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‘THE STATE OF GERMANY’, 1569

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 December 2015

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Extract

The state of Germany.

The Revenewes, and forces, of everie particuller Province; The forme of the Emperors sitting in the Dyett, and a particuler of expences, howe 6000 Horsemen, and Two Regimentes are entertained for one whole yeare, by the Kinges of Fraunce and Spaine.

Type
Research Article
Information
Royal Historical Society Camden Fifth Series , Volume 49: DIPLOMATIC INTELLIGENCE ON THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE AND DENMARK DURING THE REIGNS OF ELIZABETH I AND JAMES VI , January 2016 , pp. 51 - 109
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Historical Society 2015 

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References

1 Wing, 1, ‘A Description of the Great Empire of Germany: Together with an Account of their Government both Civil, and Religious, wherein many Memorable things are contained.’

2 Wing, 1, in margin, ‘Ten Provinces of Germany.’

3 Wing, 1, ‘viz.’

4 Wing, 2 does not break paragraph here. The Circles, or Kreise, of the Empire developed out of reform efforts in 1500 and 1512, and their administrative roles included the co-ordination of political representation, military organization, fiscal management, and public order. On the Kreise, see map and introduction in Wilson, Peter H., The Holy Roman Empire 1495–1806, 2nd edn (Basingstoke, 2011)Google Scholar, xvi, 89–93.

5 Wing, 2, in margin, ‘The Governours of the ten Provinces elected.’

6 Wing, 2, ‘lives’.

7 Wing, 2 does not break paragraph here. The spokesman for each Circle was known as the Kreis Executive Prince, or Kreis Ausschreibender Fürst.

8 ‘and Circles’ omitted in Wing, 2.

9 Wing, 2, ‘three’.

10 LPL, fo. 1r, ‘videlicet Churches of Church men’. Wing, 2, ‘viz. of Churchmen’, with marginal ‘The Empire consisteth of Churchmen, Temporall Potentates and free-Cities.’

11 Wing, 2, ‘at present’.

12 On the development of the imperial monarchy in general, and the Austrian heartland with Vienna at the centre in particular, see Evans, R.J.W., The Making of the Habsburg Monarchy 1550–1700: An Interpretation (Oxford, 1979), 157–94Google Scholar.

13 Wing, 2, ‘Circuits’.

14 For assessments of the federal, hierarchical and monarchical aspects of the Empire, see von Aretin, Karl Otmar, ‘The old Reich: A federation or hierarchical system?’, in Evans, R.J.W., Schaich, Michael and Wilson, Peter H. (eds), The Holy Roman Empire 1495–1806 (Oxford, 2011), 27–42 Google Scholar; Wilson, Peter H., ‘Still a monstrosity? Some reflections on early modern German statehood’, Historical Journal, 49:2 (2006), 565–576 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

15 Wing, 2, in margin, ‘The Diett. The first estate of the Empire.’ On the Diet, or Reichstag, Wilson, The Holy Roman Empire, 63–70.

16 Wing, 2, in margin, ‘The heads of the Churchmen. Archbishop of Mentz Chancelour of Germany.’

17 i.e. Frankfurt am Main.

18 Wing, 2, in margin, ‘Archbishop of Collen, and Trier.’ The archbishop of Trier served as the ‘high’ or archchancellor of Burgundy, not all of ‘ffraunce’.

19 Wing, 3, in margin, ‘Archbishop of Saltzburg.’ Johann Jakob von Kuen-Belasy, Archbishop of Salzburg, 1560–1586 (resigned in 1582). On the region and its principal rulers, see Territorien des Reichs, I, 72–85.

20 Wing, 3, ‘commonly’.

21 In margin, ‘A Guilder is iiijs English’; LPL illegible, ‘ldern [. . .] is [. . .] lish’. For currency comparisons c.1570 with Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, and the Low Countries, see Kouri, E.I., England and the Attempts to Form a Protestant Alliance in the Late 1560s: A Case Study in European Diplomacy (Helsinki, 1981), 200 Google Scholar, noting 1 guilder as roughly equivalent to 3s 9d; see also below, p. 113 n. 13.

22 Wing, 3, in margin, ‘Archbishop of Magdeburge.’ Joachim Friedrich von Brandenburg, archbishop-administrator, 1566–1598. On the region, Territorien des Reichs, II, 68–86.

