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Between Spectacle and Science: Margaret Murray and the Tomb of the Two Brothers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 October 2012

Kathleen L. Sheppard
Kathleen L. Sheppard*
Affiliation:
Missouri University of Science and Technology E-mail: [email protected]
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Argument

This article explores the history of mummy unwrappings in the West, culminating in Margaret Murray's public unrolling of two mummies in Manchester in 1908. Mummy unwrappings as a practice have shifted often between public spectacles which displayed and objectified exotic artifacts, and scientific investigations which sought to reveal medical and historical information about ancient life. Although others have looked at Murray's work in the context of the history of mummy studies, I argue that her work should be viewed culturally as poised between spectacle and science, drawing morbid public interest while also producing ground-breaking scientific work that continues to this day. Murray's main goal was to excite the interest of the public while at the same time educating them in the true history of ancient Egypt, while ascertaining new scientific information and contributing to the scholarly interpretations of ancient Egypt.

Type
Research Article
Information
Science in Context , Volume 25 , Issue 4 , December 2012 , pp. 525 - 549
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012

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References

References

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1908. “4,500-Year-Old Mummy to be ‘Unrolled’ in Manchester.” Manchester Evening Chronicle, 4 May.Google Scholar
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1908. “Unrolling a Mummy, Novel Ceremony in Manchester.” Manchester Evening News, 7 May.Google Scholar
1908. “Khnumu Nekht.” Evening Chronicle, 8 May.Google Scholar
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1908. “Unrolling a Mummy, Scene in Manchester, ‘In the days of Jacob’.” Manchester Courier, 8 May.Google Scholar
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1908. “A Protest against Desecration of Graves.” Daily Dispatch, 9 May.Google Scholar
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Alberti, Samuel J. M. M. 2007. “The Museum Affect: Visiting Collections of Anatomy and Natural History.” In Science in the Marketplace: Nineteenth-Century Sites and Experiences, edited by Fyfe, Aileen and Lightman, Bernard, 371–403. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Allen, Grant. 1884. “My New Year's Eve Among the Mummies.” In Strange Stories, Allen, Grant. London: Chatto and Windus, Piccadilly.Google Scholar
Altick, Richard. 1978. The Shows of London: A Panorama History of Exhibitions, 1600–1862. Cambridge MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Ashton, Sally Ann. 2004. Roman Egyptomania. London: Golden House Publications.Google Scholar
Aufderheide, Arthur C. 2003. The Scientific Study of Mummies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bernstein, Matthew, and Studlar, Gaylyn, eds. 1997. Visions of the East: Orientalism in Film. New Brunswick NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
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Bucaille, Maurice. 1990. Mummies of the Pharaohs: Modern Medical Investigations. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
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Fox, Thomas W. 1910. “Report on the Textile Fabrics.” In The Tomb of the Two Brothers, edited by Murray, Margaret A., 65–71. Manchester: Sherratt & Hughes.Google Scholar
Freund, Karl (director). 1932. The Mummy. Hollywood: Universal Pictures.Google Scholar
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Hadley, John. 1764. “An Account of a Mummy, Inspected at London 1763. In a Letter to William Heberden, M.D.F.R.S.” The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 54:1–14.Google Scholar
Hoyle, W. M. 1910. “Preface.” In The Tomb of the Two Brothers, edited by Murray, Margaret A.. Manchester: Sherratt & Hughes.Google Scholar
Hübner, Julius. 1910. “The Colouring Matter of the Mummy Cloths.” In The Tomb of the Two Brothers, edited by Murray, Margaret A., 72–79. Manchester: Sherratt & Hughes.Google Scholar
Ikram, Salima, ed. 2005. Divine Creatures: Animal Mummies in Ancient Egypt. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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1908. “Mummy of Khnumu Nekht of the XII Dynasty (About 2500 B.C.).” Manchester Guardian, 7 May.Google Scholar
