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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 February 2022
As the Battle of the Atlantic threatened Britain’s importation of food and forestry supplies, authorities intensified plans to rapidly increase domestic production. In Scotland, this was a herculean task in rural communities decimated by land clearances, economic depression, and population decline. Against the odds, the mobilisation of a range of workers enabled Scottish agriculture and forestry to make impressive gains in production, and significantly impacted Scotland’s ability to meet wartime production targets. This article examines the contributions of four diverse groups of labourers that toiled in Scottish fields and forests: compelled labourers, including conscientious objectors and prisoners of war; adult and child volunteers; women; and foreign lumberjacks from Canada, Newfoundland, and British Honduras. This original research supplements our knowledge of the British rural workforce during the Second World War, and raises the issue of wartime migration and its effects on rural communities.
1 Scottish Film Productions and GB Instructional for MoI and Scottish Department of Agriculture, Fighting Fields (1941), accessed via National Library of Scotland: Moving Image Archive <https://movingimage.nls.uk/film/0456>.
2 Scottish Film Productions, Fighting Fields.
3 R. J. Hammond, Food and Agriculture in Britain, 1939–45 (Stanford, CA, 1954); K. A. H. Murray, History of the Second World War: Agriculture (London, 1955); J. Martin, The Development of Modern Agriculture: British Farming since 1931 (Houndmills, UK, 2000).
4 Angus Calder, The People’s War: Britain, 1939–1945 (London, 1969), 231–2; Brian Short, The Battle of the Fields: Rural Community and Authority in Britain during the Second World War (Woodbridge, UK, 2014); B. Short, C. Watkins, W. Foot, P. Kinsman, The National Farm Survey, 1941–1943: State Surveillance and the Countryside in England and Wales in the Second World War (Wallingford, UK, 2000).
5 Geoffrey G. Field, Blood, Sweat, and Toil: Remaking the British Working Class, 1939–1945 (Oxford, UK, 2011); Emma Vickers, ‘“The forgotten army of the woods”: the Women’s Timber Corps during the Second World War’, The Agricultural History Review, 59:1 (2011), 101–12; Bob Powell and Nigel Westacott, The Womenʼs Land Army (Stroud, UK, 2009); N. Tyrer, They Fought in the Fields: The Women’s Land Army (London, 1999); Joanna Foat, Lumberjills: Britain’s Forgotten Army (Stroud, UK, 2019).
6 See chapter 2: ‘Digging for Victory’, in Linsey Robb, Men at Work: The Working Man in British Culture, 1939–45 (Cham, Switzerland, 2015); R. J. Moore-Colyer, ‘The call to the land: British and European adult voluntary farm labour, 1939–49’, Rural History, 17:1 (2006), 83–101, and R. J. Moore-Colyer, ‘Kids in the corn: school harvest camps and farm labour supply in England, 1940–1950’, The Agricultural History Review, 52:2 (2004), 183–206; Johann Custodis, ‘Employing the enemy: the contribution of German and Italian prisoners of war to British agriculture during and after the Second World War’, Agricultural History Review, 60:2 (2012), 243–65; Alan Malpass, British Character and the Treatment of German Prisoners of War, 1939–1948 (Cham, Switzerland, 2020).
7 See chapter 10: ‘Wartime Farming and State Control in Scotland and Northern Ireland’, of Brian Short, The Battle of the Fields: Rural Community and Authority in Britain during the Second World War (Woodbridge, UK, 2014), pp. 298–343; Brian Short, ‘Introduction’ in Kenneth Veitch, ed., A Farm Ledger from Glenquicken, Galloway: 1942–1947 (Edinburgh, UK, 2021); Ewen A. Cameron, ‘The Modernisation of Scottish Agriculture’, in T. M. Devine, C. H. Lee, G. C. Peden, The Transformation of Scotland: The Economy Since 1700 (Edinburgh, UK, 2005), pp. 184–207; Elaine M. Edwards, Scotland’s Land Girls: Breeches, Bombers and Backaches (Edinburgh, UK, 2010); Affleck Gray, Timber! Memories of Life in the Scottish Women’s Timber Corps, 1942–46 (Edinburgh, UK, 1998).
8 Trevor Royle, A Time of Tyrants: Scotland and the Second World War (Edinburgh, UK, 2019); Calder, The People’s War; T. M. Devine, The Scottish Nation: A Modern History (London, 2012 edn) – also known as The Scottish Nation: 1700–2007.