23 The archbishop of Mainz was the true ‘Primate of Germany’, though the honorary title extended also to the archbishop of Magdeburg when one person held both offices, as in the case of Albert V between 1513 and 1545.

24 i.e. Halle, where salt had been the key commodity for centuries. See Freitag, Werner, Halle 806 bis 1806: Salz, Residenz und Universität: Eine Einführung in die Stadtgeschichte (Halle, 2006), 29–98 Google Scholar, esp. 54–67.

25 ‘there’ omitted in Wing, 3.

26 In margin, ‘Doller is vs Englishe’; LPL torn away. Kouri, England and the Attempts, 200 records 4s 5d for the Reichsthaler, but noting also that the value could sometimes be 5s.

27 Heinrich III von Sachsen-Lauenburg (b.1550, d.1585), archbishop-administrator of Bremen from 1567. NDB, VIII (1969), 354; online at DB. Claude de La Baume (b.1534, d.1584), archbishop of Besançon from 1543 as a minor, consecrated in 1570. Details in Salvador Miranda's biographical dictionary, ‘The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church’, freely available at http://http://webdept.fiu.edu/~mirandas/cardinals.htm (accessed 2 November 2015).

28 Wing, 3, ‘Esenburge, and Padeborn’; in margin, ‘Arch-Bishop of Bream. Twenty five bishops. The two estates of the Empire.’ Johann IV, Count of Hoya (b.1529, d.1574), bishop of Osnabrück from 1553, of Münster from 1566, and Paderborn from 1568. NDB, X (1974), 509; online at DB.

29 Wing, 3, in margin, ‘Temporal Electors’.

30 Wing, 3, ‘four’; includes the king of Bohemia.

31 Wing, 3, ‘any’.

32 Wing, 3, in margin, ‘four. First Count Pallatine of the Rhine.’ Friedrich III, Elector Palatine (b.1515, d.1576). The standard biography and edited correspondence are August Kluckhohn, Friedrich der Fromme Kurfürst von der Pfalz: Der Schützer der reformirten Kirche 1559–1576 (Nördlingen, 1879); August Kluckhohn (ed.), Briefe Friedrich des Frommen Kurfürsten von der Pfalz mit verwandten Schriftstücken, 2 vols (Brunswick, 1868–1872).

33 Wing, 3, ‘Emperour’.

34 Wing, 3, ‘Neccar’; i.e. Neckar.

35 The office of Imperial Steward (Erztruchseß) was largely ceremonial, though more significantly and as established by the Golden Bull of 1356, the Elector Palatine was one of three Imperial Vicars (Reichsvikare), the others being the Elector of Saxony and Duke of Savoy. See the brief discussions in Wilson, The Holy Roman Empire, 60–61; Gunnoe, Charles D., Thomas Erastus and the Palatinate: A Renaissance Physician in the Second Reformation (Leiden, 2011)Google Scholar, 7–9.

36 Wing, 3, in margin, ‘Second Duke of Saxon.’ NB This paragraph begins LPL, fo. 2r, which is far less damaged than fo. 1r–v.

37 LPL, fo. 3r and Wing, 3, ‘but’.

38 August, Elector of Saxony (b.1526, d.1586), who signed his letters to Queen Elizabeth, Augustus Dux Saxoniae Elector. For Anglo-Saxon relations, see Johannes Schulze, ‘Die politischen Beziehungen des Kurfürsten August von Sachsen zur Königin Elisabeth von England (1559–1586)’, PhD thesis, University of Leipzig, 1911. On the territory and for a biographical overview, Territorien des Reichs, II, 8–32; NDB, I (1953), 448–450; online at DB.

39 i.e. the Elbe; Misnia signified the larger territory (the margraviate), rather than the city (Meißen).