1908. “Unrolling a Mummy, Novel Ceremony in Manchester.” Manchester Evening News, 7 May.Google Scholar
1908. “Khnumu Nekht.” Evening Chronicle, 8 May.Google Scholar
1908. “Lady Egyptologist Unwraps a Mummy 4,400 Years Old!” Daily Mirror, 8 May.Google Scholar
1908. “Unrolling a Mummy, Scene in Manchester, ‘In the days of Jacob’.” Manchester Courier, 8 May.Google Scholar
1908. “Unrolling the Mummy: or, Very Old Age Pensions.” Daily Dispatch, 8 May.Google Scholar
1908. “A Protest against Desecration of Graves.” Daily Dispatch, 9 May.Google Scholar
1911. “Manchester Museum Extension, Treasures of the Tombs, A Wonderful Collection.” Manchester Evening Chronicle, 28 March.Google Scholar
1912. “At the Back of Time, Civilisation before History, Egypt in Manchester.” Manchester Courier, 9 October.Google Scholar
Abdel-Hakim, Sahar Sobhi. 2002. “Silent Travellers, Articulate Mummies. ‘Mummy Pettigrew’ and the Discourse of the Dead.” In Egypt Through the Eyes of Travellers, edited by Starkey, Paul and El Kholy, Nadia, 121–148. Oxford: ASTENE.Google Scholar
Alberti, Samuel J. M. M. 2003. “Conversaziones and the Experience of Science in Victorian England.” Journal of Victorian Culture 8:208–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alberti, Samuel J. M. M. 2007. “The Museum Affect: Visiting Collections of Anatomy and Natural History.” In Science in the Marketplace: Nineteenth-Century Sites and Experiences, edited by Fyfe, Aileen and Lightman, Bernard, 371–403. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Allen, Grant. 1884. “My New Year's Eve Among the Mummies.” In Strange Stories, Allen, Grant. London: Chatto and Windus, Piccadilly.Google Scholar
Altick, Richard. 1978. The Shows of London: A Panorama History of Exhibitions, 1600–1862. Cambridge MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Ashton, Sally Ann. 2004. Roman Egyptomania. London: Golden House Publications.Google Scholar
Aufderheide, Arthur C. 2003. The Scientific Study of Mummies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bernstein, Matthew, and Studlar, Gaylyn, eds. 1997. Visions of the East: Orientalism in Film. New Brunswick NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Brown, Iain Gordon. 2002. “The Affair of Lord Morton's Mummy.” In Egypt Through the Eyes of Travellers, edited by Starkey, Paul and El Kholy, Nadia, 95–120. Oxford: ASTENE.Google Scholar
Bucaille, Maurice. 1990. Mummies of the Pharaohs: Modern Medical Investigations. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Burleigh, Nina. 2007. Mirage: Napoleon's Scientists and the Unveiling of Egypt. New York: Harper.Google Scholar
Cameron, John. 1910. “The Anatomy of the Mummies.” In The Tomb of the Two Brothers, edited by Margaret, A. Murray, 33–47. Manchester: Sherratt & Hughes.Google Scholar
Colla, Elliot. 2007. Conflicted Antiquities: Egyptology, Egyptomania, Egyptian Modernity. Durham NC: Duke University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, Getzel M., and Joukowsky, Martha Sharp, eds. 2004. Breaking Ground: Pioneering Women Archaeologists. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curran, Brian A. 2003 “The Renaissance Afterlife of Ancient Egypt (1400–1650).” In The Wisdom of Egypt: Changing Visions Through the Ages, edited by Ucko, Peter and Champion, Timothy, 101–131. London: University College London Press.Google Scholar
Daly, Nicholas. 1994. “That Obscure Object of Desire: Victorian Commodity Culture and Fictions of the Mummy.” NOVEL: A Forum on Fiction 28 (1):24–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
David, Rosalie, ed. 1979. The Manchester Museum Mummy Project. Manchester: Manchester Museum.Google Scholar
David, Rosalie. 2000. The Experience of Ancient Egypt. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
David, Rosalie. 2007. The Two Brothers: Death and the Afterlife in Middle Kingdom Egypt. Bolton UK: Rutherford Press.Google Scholar
David, Rosalie. 2008a. Egyptian Mummies and Modern Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
David, Rosalie. 2008b. “The Background of the Manchester Mummy Project.” In Egyptian Mummies and Modern Science, edited by David, Rosalie, 3–9. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Day, Jasmine. 2006. The Mummy's Curse: Mummymania in the English-Speaking World. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Díaz-Andreu, Margarita. 2008. A World History of Nineteenth-Century Archaeology: Nationalism, Colonialism, and the Past. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Díaz-Andreu, Margarita, and Stig Sørensen, Marie Louise, eds. 1998. Excavating Women: A History of Women in European Archaeology. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Dixon, H. B. 1910. “Note on the Salt found with the Mummy of Nekht-Ankh.” In The Tomb of the Two Brothers, edited by Murray, Margaret A., 50. Manchester: Sherratt & Hughes.Google Scholar