9 Hansard, House of Commons Debate (HC Deb), vol. 369, col. 928 (5th March 1941).
10 Ibid.
11 Hansard, HC Deb, vol. 350, col. 2144 (1st August 1939); Hansard, HC Deb, vol. 353, col. 278 (8th November 1939).
12 Vickers, ‘“The forgotten army of the woods”’, pp. 101, 104.
13 Hansard, HC Deb, vol. 356, cols 824–825 (25th January 1940).
14 Calder, The People’s War, p. 231.
15 Ibid., pp. 231–2.
16 R. J. Moore-Colyer, ‘The call to the land: British and European adult voluntary farm labour, 1939–49’, Rural History, 17:1 (2006), 83.
17 T. M. Devine, The Scottish Clearances: A History of the Dispossessed (Milton Keynes, UK, 2019), p. 1.
18 Ibid., p. 354.
19 Adam Collier, The Crofting Problem (London, 1953), pp. 128–9.
20 T. C. Smout, A Century of the Scottish People: 1850–1950 (London, 1986), p. 61.
21 T. M. Devine, The Scottish Nation: A Modern History (London, 2012 edn), p. 253.
22 Stephen McGinty, ‘Great War Worst for Scots Troops: “A Myth”’, The Scotsman, 10th August 2014 <https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/great-war-worst-scots-troops-myth-1529401> [1st May 2020]; Trevor Royle, ‘The First World War’, in Edward M. Spiers, Jeremy A. Crang, Matthew J. Strickland, eds, A Military History of Scotland (Edinburgh, UK, 2014), p. 530.
23 Women were conscripted into the auxiliary services and essential industries from December 1941.
24 Rachel Barker, Conscience, Government and War: Conscientious Objection in Britain, 1939–1945 (London, 1982), p. 145.
25 Mass Observation (M-O), File Report (FR) 312, Report on Conscientious Objectors, July 1940.
26 Barker, Conscience, Government and War, p. 121.
27 Figures gathered from ‘Appendix 3, Table 3(h)’, in Barker, Conscience, Government and War, p. 153.
28 Figures gathered from ‘Appendix 3, Table 3(g)’, in Barker, Conscience, Government and War, p. 152.
29 Ibid., p. 152. Figures for 1945 were not included in Barker’s table. For details of work orders, see reports of tribunal decisions in Scottish newspapers, for example ‘“New Contemptibles”: Sheriff’s Rebuke to C.O., Edinburgh Tribunal’, The Scotsman, 25th April 1940, p. 12.
30 Figures gathered from ‘Appendix 3, Table 3(g)’, in Barker, Conscience, Government and War, pp. 5, 116.
31 Tobias Kelly, ‘The potential for civility: British pacifists in the Second World War’, Anthropological Theory, 18:2–3 (2018), 206.
32 ‘“New Contemptibles”: Sheriff’s Rebuke to C.O., Edinburgh Tribunal’, p. 12; ‘No Military Service for Lismore Shepherd’, The Scotsman, 30th January 1940, p. 12.
33 ‘“New Contemptibles”: Sheriff’s Rebuke to C.O., Edinburgh Tribunal’, p. 12; ‘No Military Service for Lismore Shepherd’, p. 12.
34 M-O, FR 312, Report on Conscientious Objectors, p. 30.
35 Ibid., pp. 29–30.
36 Ibid.
37 ‘Conscientious Objectors’ Protest: Views of Medical Student and Farm Worker on Conditional Registration’, The Scotsman, 24th February 1940, p. 7; ‘“New Contemptibles”: Sheriff’s Rebuke to C.O.: Edinburgh Tribunal’, p. 12.
38 ‘Women C.O.s: First Edinburgh Appeals’, The Scotsman, 27th August 1942, p. 3.
39 M-O, Directive for June 1944, Respondent 3361 – WEB – Aberdeen.
40 M-O, Directives for November 1943, June 1944, and January 1945, Respondent 3361 – WEB – Aberdeen.
41 M-O, Directive for June 1944, Respondent 3361 – WEB – Aberdeen.
42 See ‘“New Contemptibles”: Sheriff’s Rebuke to C.O., Edinburgh Tribunal’, p. 12; M-O, Topic Collection 6: Conscientious Objectors. Letter to McNicoll, ‘Scotland: University Students and the War’, 22nd February 1940; M-O, FR 312: Report on Conscientious Objectors, July 1940.