40 On the House of Pappenheim, NDB, XX (2001), 48–50; online at DB.

41 Wing, 4, in margin, ‘Third Marquis of Brandenburge.’

42 Joachim II, Elector of Brandenburg (b.1505, d.1571). NDB, X (1974), 436–438; online at DB.

43 Wing, 4, ‘Birlyn’; i.e. Berlin.

44 LPL, fo. 2r, ‘ffalkenstein’; Wing, 4, ‘Falkenstein’.

45 Wing, 4, in margin, ‘Fourth King of Behemia.’

46 Wing, 4, ‘but only in the Election, a voice,’.

47 LPL, fo. 2r and Wing, 4, ‘that’.

48 Maximilian II (b.1527, d.1576), Holy Roman Emperor from 1564, King of Bohemia from 1562. On Bohemia, Territorien des Reichs, I, 134–152.

49 Wing, 4, ‘Lymburge’, i.e. Limburg.

50 Wing, 4 breaks paragraph here.

51 Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1316, d.1378). Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor (b.980, d.1002). The Golden Bull of 1356 was the decisive document in solidifying the process of electing a King of the Romans and striking a balance between central and territorial powers. Wilson, The Holy Roman Empire, 30–31.

52 LPL, fo. 2r, ‘choose a new whom they list’; Wing, 4, ‘chuse a man, whom they list’, with marginal ‘The Electors may chuse also a King of Romans.’

53 Wing, 4, ‘doth’.

54 Wing, 4, in margin, ‘Duke of Bevaria. The common guildern or floren is worth 3s Starling.’ Albert V, Duke of Bavaria (b.1528, d.1579). NDB, I (1953), 158–160; online at DB. Note the difference in currency exchange by 1665.

55 LPL, fo. 2r and Wing, 4, ‘his’.

56 Wing, 4, ‘Isenberg’; i.e. Isenburg.

57 LPL, fo. 2r, ‘Sibarteberge’.

58 Wing, 5, ‘the Counties of Mansfelde; Swerzberge, and Stolberge.’, i.e. Mansfeld, Schwarzburg, Stolberg (Saxony-Anhalt). In margin, ‘Duke of Saxon.’

59 Wing, 5 also uses the plural ‘Marquesses’, but includes the singular ‘Marquesse of Brandenburge.’ in the margin.

60 Wing, 5, ‘Reppein’, i.e. Ruppin.

61 Wing, 5, ‘Houlstine’, i.e. Holstein. The earldom, county or Herrschaft of Vierraden changed hands often among powers in Pomerania, Brandenburg, and Mecklenburg. Köbler, 743–744.

62 LPL, fo. 2v, ‘Pellas’; Wing, 5, ‘Potlas’. Several territories are possible here: Peitz (an exclave south-east of Berlin), Potsdam (a major centre just SW of Berlin), Prignitz (a territory north-west of Berlin), and Putbus (on the isle of Rügen, north of Greifswald); on which, see Köbler, 516, 536, 541, 544. See also Territorien des Reichs, II, 34–66.

63 Wing, 5, in margin, ‘Duke of Brunswick. The Daller is worth 4s 4d sterling.’ Note the difference in currency exchange by 1665.

64 LPL, fo. 2v and Wing, 5, ‘that’.

65 Wing, 5, ‘Wolfenbottel’. Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Wolfenbüttel (b.1528, d.1589). For a biographical overview and treatment of Julius's first few years of rule after 1568, NDB, X (1974), 654–655; online at DB; Mager, Inge, Die Konkordienformel im Fürstentum Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel: Entstehungsbeitrag – Rezeption – Geltung (Göttingen, 1993), 21–24 Google Scholar.

66 LPL, fo. 2v, ‘Gosler’; Wing, 5, ‘Gloster’, i.e. Goslar.

67 LPL, fo. 2v and Wing, 5, ‘his’.

68 LPL, fo. 2v, ‘Countes’; Wing, 5, ‘Contz’.

69 i.e. Regenstein, Warberg.

70 LPL, fo. 2v, ‘Luniburge’; Wing, 5, ‘Lumberge’, with marginal ‘Duke of Lumberge Hamberge.’, i.e. Lüneburg, Harburg.

71 LPL, fo. 2v, ‘Lawenburge’; Wing, 5, ‘Lawenburge’, with marginal ‘Duke of Lawenburge: Princes of Anhalt.’, i.e. Lauenburg.

72 i.e. the House of Ascania. On the House of Ascania and Anhalt, see Köbler, 28, 16–18. Wing, 5 breaks paragraph here.

