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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 November 2010
In his great poem The Wreck of the Deutschland Gerard Manley Hopkins evokes the conversions of Paul and Augustine as two contrasting examples of the way in which God may intervene in human affairs:
With an anvil-ding
And with fire in him forge thy will
Or rather, rather then, stealing as Spring
Through him, melt him but master him still:
Whether at once, as once at a crash Paul,
Or as Austin, a lingering-out sweet skill…
1 The Poems of Gerard Manley Hopkins, 4th edn, Gardner, W. H. and MacKenzie, N. H. (eds) (Oxford University Press, 1967), 54.Google Scholar
2 Cf. Acts 9, 22, and 26. For a perceptive discussion of these accounts, Pauline references to his conversion, and Augustine's exploitation of Paul see Fredriksen, P., ‘Paul and Augustine: Conversion Narratives, Orthodox Traditions, and the Retrospecitve Self’, Journal of Theological Studies NS 37 (1986), 3–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3 On the issues see the lucid account of Bonner, G., St Augustine of Hippo: Life and Controversies, 2nd edn (Norwich: Canterbury Press, 1986), 352–393.Google Scholar The progress of the controversy is described by Brown, P., Augustine of Hippo: A Biography (London: Faber & Faber, 1967), 340–407Google Scholar, and (with full documentation) by Wermelinger, O., Rom und Pelagius (Stuttgart: Hiersemann, 1975).Google Scholar See also Burns, J. P., The Development of Augustine's Doctrine of Operative Grace (Paris: Etudes Augustiniennes, 1980).Google Scholar
4 Evans, G. R., Augustine on Evil (Cambridge University Press, 1982), 168.Google Scholar
5 Ad Simplicianum 1.2.
6 Cf. De civitate Dei 14.26; De correptione et gratia 10.28–12.34. See Bonner, G., ‘Adam’, Augustinus-Lexikon 1, fasc. 1/2 (1986), 63–87Google Scholar, especially 78–80.
7 Cf. De civ. Dei 12.6; 14.13; Contra Iulianum opus imperfectum 5.39. See Bonner, op. cit. (above n. 3), 369.
8 Cf. especially Confessions 8.8.19–9.21, discussed later in this paper.
9 See Augustine's reaction to Pelagian views of De libero arbitrio in Retractationes 1.9. Cf. De natura et gratia 67.80–1.
10 Evans, R. F., Pelagius: Inquiries and Reappraisals (London: A. & C. Black, 1968), 87–88.Google Scholar
11 Or ‘a power to X or not-X’.
12 Rist, J. M., ‘Augustine on Free Will and Predestination’, Journal of Theological Studies NS 20 (1969), 421.Google Scholar
13 For the following see, apart from Bonner, op. cit. (above n. 3), 358–393, and Rist, art. cit. (above n. 12), 420–442, the classic account of Rottmanner, O., DerAugustinismus (Munich: Lentner, 1892)Google Scholar, reprinted in Geistesfrüchte aus der Klosterzelle (Munich: Lentner, 1908), 11–32.Google Scholar
14 Cf. Sage, A., ‘Praeparatur voluntas a Deo’, Revue des Etudes Augustiniennes 10 (1964), 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15 See Sorabji, R., Time, Creation and the Continuum (London: Duckworth, 1983), 253–267.Google Scholar
16 Cf. In Iohannis evangelium tractatus CXXIV 48.4,6; 107.7; 111.5.
17 Cf. In Io. ev. tract 68.1; De Genesi ad litteram 6.11.19; De praedestinatione sanctorum 9.18.
18 Cf. Contra duas epistulas Pelagianorum 2.5.9–6.12.
19 See Dihle, A., The Theory of Will in Classical Antiquity (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: California University Press, 1982), 123–132, 231–238.Google Scholar
20 See e.g. De lib. arb. 2.1.
21 Cf. O'Daly, G., Augustine's Philosophy of Mind (London: Duckworth, 1987), 43–45,84–87, 108–111, 132–133Google Scholar, for the role of intentio in perception and other mental activities.
22 Cf. De peccatorum meritis 2.19.32; Contra duas epist. Pelag. 1.2.5; 1.10.22; 1.13.27; 2.9.21.
23 Burnaby, J., Amor Dei: A Study of the Religion of St Augustine (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1938), 222.Google Scholar Burnaby's discussion of grace and reward in Augustine (op. cit., 219–252) is brilliantly perceptive.
24 Cf. Bonner, G., ‘Libido and Concupiscentia in St Augustine’, Studia Patristica 6 (=Texte und Untersuchungen 81) (1963), 303–314.Google Scholar
25 Burnaby, op. cit. (above n. 23), 231. Rist, art. cit. (above n. 12), 434–440, argues for the irresistible function of grace in Augustine's theory.
26 Mozley, J. B., A Treatise on the Augustinian Doctrine of Predestination (London: John Murray, 1855), 241.Google Scholar
27 Mozley, op. cit., 228.
28 Edwards, J., Freedom of the Will, Ramsey, P. (ed.) (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1957), 190–212.Google Scholar
29 This and the following citations from the Confessions are in Sheed's, F. J. translation (London: Sheed & Ward, 1944), 135–139.Google Scholar
30 Cf. conf. 8.9.21: ‘… partly to will, partly not to will … a sickness of the soul to be so weighted down by custom that it cannot wholly rise even with the support of truth’. Weakness of will: Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics 7.1–10; Ryle, G., The Concept of Mind (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1963), 67–72.Google Scholar
31 See Kenny, A., The God of the Philosophers (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979), 83–85Google Scholar, for a brief discussion of Edwards's arguments.
32 Mozley, op. cit. (above n. 26), 242, 244–245.
33 Rist, art. cit. (above n. 12), 440.
34 Kenny, A., Will, Freedom and Power (Oxford: Blackwell, 1975), 145–61Google Scholar; Kenny, op. cit. (above n. 31), 85–86, summarizes his argument.
35 Kenny, op. cit. (above n. 31), 86–87.