43 Malpass, British Character, p. 5.
44 Alison Campsie, ‘Scotland and Italy Remember “Atrocious” Sinking of Arandora Star 80 Years On’, The Scotsman, 2nd July 2020 <https://www.scotsman.com/heritage-and-retro/heritage/scotland-and-italy-remember-atrocious-sinking-arandora-star-80-years-2902334>.
45 Malpass, British Character, pp. 5–6.
46 Royle, A Time of Tyrants, p. 246; ‘Farmers Must not Feed Prisoners of War’, The Scotsman, 13th July 1945, p. 6. There is some conflict over this number. In July 1945, the Secretary of State for Scotland provided these figures, reported in ‘Farmers Must not Feed Prisoners of War’, p. 6. In November 1945, the Minister of Agriculture told the House of Commons that there were nine thousand Italian POWs in Scotland, Hansard, HC Deb, vol. 416, col. 26, 19th November 1945.
47 ‘POW Camp Summary WWII’, Secret Scotland <https://www.secretscotland.org.uk/index.php/Secrets/PoWCampSummaryWWII> [14th September 2020].
48 ‘Italians Cause Fracas: Prisoners’ Swastika Emblem Rouses Scot to Action’, The Scotsman, 2nd October 1942, p. 3.
49 See National Records Scotland (NRS) HH55/34, PWD – Intelligence Reports, 9th October 1942: especially Kirkcaldy.
50 Douglas Williams, ‘Highland Division: Story of Gallant Action Along French Coast’, The Scotsman, 13th July 1940, p. 7.
51 The National Archives (TNA) INF 1/264, Home Intelligence (HI) Report No. 106, 15th October 1942; NRS HH55/34, PWD – Intelligence Reports, 9th October 1942.
52 ‘Agriculture: Italian Prisoners on Farm Work’, The Scotsman, 19th May 1943, p. 8.
53 ‘Agriculture: Italian P.o.W. Demanding Money’, The Scotsman, 1st August 1945, p. 3.
54 NRS HH55/37, PWD – Intelligence Reports, 16th July 1943: Berwickshire; NRS HH55/38, PWD – Intelligence Reports, 5th November 1943: Ayrshire.
55 NRS HH55/40, PWD – Intelligence Reports, 14th July 1944: Berwickshire.
56 NRS HH55/42, PWD – Intelligence Reports, July to September 1945: Fife.
57 Ibid.
58 See NRS HH55/42, PWD – Intelligence Reports: July to September 1945.
59 NRS HH55/42, PWD – Intelligence Reports, July to September 1945: Kirkcaldy, Berwickshire, Ayrshire, Greenock.
60 NRS HH55/42, PWD – Intelligence Reports, July to September 1945: Berwickshire, Kirkcaldy, Perthshire and Kinross-shire, Kincardineshire.
61 William Hamilton (A2904437), ‘Toys from POW’, via BBC WW2 People’s War <https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/37/a2904437.shtml> [6th May 2020]; see also Veitch, ed., A Farm Ledger from Glenquicken, Galloway: 1942–1947, pp. ii, xxix, xxx.
62 Unnamed Contributor (A2059364), ‘Halt! Who Goes There? Friend or Foe?’, via BBC WW2 People’s War <https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/64/a2059364.shtml> [6th May 2020].
63 ‘Farmers Must not Feed Prisoners of War’, p. 6.
64 TNA INF 1/292, HI Report No. 154, 16th September 1943.
65 Ibid.
66 Devine, The Scottish Nation, p. 491.
67 T. M. Devine, ‘Introduction’, in T. M. Devine, ed., Scotland’s Shame? Bigotry and Sectarianism in Modern Scotland (Edinburgh, UK, 2000), p. 7; Tom Gallagher, Glasgow: The Uneasy Peace: Religious Tension in Modern Scotland (Manchester, UK, 1987), p. 5.
68 Wendy Ugolini, ‘Memory, war and the Italians in Edinburgh: the role of communal myth’, National Identities, 8:4 (2006), 422, 429–30.
69 Moore-Colyer, ‘The call to the land’, p. 88.
70 Ibid., pp. 88, 90.
71 ‘Scottish Students “Go to It!”’, SMT Magazine and Scottish Country Life, October 1940, p. 9. See also Short, Battle of the Fields, p. 309.