73 LPL, fo. 2v, ‘Hessen’; Wing, 5, ‘Hessen’, with marginal ‘Landgrave of Hessen.’ Wing employs singular ‘Landgrave’ in both instances. Philip the Magnanimous (der Großmütige), Landgrave of Hesse from 1518 to 1567, partitioned his lands among his four sons as follows: Wilhelm IV received half the land, centred on Kassel (Philip's primary seat); Ludwig IV received a quarter, centred at Marburg; Philip the Younger an eighth, centred on Rheinfels; Georg I an eighth, centred on Darmstadt. On Hesse, see Territorien des Reichs, IV, 254–288.

74 Wing, 5, ‘Catzenelbogen’; i.e. Katzenelnbogen.

75 LPL, fo. 2v, ‘Tiefeild’.

76 Wing, 5, ‘Earles of Rippan, of Hoyz, of Trefeld, of Lipe, of Sulmos, of Witstem, of Nefsawz, and of Shaumborcke.’, i.e. Grafen of Rippen, Hoya, Treffurt, Lippe, Solms, Witstein, Nassau, Schaumburg. See also Köbler, 272–275.

77 This sentence omitted in LPL. Wing, 5, in margin, ‘Duke of Wirtemberge.’; spelled ‘Wirtemberge’ in text also. Ludwig III, Duke of Württemberg (b.1554, d.1593). ADB, IXX (1884), 597–598; online at DB.

78 Wing, 5, ‘The Dukes of Pomer and Mechelburge.’ on own line, with marginal ‘Duke of Pomer & Mechelberge.’, i.e. Pomerania and Mecklenburg.

79 LPL, fo. 2v, ‘Lethering’; Wing, 5, ‘Lothering’, i.e. Lorraine, with marginal ‘Marquesse of Baden. Order of preheminence. 7. Electors. 4. Dukes. 4. Marquesses. 4 Landgraves.’

80 i.e. Misnia (the territory), Moravia, Baden, Brandenburg.

81 LPL, fo. 2v and Wing, 5, ‘And’.

82 Wing, 5, ‘Landgraves of Muringe, Heses, Litchtenberge, and Elsotz.’, i.e. Thuringia, Hesse, Leuchtenberg, Alsace.

83 LPL, fo. 2v, ‘Burgraves of Magilenburge Noriberge Reneske and Struburge’; Wing, 6, ‘Burgraves of Magdenburge, Normberge, Renake, and Strumburge.’, i.e. Magdeburg, Nuremberg (Nürnberg), Rieneck, Stromberg. In margin, ‘4 Burgraves.’

84 Wing, 6, in margin, ‘4. Earles.’ i.e. Savoy, Cleves, Cilli, Schwarzburg.

85 LPL, fo. 2v, ‘Lymperge Tulis’; Wing, 6, ‘Lymsperge, Tasis’ with marginal ‘4. Barons.’

86 i.e. Limpurg, Thusis, Westerburg, Alwalden.

87 LPL, fo. 2v, ‘ffrawenberge’; Wing, 6, ‘Andelaw, Meldin, Stomeck, and Frawenberge.’ In margin, ‘4 Knights.’, i.e. Andlau, Meldingen, Strandeck, Frauenberg. The likely source here was Köbel, Jacob, Glaubliche Offenbarung wie viell fürtreffener Reich, vnd Keyserthumb vff Ertrich gewesen [. . .] vnd von andern Keyserlichen herlicheiten, vnd ordenungen, findestu in diesem büchlein . . . (Oppenheim and Mainz, 1532)Google Scholar (VD16 K 1621), printed several times in 1532 and 1540. The book offers a short history of the Empire and description of the Quaternionsystem ordering the Empire into 10 groups of 4 individuals each: Herzöge, Markgrafen, Landgrafen, Burggrafen, Grafen, Freiherren, Ritter, Städte, Dörfer, and Bauern. For equivalent nomenclature across the nobility, see Selden, John, Titles of Honor (London, 1614)Google Scholar (STC 22177).

88 LPL, fo. 2v, ‘lxxxv’; Wing, 6, ‘eighty five’; all valid renderings of 85. Wing margin, ‘The three estates of the Empire. Free Cities, the number.’ On the Imperial Cities, which numbered 85 on the matricular list of 1521 but dwindled to 65 after the Peace of Augsburg, see below on pp. 87–96 and Whaley, Joachim, Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, I: From Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia 1493–1648 (Oxford, 2012), 531–540 Google Scholar. NB Wing does not update the number to reflect the situation after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, i.e. 51.

