the Presbyterian Puritans could now persuade the non-Presbyterian Puritans, who formed the big majority, that the only way to get reform was by means of a Presbyterian polity.

^{page 320 note 2} Yule, G., The Independents in the English Civil War (Cambridge, 1958), 11, 12.Google Scholar

^{page 320 note 3} See Collinson, op. cit., 107.

^{page 320 note 4} Quoted Collinson, op. cit., 108.

^{page 320 note 5} G. Yule, ‘The Puritans’, in Service in Christ, Essays presented to Karl Barth on his 80th birthday, ed. J. I. McCord and T. H. L. Parker, pp. 25–26.

^{page 321 note 1} G. Donaldson, The Scottish Reformation, p. 167.

^{page 321 note 2} When they came to discuss the Form of Church Government, ‘we met in the Committee and the business we did was to collect all the texts where mention of any church officers is’, Lightfoot, ‘Journal of Proceedings of Assembly of Divines’, Works (London, 1824), XIII, 21Google Scholar. In the Form of Church Government, note particularly the difficulty of getting proof texts for the setting up of Presbyteries, the casual attention given to ‘Deacons’, and the way the proof text to see that ministers are moderators of Church sessions is bolstered up by an appeal to expediency.

^{page 321 note 3} Kirby, E. W., ‘The English Presbyterians in the Westminster Assembly’, in Church History, Dec. 1964, pp. 423–424.Google Scholar

^{page 321 note 4} Baillie, Letters & Journal, ii.282.

^{page 322 note 1} T. F. Torrance, The School of Faith, p. cxl.

^{page 322 note 2} C. F. Allison, The Rise of Moralism, pp. 194ff.

^{page 323 note 1} The Knowledge of God & The Service of God, 46.

^{page 323 note 2} Quoted by Bolton, Samuel, The Arraignment of Error (Thomson Tracts, British Museum, Jan. 1645 E 318), p. 351.Google Scholar

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