72 Department of Agriculture for Scotland, Help with the Harvest, via Glasgow City Archives, ‘Official Government Posters’, date unknown <https://libcat.csglasgow.org/web/arena/official-government-posters>.
73 Moore-Colyer, ‘Kids in the corn’, pp. 184, 190.
74 ‘Guide Camping: Holidays at Home’, The Scotsman, 18th August 1944, p. 3.
75 NRS HH60/422, Children and Young Persons Juvenile Delinquency, ‘Scotland: Special Intelligence Report’.
76 ‘Harvest Work: “Flying Squad” of Boys in Lewis’, The Scotsman, 14th August 1942, p. 6.
77 NRS AF59/23/7, Children and Agricultural Work, ‘SED Summary of Impacts on Adjustment of School Holidays in 1941’.
78 Ibid.
79 Youth Takes a Bough!, SEFA Glasgow (1940), accessed via NLS Moving Image Archive <https://movingimage.nls.uk/film/3247>.
80 NRS HH60/425, Juvenile Delinquency During Wartime, ‘Deputation between Home Office and Joint Industrial Council of Women’s Organisations’, 5th August 1941.
81 NRS AF59/23/7, Children and Agricultural Work, ‘SED Summary of Impacts on Adjustment of School Holidays in 1941: Perth and Kinross’.
82 NRS AF59/23/7, Children and Agricultural Work, ‘SED Summary of Impacts on Adjustment of School Holidays in 1941: Fife’.
83 NRS AF59/23/7, Children and Agricultural Work, ‘SED Summary of Impacts on Adjustment of School Holidays in 1941: Appendix, Aberdeenshire’.
84 Ibid.
85 ‘Agricultural News: School Children in Farm Work’, Glasgow Herald, 21st January 1942, p. 2.
86 Ibid.
87 Ibid.
88 Ibid.
89 Moore-Colyer, ‘The call to the land’, p. 87.
90 Moore-Colyer, ‘Kids in the corn’, pp. 192–3.
91 Short, The Battle of the Fields, p. 307.
92 ‘All Children over 12 to Help with Scots Harvest’, Glasgow Herald, 30th January 1943.
93 Ibid.
94 ‘Home Front News’, SMT Magazine, October 1943, p. 9.
95 ‘Vital Harvest Days’, The Scotsman, 25th July 1945, p. 3.
96 Ibid.
97 Moore-Colyer, ‘The call to the land’, p. 91.
98 ‘Nothing Can Take the Place of Volunteers in a Crisis’, The Scotsman, 19th July 1945, p. 3.
99 Ibid.
100 Vickers, ‘“The forgotten army of the woods”’, p. 103.
101 Field, Blood, Sweat, and Toil, p. 168; Edwards, Scotland’s Land Girls, pp. 16, 24.
102 ‘Strain on Man-Power, Doubling the Land Army’, The Scotsman, 1st February 1943, p. 2.
103 Ibid.
104 Edwards, Scotland’s Land Girls, p. 21.
105 Scottish Film Productions, Fighting Fields; see NRS, Sheriff Court files, such as SC19/27/1944/4, Fatal Accident Inquiry, Margaret Toner, Land Girl.
106 NRS AF59/12/2, Women’s Land Army: Hostels, ‘Letter from Macintyre to McGlashan’, 24th March 1944; ‘Letter to Sorrell at Ministry of Works’, 19th November 1943.
107 NRS AF59/12/2, Women’s Land Army: Hostels, ‘Letter to Sorrell at Ministry of Works’, 5th November 1943.
108 NRS AF59/12/2, Women’s Land Army: Hostels, ‘Letter from YWCA Scottish Division’, 15th September 1943.
109 NRS AF59/245, WLA Personnel Files: Elizabeth Robson, 1940–1949, letter of 21st July 1941.
110 NRS AF59/245, ‘WLA: Elizabeth Robson’, letter of 7th October 1941.
111 NRS AF59/245, ‘WLA: Elizabeth Robson’, letters of 4th and 8th December 1941.
112 Interview with Mona McLeod via ‘Women’s Land Army & Timber Corps’, Women’s Land Army <womenslandarmy.co.uk/category/ww2-land-girls> [7th September 2020].