89 Wing, 6 includes ‘the’ in both instances in this paragraph.

90 Wing, 6, ‘fifty’, with marginal ‘Their Tribute.’

91 LPL, fo. 2v torn here, but ‘so’ is identifiable.

92 See the Appendix.

93 LPL, fo. 3r, ‘vnderstanded’; Wing, 6, ‘understood’ with marginal ‘Absolute power of the three estates.’

94 Wing, 6 breaks paragraph here and includes LPL content in curly brackets. A ‘currency chaos that was widely recognized as a severe problem’ characterized the first half of the 16th c., but a series of ordinances attempted to rationalize the system across territories and values. Whaley, Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, 366–367. See also the brief overview of territorial absolutism in Wilson, The Holy Roman Empire, 99–102.

95 LPL, fo. 3r, ‘as was said’; Wing, 6, ‘as was said’ with marginal ‘The Government and policy of the Count Pallatine.’

96 On Friedrich III, Elector Palatine, see Kluckhohn, Friedrich der Fromme; for institutions and personalities, Press, Volker, Calvinismus und Territorialstaat: Regierung und Zentralbehörden der Kurpfalz 1559–1619 (Stuttgart, 1970)Google Scholar; on religion, Visser, Derk (ed.), Controversy and Conciliation: The Reformation and the Palatinate, 1559–1583 (Allison Park, PA, 1986)Google Scholar; for a dated overview, Clasen, Claus-Peter, The Palatinate in European History, 1559–1660 (Oxford, 1963)Google Scholar.

97 Wing, 6, in margin, ‘His Court.’

98 LPL, fo. 3r, ‘privie’; Wing, 6, ‘Privy’ with marginal ‘1. His Counsell.’

99 LPL, fo. 3r, ‘where he himselfe’; Wing, 6v, ‘where he himself’.

100 LPL, fo. 3r and Wing, 7, ‘be’.

101 LPL, fo. 3r and Wing, 7, ‘consult’.

102 Wing, 7, ‘state’.

103 Killigrew had been in precisely this location when addressing Elector Friedrich in April 1569. His oration is available in Kluckhohn, Briefe Friedrich des Frommen, II, ii, 302–305.

104 LPL, fo. 3r, ‘compremitted’; Wing, 7, ‘compremitted’, with marginal ‘2. Counsell.’

105 LPL, fo. 3r, ‘Hoffgerichte’; Wing, 7, ‘Hoffegerichte’, with marginal ‘3. Counsell.’, i.e. Hofgericht.

106 Wing, 7, ‘great’, an instance of Wing being closer to BL than LPL.

107 Wing, 7 ‘Civill controversies and causes’. NB LPL and BL are the same.

108 Wing, 7, ‘the’.

109 LPL, fo. 3r, ‘to appeall to the Chamber of Thempire’; Wing, 7, ‘to apeal to the Chamber of the Empire’.

110 Wing, 7 includes ‘for’, with marginal ‘4. Cunosell [sic]’.

111 Wing, 7, ‘Counsellours’, with marginal ‘His reformation of the spirituall Court.’

112 On the protracted controversies during the 1560s between ‘disciplinists’ (led by Caspar Olevianus) and those wary of consistorial oversight on the Genevan model (esp. Thomas Erastus), see Gunnoe, Thomas Erastus and the Palatinate, 77, 135–139, 163–173, 192–202, 223–229; see esp. 73–74 for a discussion of Friedrich III's conversion and the argument that although he ‘is frequently labelled a “Calvinist” from this point, there was little that was per se Calvinistic about the early Reformed developments in the Palatinate [. . . and in fact,] the elector always eschewed the term “Calvinist.”’ All the same, Friedrich's cleansing his ministerium of Lutheran preachers did lend an air of anti-Lutheran Calvinism during the 1560s and contributed to the ongoing, increasingly deep divide between hard-line Lutherans and the Reformed. On Calvinism and the Palatinate, see below, pp. 66–68, 103.