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Drower, Margaret. [1985] 1995. Flinders Petrie: A Life in Archaeology. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Drower, Margaret. 2004. “Margaret Alice Murray (1863–1963).” In Breaking Ground: Pioneering Women Archaeologists, edited by Cohen, Getzel M. and Joukowsky, Martha Sharp, 109–141. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Dunand, Françoise, and Lichtenberg, Roger. [1998] 2006. Mummies and Death in Egypt. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Edwards, Amelia. 1891. A Thousand Miles up the Nile: A Woman's Journey among the Treasures of Ancient Egypt. London: George Routledge and Sons.Google Scholar
Fortin, Julia. 2004. “Brides of the Fantastic: Gautier's ‘Le Pied de Momie’ and Hoffmann's ‘Der Sandmann’.” Comparative Literature Studies 41 (2):257–275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, Thomas W. 1910. “Report on the Textile Fabrics.” In The Tomb of the Two Brothers, edited by Murray, Margaret A., 65–71. Manchester: Sherratt & Hughes.Google Scholar
Freund, Karl (director). 1932. The Mummy. Hollywood: Universal Pictures.Google Scholar
Fyfe, Aileen, and Lightman, Bernard, eds. 2007a. Science in the Marketplace: Nineteenth-Century Sites and Experiences. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fyfe, Aileen, and Lightman, Bernard. 2007b. “Science in the Marketplace: An Introduction.” In Science in the Marketplace: Nineteenth-Century Sites and Experiences, edited by Fyfe, Aileen and Lightman, Bernard, 1–19. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gautier, Théophile. [1840] 1992. “Le Pied de Momie.” In L'Œuvre fantastique. Nouvelles, edited by Cruzet, Michel, 139–150. Paris: Bordas.Google Scholar
Gautier, Théophile. [1856] 1908. The Romance of a Mummy and Egypt. London: Collins.Google Scholar
Haas, Paul. 1910. “Report on the Inorganic Constituents.” In The Tomb of the Two Brothers, edited by Murray, Margaret A., 48–50. Manchester: Sherratt & Hughes.Google Scholar
Hadley, John. 1764. “An Account of a Mummy, Inspected at London 1763. In a Letter to William Heberden, M.D.F.R.S.” The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 54:1–14.Google Scholar
Hoyle, W. M. 1910. “Preface.” In The Tomb of the Two Brothers, edited by Murray, Margaret A.. Manchester: Sherratt & Hughes.Google Scholar
Hübner, Julius. 1910. “The Colouring Matter of the Mummy Cloths.” In The Tomb of the Two Brothers, edited by Murray, Margaret A., 72–79. Manchester: Sherratt & Hughes.Google Scholar
Ikram, Salima, ed. 2005. Divine Creatures: Animal Mummies in Ancient Egypt. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Irwin, Robert. 2006. Dangerous Knowledge: Orientalism and Its Discontents. New York: Overlook Press.Google Scholar
Janssen, Rosalind. 1992. The First Hundred Years: Egyptology at University College London, 1892–1992. London: University College London Press.Google Scholar
Jeffreys, David, ed. 2003. Views of Ancient Egypt since Napoleon Bonaparte: Imperialism, Colonialism, and Modern Appropriations. London: University College London Press.Google Scholar
Lane, Edward W. 1836. Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians. London: East-West Publications.Google Scholar
Lane, Edward W. 2003. An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians: The Definitive 1860 Edition. Edited by Thompson, Jason. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.Google Scholar
Lane Poole, Sophia. 1844–46. The Englishwoman in Egypt: Letters from Cairo, 3 vols. London: Charles Knight.Google Scholar
Lightman, Bernard, ed. 1997. Victorian Science in Context. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lightman, Bernard. 2007a. Victorian Popularizers of Science: Designing Nature for New Audiences. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lightman, Bernard. 2007b. “Lecturing in the Spatial Economy of Science.” In Science in the Marketplace: Nineteenth-Century Sites and Experiences, edited by Fyfe, Aileen and Lightman, Bernard, 97–132. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Linder, E. 1910. “Analysis of Mummy Dust of Khnumu-Nekht.” In The Tomb of the Two Brothers, edited by Murray, Margaret A., 50–53. Manchester: Sherratt & Hughes.Google Scholar