113 Sheila Watson, ‘To Be a Farmer’s Girl’, Glasgow Herald, 8th July 1940, p. 3.
114 ‘Women’s Land Army: Big Drive for Scottish Recruits’, The Scotsman, 24th February 1943, p. 6.
115 Ibid.
116 NRS AF59/245, ‘WLA: Elizabeth Robson’, memo of 4th May 1943.
117 NRS AF59/245, ‘WLA: Elizabeth Robson’, letter of 10th May 1943.
118 Field, Blood, Sweat, and Toil, pp. 171–2.
119 Edwards, Scotland’s Land Girls, p. 129.
120 Keith Kirby, ‘Review of Mairi Stewart, “Voices of the forest, a social history of Scottish forestry in the twentieth century”’, Northern Scotland, 8:1 (2017), 117.
121 Edwards, Scotland’s Land Girls, p. 9.
122 Ibid., p. 39.
123 ‘First Permanent Memorial to Women’s Land Army gets Royal Seal of Approval’, NFU Scotland, 9th October 2012 <https://www.nfus.org.uk/news/news/first-permanent-memorial-women-s-land-army-gets-royal-seal-approval>.
124 Murray Scougall, ‘“I Can’t Honestly Remember Spending a Massive Amount of Time Swinging on Gates and Waving My Hat in the Air”: Mona, 95, Says Sculpture is No Fitting Tribute to WWII’s Land Girls’, The Sunday Post, 19th February 2018 <https://www.sundaypost.com/fp/well-i-was-a-land-girl-and-i-dont-honestly-remember-spending-a-massive-amount-of-time-swinging-on-gates-and-waving-my-hat-in-the-air-well-i-was-one-of-the-land-girls-and-cant-hone/>.
125 Field, Blood, Sweat, and Toil, pp. 171–2.
126 David Sneddon, ‘Newfoundlanders in a Highland Forest During WWII’, Journal of Conflict Archaeology, 3:1 (2007), 239.
127 Joanna Foat, Lumberjills: Britain’s Forgotten Army (Stroud, UK, 2019), p. 28.
128 Vickers, ‘“The forgotten army of the woods”’, pp. 101, 104.
129 ‘Women’s Timber Corps’, Forestry and Land Scotland <https://forestryandland.gov.scot/learn/heritage/world-war-two/womens-timber-corps> [8th September 2020].
130 BBC, ‘The One Show: The Lumberjills’ <https://forestryandland.gov.scot/learn/heritage/world-war-two/womens-timber-corps> [8th September 2020].
131 Ibid.
132 Christian Auer, ‘108. Margaret Lynch, Women’s Land Army Timber Corps, 1943’, Scotland and the Scots, 1707–2007: A Reader (Strasbourg, France, 2013), pp. 322–4, accessed via OpenEdition Books <https://books.openedition.org/pus/10262?lang=en>.
133 Vickers, ‘“The forgotten army of the woods”’, p. 101; Kate Murphy Schaefer, ‘Land Girls and Lumber Jills’, Historic UK <https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/Land-Girls-and-Lumber-Jills/> [accessed 9th September 2020].
134 Foat, Lumberjills, pp. 53–4; Gray, Timber!, p. 170.
135 Foat, Lumberjills, p. 15.
136 Jolly Good Fellers, British Pathé (1942) <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lq6LhFzFMMI> [accessed 7th September 2020].
137 ‘Newfoundland Forestry Corps’, Newfoundland and Labrador in the First World War <https://www.heritage.nf.ca/first-world-war/articles/forestry-corps-en.php> [8th September 2020]
138 T. Curran, They Also Served: The Newfoundland Overseas Forestry Unit, 1939–1946 (Newfoundland, Can., 1987), p. 105.
139 Angela Forbes, ‘The British Empire and the War Effort: A Comparative Study of the Experiences of the British Honduran Forestry Unit and the Newfoundland Overseas Forestry Unit’ (MA dissertation, University of the Highlands and Islands, 2015), p. 5. Drew Scott, ‘Timber Corps’, East Lothian at War <http://www.eastlothianatwar.co.uk/ELAW/Timber_Corps.html> [7th May 2020].
140 ‘Newfoundlander Overseas Forestry Unit (NOFU)’, Forestry and Land Scotland <https://forestryandland.gov.scot/learn/heritage/world-war-two/newfoundlander-overseas-forestry-unit-nofu> [8th September 2020].