113 LPL, fo. 3v, ‘fiste’; Wing, 7, ‘fifth’, with marginal ‘5 Counsell.’

114 Abbreviated ‘Threr’ in BL. LPL, fo. 3v, ‘whereof the Chamber maister yat is the Chamberlane or Treasurer’; Wing, 7, ‘whereof the Camer Master, that is the Chamberlain or the Treasurer’.

115 Wing, 7, ‘is accompt’.

116 LPL, fo. 3v, ‘ordinarilie’; Wing, 8, ‘commonly’, with marginal ‘Officers of his Court.’

117 BL and LPL both use ‘iiijxx’ (i.e. 80, as before in the reckoning of 85); Wing, 8, ‘twenty four’.

118 LPL, fo. 3v and Wing, 8, ‘do’.

119 Wing, 8, ‘Children, at one Table standing alone’.

120 Wing, 8, ‘on’.

121 LPL, fo. 3v and Wing, 8, ‘is’.

122 Wing, 8, ‘which is at ten and at five of the clock’.

123 Omitted in Wing, 8.

124 LPL, fo. 3v, ‘houre’; Wing, 8, ‘time’.

125 Wing, 8, ‘kettle’.

126 Wing, 8 includes ‘and’.

127 Wing, 8, ‘the’.

128 Wing, 8, ‘the’.

129 Wing, 8 does not break the paragraph here.

130 Wing, 8, ‘in’.

131 LPL, fo. 3v, ‘likewise downe’; Wing, 8, ‘likwise down’.

132 Wing, 8, ‘on’.

133 i.e. a wooden platter for cutting meat.

134 Wing, 9, ‘trencher which the Carver alwayes giveth. The Carver giveth every one to eat’. A good example of LPL and Wing working from the same branch of the MS circulation, though from other examples it is clear they are not copied from exactly the same MS.

135 Wing, 9, ‘the Lord Majors of London his Table.’ The author might have had in mind the feast at the Guildhall following the annual Lord Mayor's Show. Among other contemporary comments, see Henry Machyn's in Bergeron, David M., ‘The Elizabethan Lord Mayor's show’, Studies in English Literature, 1500–1900, 10:2 (1970), 269–285 CrossRefGoogle Scholar. On the ‘interpenetration’ of the City of London and the Elizabethan Court, and for the notion that ‘[c]ourtiers and government officials were regular visitors to civic functions like the feasts of the lord mayor and the livery companies’, see Archer, Ian, ‘Popular politics in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries’, in Griffiths, Paul and Jenner, Mark S.R. (eds), Londinopolis: Essays in the Cultural and Social History of Early Modern London (Manchester, 2000)Google Scholar, 26–46, esp. 28–29. More generally, see also Hill, Tracey, Pageantry and Power: A Cultural History of the Early Modern Lord Mayor's Show, 1585–1639 (Manchester, 2010)Google Scholar.

136 LPL, fo. 4r, ‘thankes likewise’; Wing, 9, ‘likewise thankes’; an example of LPL and Wing differing.

137 LPL, fo. 4r, ‘Amner’; Wing, 9, ‘Almner’, i.e. almoner.

138 Wing, 9 breaks paragraph here.

139 Wing, 9, ‘to’.

140 Blasphemy and drunkenness/gluttony (along with neglect of church services) were offences for which one could be fined, but this punishment was officially put in place only in the elector's edict on church discipline in July 1570. Gunnoe, Thomas Erastus and the Palatinate, 224–225.