Livingstone, David. 2003. Putting Science in Its Place: Geographies of Scientific Knowledge. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Livingstone, David. 2010. “Keeping Knowledge in Site.” History of Education 39 (6):779–785.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loudon, Jane Webb. [1827] 1995. The Mummy! A Tale of the Twenty-Second Century. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Lupton, Carter. 2003. “‘Mummymania’ for the Masses – Is Egyptology Cursed by the Mummy's Curse?” In Consuming Ancient Egypt, edited by MacDonald, Sally and Rice, Michael, 23–46. London: University College London Press.Google Scholar
MacDonald, Sally, and Rice, Michael, eds. 2003. Consuming Ancient Egypt. London: University College London Press.Google Scholar
MacDonald, Sally, and Rice, Michael. 2003. “Introduction – Tea with a Mummy: The Consumer's View of Egypt's Immemorial Appeal.” In Consuming Ancient Egypt, edited by MacDonald, Sally and Rice, Michael, 1–22. London: University College London Press.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Timothy. [1988] 1991. Colonising Egypt. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moon, Brenda. 2006. More Usefully Employed: Amelia B. Edwards, Writer, Traveller and Campaigner for Ancient Egypt. London: Egypt Exploration Society.Google Scholar
Morus, Iwan Rhys. 2007. “‘More the Aspect of Magic than Anything Natural’: The Philosophy of Demonstration.” In Science in the Marketplace: Nineteenth-Century Sites and Experiences, edited by Fyfe, Aileen and Lightman, Bernard, 336–370. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Moser, Stephanie. 2006. Wondrous Curiosities: Ancient Egypt at the British Museum. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Murray, Margaret A., ed. 1910. The Tomb of the Two Brothers. Manchester: Sherratt & Hughes.Google Scholar
Murray, Margaret A. [1913] 1920. Ancient Egyptian Legends (The Wisdom of the East Series). London: John Murray.Google Scholar
Murray, Margaret A. 1914. Elementary Egyptian Grammar. London: Bernard Quaritch.Google Scholar
Murray, Margaret A. to Winifred Crompton, 25 April 1923. Manchester Museum Archives, Manchester, United Kingdom.Google Scholar
Murray, Margaret A. 1931. Egyptian Temples. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co.Google Scholar
Petrie, W. M. Flinders. 1904. Methods and Aims in Archaeology. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Petrie, W. M. Flinders. 1907. Gizeh and Rifeh. London: British School of Archaeology in Egypt.Google Scholar
Petrie, W. M. Flinders. [1932] 1969. Seventy Years in Archaeology. New York: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Pettigrew, Thomas Joseph. 1834. A History of Egyptian Mummies, and an Account of The Worship and Embalming of the Sacred Animals by The Egyptians; with Remarks on the Funeral Ceremonies of Different Nations, and Observations on the Mummies of the Canary Islands, of the Ancient Peruvians, Burman Priests, &c. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longman.Google Scholar
Rees, Joan. 1998. Amelia Edwards: Traveller, Novelist, and Egyptologist. London: Rubicon Press.Google Scholar
Reid, Donald Malcolm. 2002. Whose Pharaohs?: Archaeology, Museums, and Egyptian National Identity from Napoleon to World War I. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Said, Edward. [1979] 1994. Orientalism. New York: Vintage/Random House.Google Scholar
Sheppard, Kathleen L. 2010a. “Flinders Petrie and Eugenics at UCL.” Bulletin for the History of Archaeology 20.1:16–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheppard, Kathleen L. 2010b. “The Lady and the Looking Glass: Margaret Murray's Life in Archaeology.” Ph.D. diss., University of Oklahoma.Google Scholar
Sommers, Stephen (director). 1999. The Mummy. Hollywood: Universal Pictures, DVD.Google Scholar
Sommers, Stephen (director). 2001. The Mummy Returns. Hollywood: Universal Pictures, DVD.Google Scholar
Tait, John. 2003. “The Wisdom of Egypt: Classical Views.” In The Wisdom of Egypt: Changing Visions Through the Ages, edited by Ucko, Peter and Champion, Timothy, 23–37. London: University College London Press.Google Scholar
Taylor, John H. 1996. Unwrapping a Mummy: The Life, Death and Embalming of Horemkenesi. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
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