141 NRS HH55/36, PWD – Intelligence Reports, 29th January 1943: Moray and Nairn.
142 ‘Newfoundland Overseas Forestry Unit’, East Lothian at War <http://www.eastlothianatwar.co.uk/ELAW/Timber_Corps.html> [8th September 2020].
143 NLS MSS 3817, Home Guard Records, Historical Record of 3rd Inverness (Newfoundland Forestry) Battalion Home Guard.
144 See William C. Wonders, The ‘Sawdust Fusiliers’: The Canadian Forestry Corps in the Scottish Highlands in World War Two (Montreal, Can., 1991).
145 Forbes, ‘The British Empire and the War Effort’, p. 5.
146 IWM H 23592, ‘Canadian Forestry Corps’, 5th September 1942.
147 IWM, photograph H 13731, ‘King and Queen Inspect Canadian Forestry Corps’, 7th September 1941.
148 Ross Munro, ‘N.B. Soldiers with Canadian Forestry Corps in Scotland’, Telegraph-Journal, 4th June 1941.
149 Ibid.
150 Ibid.
151 Libraries and Archives Canada, RG24 vol. 16423, War Diary: No. 4 Company, Canadian Forestry Corps, 4th April 1945.
152 Ibid.
153 NRS HH55/29, PWD – Intelligence Reports, 15th August 1941: Ross and Cromarty; NRS HH55/34, PWD – Intelligence Reports, 11th September 1942: Inverness-shire, Ross and Cromarty.
154 NRS HH55/29, PWD – Intelligence Reports, 15th August 1941: Inverness-shire, Ross and Cromarty.
155 NRS HH55/36, PWD – Intelligence Reports, 23rd April 1943: Ross and Cromarty; NRS HH55/37, PWD – Intelligence Reports, 18th June 1943: Ross and Cromarty, Perth, Inverness Burgh; NRS HH55/39, PWD – Intelligence Reports, 18th to 28th January 1944: Moray and Nairn.
156 NRS HH55/37, PWD – Intelligence Reports, 18th June 1943: Ross and Cromarty.
157 Ibid.
158 Forbes, ‘The British Empire and the War Effort’, p. 6; ‘Empire Axmen for Scotland: British Honduras Lumberjacks’, Glasgow Herald, 23rd August 1941, p. 6.
159 Ibid.
160 Ibid.
161 TNA INF 1/293, HI Special Report: No. 34, 3rd December 1942, p. 1.
162 Ibid.
163 Ibid.
164 Ibid.
165 Ibid.
166 See Amos Ford, Telling the Truth: The Life and Times of the British Honduran Forestry Unit in Scotland, 1941–44 (London, 1985); Marika Sherwood, ‘“It is not a case of numbers”: a case study of institutional racism in Britain, 1941–43’, Immigrants and Minorities, 4:2 (1985); Marika Sherwood, The British Honduran Forestry Unit in Scotland, 1941–43 (London, 1982).
167 Forbes, ‘The British Empire and the War Effort’, pp. 24–5.
168 Ibid.
169 TNA INF 1/293, HI Special Report: No. 34, 3rd December 1942, p. 2.
170 Ibid., p. 1.
171 ‘British Honduran Forestry Unit’, East Lothian at War <http://www.eastlothianatwar.co.uk/ELAW/Timber_Corps.html> [11th September 2020].
172 ‘Empire Axmen for Scotland: British Honduras Lumberjacks’, p. 6; TNA INF 1/293, HI Special Report: No. 34, 3rd December 1942.
173 See also Ford, Telling the Truth.
174 TNA INF 1/293, HI Special Report: No. 34, 3rd December 1942, p. 2.
175 Ibid.
176 Ibid.
177 Ibid., p. 3.
178 Vicky Allan, ‘The Last Lumberjack’, The Herald, 15th January 2006 <https://www.heraldscotland.com/default_content/12443406.last-lumberjack-sam-martinez-left-homeland-british-honduras-1941-bound-new-life-woodcutter-scotland-now-96-shares-wisdom-vicky-allan-talks-changed-times-staying-positive-life-local-celebrity/>.
179 Ibid.
180 ‘Scotland Grows More: Year’s Record Harvest’, The Scotsman, 31st December 1943, p. 6.
181 ‘Farming: “Scotland’s Largest Industry”’, The Scotsman, 5th July 1944, p. 4.