141 BL copy has this word in bold; LPL and Wing are normal.

142 Wing, 9, ‘also is forbidden’.

143 LPL, fo. 4r, ‘keepeth any horses’; Wing, 9, ‘keepeth any Horses’.

144 Wing, 9, ‘towards pay and stable roome’.

145 Wing, 9, ‘hereby’, with marginal ‘The exercises of the Pallatine.’

146 Wing, 9, ‘the’.

147 LPL, fo. 4r, ‘Chappell’; Wing, 10, ‘Chappel’.

148 Omitted in LPL, fo. 4r and Wing, 10.

149 LPL, fo. 4r and Wing, 10, ‘the’.

150 LPL, fo. 4r, ‘preach and minister’; Wing, 10, ‘preach, and administer’.

151 Wing, 10, ‘away’.

152 LPL, fo. 4r, ‘Chamber’; Wing, 10, ‘Court Chancery’.

153 Wing, 10, ‘sitteth’ in place of ‘vseth to sitt’.

154 Wing, 10, ‘one’.

155 Wing, 10 includes ‘in’.

156 LPL, fo. 4r and Wing, 10, ‘duly’.

157 Wing, 10 omits ‘that are dailie given’.

158 Wing, 10, ‘administred’.

159 LPL, fo. 4v and Wing, 10, ‘great’.

160 Wing, 10, ‘his’; includes previous material in LPL.

161 LPL, fo. 4v, ‘excellentlie’; Wing, 10, ‘excellently’.

162 Wing, 10, ‘Shalmes’, i.e. ‘a mediæval musical instrument of the oboe class, having a double reed enclosed in a globular mouthpiece’. The Compact Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edn (Oxford, 1991), s.v. ‘shawm’.

163 LPL, fo. 4v, ‘halbard’; Wing, 10, ‘Halberd’.

164 Wing, 10 uses ‘second’, ‘third’, ‘fourth’, and ‘fifth’, and ends ‘like Javeline’.

165 ‘Hinde’ here signifies a hornless, female deer. Cf. Daniel Rogers's observations on hunting in his description of Denmark, p. 113 et passim; see also Christianson, John Robert, ‘The hunt of king Frederik II of Denmark: Structures and rituals’, The Court Historian: The International Journal of Court Studies: Royal Hunts Issue, 18:2 (2013), 165–187 Google Scholar, esp. the comparison to German traditions on 177–178.

166 Wing, 11, ‘and’.

167 On the difficulties of the ‘Reformed confession in storm and stress’, see Gunnoe, Thomas Erastus and the Palatinate, 135–61.

168 LPL, fo. 4v extends the closing parenthesis to after ‘Germany’, as does Wing, 11, with marginal ‘His Parliament.’

169 Wing, 11, ‘Quandtz ordnuce’, i.e. Landordonnanz, a regional order or edict.

170 LPL, fo. 4v, ‘vnderstanded’; Wing, 11, ‘understood’. The Landtag (plural Landtage) was a territorial diet in which the Estates of the region came to decide matters of moment, and such meetings ‘routinely involved both acts of homage to the ruler and affirmations of the rights of subjects’; additionally, as the account here suggests, ‘Landtage were at root still “Geldtage” (money diets)’. Whaley, Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, 518, quotation at 521.

171 Here and elsewhere LPL and Wing employ ‘along’ just as they do ‘amongst’, while BL often separates the word. Wing, 11, in margin, ‘His Countries.’

172 Wing, 11, ‘both sides of the River Rhine’, i.e. the Rhenish Palatinate.

173 LPL, fo. 4v, ‘ffils’; Wing, 11, ‘Fills’, i.e. Vils, which runs through Amberg, the administrative centre of the Upper Palatinate. For a geographical overview, Territorien des Reichs, V, 8–49, esp. the maps at 8, 25.

174 Ludwig had held the position of Governor (Statthalter) of the Upper Palatinate since 1563, and upon Friedrich III's death in 1576, he became Ludwig VI, Elector Palatine. NDB, XV (1987), 414–415; online at DB.

175 LPL, fo. 4v, ‘appeall to’ in place of ‘appeere att’; Wing, 11, ‘appeal to’.

176 Wing, 11, ‘highest’.

177 Wing, 11, ‘was’, with marginal ‘His Religion.’ Friedrich III's father, Count Palatine Johann II the Younger, Duke of Simmern. NDB, X (1974), 509–510; online at DB.

178 LPL, fo. 4v, ‘fferbach’; Wing, 11, ‘Eberbache’. Eberhard XIV, Graf von Erbach, had been Ottheinrich's Großhofmeister and retained an important position in Friedrich III's administration. Elisabeth, Friedrich's sister, was married to Georg, Eberhard's brother. Press, Calvinismus, 224–226.

179 Ottheinrich (Otto Heinrich), Elector Palatine (b.1502, d.1559), died childless, thus transferring the Electorship to Friedrich.

