Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-07T22:22:35.723Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Empathy and Loving Attention

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 October 2022

Carissa Phillips-Garrett*
Affiliation:
Loyola Marymount University

Abstract

The failure to understand the needs, beliefs, and values of others is widely blamed on a lack of empathy, which has been touted in recent years as the necessary ingredient for bringing us together and ultimately for tackling issues of social justice and harmony. In this essay, I explore whether empathy really can serve the role it has been tasked with. To answer this question, I will first identify what empathy is and why its champions believe it plays such an essential role in social life. With this in mind, I contend that promoting empathy on its own may make solidarity among diverse populations more difficult to achieve and undermine social reconciliation. Instead, I argue for a different approach that begins with acknowledging our self-oriented perspective and how it shapes what we see, appreciate, and interpret, before turning to others with a kind of loving attention. Unlike empathy, loving attention allows us to see others as they really are, not as we imagine we would be in their shoes, and is that kind of perception that is necessary for bridging divides and building solidarity in our contemporary world.

Type
Paper
Copyright
Copyright © The Royal Institute of Philosophy and the contributors 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Avenanti, Alessio, Sirigu, Angela, and Aglioti, Salvatore M., ‘Racial Bias Reduces Empathic Sensorimotor Resonance with Other-Race Pain’, Current Biology, 20 (2010), 10181022.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daniel Batson, C., Klein, Tricia R., Highberger, Lori, and Shaw, Laura L., ‘Immorality From Empathy Induced Altruism: When Compassion and Justice Conflict’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68 (1995), 10421054.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daniel Batson, C., Ahmad, Nadia, Yin, Jodi, Bedell, Steven J., Johnson, Jennifer W., Templin, Christie M., and Whiteside, Aaron, ‘Two Threats to the Common Good: Self-Interested Egoism and Empathy-Induced Altruism’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25 (1999), 316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, Glenn, ‘Empathy for Black Lives Matter’, New York Times, September 7, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/07/opinion/glenn-beck-empathy-for-black-lives-matter.html?searchResultPosition=1.Google Scholar
Bell, Derrick A. Jr., ‘Racial Remediation: An Historical Perspective on Current Conditions’, Notre Dame Law Review, 52 (1976), 529.Google Scholar
Carl, Noah, ‘CSI Brexit 4: People's Stated Reasons for Voting Leave or Remain’, Centre for Social Investigation, April 24, 2018.Google Scholar
Cikara, Mina, Bruneau, Emile G., and Saxe, Rebecca R., ‘Us and Them: Intergroup Failures of Empathy’, Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20 (2011), 149153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cikara, Mina, Bruneau, Emile G., Van Bavel, J. J., and Saxe, Rebecca R., ‘Their Pain Gives Us Pleasure: How Intergroup Dynamics Shape Empathic Failures and Counter-Empathic Responses’, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 55 (2014), 110125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cikara, Mina, Farnsworth, Rachel A., Harris, Lasana T., and Fiske, Susan T., ‘On the Wrong Side of the Trolley Track: Neural Correlates of Relative Social Valuation’, Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 5 (2010), 404413.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cuff, Benjamin M. P., Brown, Sarah J., Taylor, Laura, and Howat, Douglas J., ‘Empathy: A Review of the Concept’, Emotion Review, 8 (2016), 144153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feshbach, Norma D. and Roe, Kiki, ‘Empathy in Six- and Seven-Year-Olds’, Child Development, 39 (1968), 133145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gutsell, Jennifer N. and Inzlicht, Michael, ‘Empathy Constrained: Prejudice Predicts Reduced Mental Simulation of Actions During Observation of Outgroups’, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46 (2010), 841845.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gutsell, Jennifer N. and Inzlicht, Michael, ‘Intergroup Differences in the Sharing of Emotive States: Neural Evidence of an Empathy Gap’, Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 7 (2012), 596603.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoffman, Martin L., Empathy and Moral Development: Implications for Caring and Justice (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoffman, Martin L., ‘Empathy, Justice, and Social Change’, in Empathy and Morality. Ed. Maibom, Heidi L. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 7196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hooker, Juliet, ‘A Black History of White Empathy’, Telesur, February 12, 2016, https://www.telesurenglish.net/opinion/A-Black-History-of-White-Empathy-20160211-0011.html.Google Scholar
Hume, David, A Treatise of Human Nature, ed. Norton, David Fate and Norton, Mary J.. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).Google Scholar
Kunda, Ziva, ‘The Case for Motivated Reasoning’, Psychological Bulletin, 108 (1990), 480498.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meindl, James R. and Lerner, Melvin J., ‘Exacerbation of Extreme Responses to an Out-Group’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47 (1984), 7184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murdoch, Iris, The Sovereignty of Good, 2nd edition (London: Routledge, 2014).Google Scholar
Nelson, Donna Webster and Baumgarte, Roger, ‘Cross-Cultural Misunderstandings Reduce Empathic Responding’, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34 (2004), 391401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, Donna Webster, Klein, Cynthia T. F., and Irvin, Jennifer E., ‘Motivational Antecedents of Empathy: Inhibiting Effects of Fatigue’, Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 25 (2003), 3750.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Obama, Michelle, ‘Address to the Democratic National Convention’, CNN, August 17, 2020, https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/17/politics/michelle-obama-speech-transcript/index.html.Google Scholar
Oceja, Luis, ‘Overcoming Empathy-Induced Partiality: Two Rules of Thumb’, Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 30 (2008), 176182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slote, Michael, The Ethics of Care and Empathy (New York: Routledge, 2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Adam, A Theory of Moral Sentiments, ed. Haakonssen, Knud (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Richard H., Powell, Caitlin A. J., Combs, David J. Y., and Schurtz, David Ryan, ‘Exploring the When and Why of Schadenfreude’, Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 3/4 (2009), 530546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stevens, Samantha M., Jago, Carl P., Jasko, Katarzyna, and Heyman, Gail D., ‘Trustworthiness and Ideological Similarity (But Not Ideology) Promote Empathy’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 47 (2021), 14521465.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stueber, Karsten, ‘Empathy’, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Fall 2019. Ed. Edward N. Zalta, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/empathy/.Google Scholar
Stürmer, Stefan, Snyder, Mark, and Omoto, Allen M., ‘Prosocial Emotions and Helping: The Moderating Role of Group Membership’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88 (2005), 532546.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tarrant, Mark, Dazeley, Sarah, and Cottom, Tom, ‘Social Categorization and Empathy for Outgroup Members’, British Journal of Social Psychology, 48 (2009), 427446.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weil, Simone, ‘Attention and Will’, in Gravity and Grace, trans. Crawford, Emma and von Der Ruhr, Mario (London: Routledge, 2002), 116-122.Google Scholar
Xu, Xiaojing, Zuo, Xiangyu, Wang, Xiaoying, and Han, Shihui, ‘Do You Feel My Pain? Racial Group Membership Modulates Empathic Neural Responses’, Journal of Neuroscience, 29 (2009), 85258529.CrossRefGoogle Scholar