180 LPL, fo. 4v and Wing, 12, ‘same’.

181 Ottheinrich died 12 February 1559 (New Style) (1558 Old Style).

182 In the context of the Heidelberg Catechism (1563) and debates on the Eucharist, and for the Lutheran reformation of the Palatinate under Ottheinrich and the early years of Friedrich III's reformation in the Reformed direction, see Gunnoe, Charles D. Jr., ‘The reformation of the Palatinate and the origins of the Heidelberg Catechism, 1500–1562’, in Bierma, Lyle D. (ed.), An Introduction to the Heidelberg Catechism: Sources, History, and Theology (Grand Rapids, MI, 2005), 33–47 Google Scholar; cf. on the removal and destruction of images by Friedrich in 1564–1565, Gunnoe, Thomas Erastus and the Palatinate, 146–147. A dated but still useful overview of the young Friedrich (until 1561) is available in Chadwick, Owen, ‘The making of a reforming prince: Frederick III, Elector Palatine’, in Knox, R. Buick (ed.), Reformation Conformity and Disssent: Essays in Honour of Geoffrey Nuttall (London, 1977), 44–69 Google Scholar.

183 LPL, fo. 4v extends the parenthesis to after ‘vse’, as does Wing, 12 (though Wing has no opening bracket).

184 Wing, 12, ‘as it is at present’.

185 Cf. Daniel Rogers's comments on the similarities between Churches of Denmark and England in 1588, pp. 123, 148.

186 Wing, 12, ‘he was like to have suffered great trouble’, with marginal ‘His trouble in the Diett at Augusta, for Religion.’

187 LPL, fo. 5r also ‘Swebrooke and wittenberge’; Wing, 12, ‘Swebrooke, and Wirtemberge’, i.e. Zweibrücken and Württemberg. The German ‘Zweibrücken’ was sometimes rendered in English documents as Swebrook, Swaybrook, Bipont, Bipontius, and so on. Spelling Württemberg in the former manner was commonplace, but there had not been a ‘duke’ of Wittenberg since the duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg was absorbed into Electoral Saxony by the Golden Bull of 1356. The men in order: Ludwig, Count Palatine and heir to Friedrich III; Johann Friedrich II (der Mittlere), Duke of Saxony-Coburg-Eisenach (b.1529, d.1595); Johann Wilhelm, Duke of Saxony-Weimar (b.1530, d.1573); Wolfgang, Duke of Zweibrücken (b.1526, d.1569); Christoph, Duke of Württemberg (b.1515, d.1568).

188 LPL, fo. 5r, ‘should have beene’; Wing, 12, ‘should have been’.

189 Wing, 12, ‘the Duke of Casimere’, i.e. Johann Casimir, Count Palatine and second son of Friedrich III (b.1543, d.1592). Killigrew described Johann Casimir as ‘the floowre of Germanye’ in martial affairs. Killigrew to Cecil, 6 April 1569, TNA, SP 70/106, fos 91r–92r, quotation at 92r. Despite many modern Anglophone historians’ tendency to refer simply to ‘Casimir’ or ‘Duke Casimir’, the man's Vorname was double-barrelled with two given names, Johann Casimir, just as in the cases of Johann Friedrich of Saxony and Johann Sebastian Bach. Cf. Paul Douglas Lockhart, Frederik II and the Protestant Cause: Denmark's Role in the Wars of Religion, 1559–1596 (Leiden, 2004), xiii.

190 LPL, fo. 5r breaks to a new paragraph here, but BL appropriately continues the sentence, as does Wing, 12.

191 Wing, 12 breaks to a new paragraph here. For a brief summary of the Diet of 1566 and the support offered by August, Elector of Saxony, and Philip, Landgrave of Hesse, see Gunnoe, Thomas Erastus and the Palatinate, 148–149; cf. Moritz Ritter, ‘August von Sachsen und Friedrich III. von der Pfalz’, Archiv für die sächsische Geschichte, N.F. V (1879), 289–362, esp. 309–314. For fuller discussions, see Edel, Andreas, Der Kaiser und Kurpfalz: Eine Studie zu den Grundelementen politischen Handelns bei Maximilian II. (1564–1576) (Göttingen, 1997), 190–239 Google Scholar; and the definitive edition of documents, Lanzinner, Maximilian and Heil, Dietmar (eds), Deutsche Reichstagsakten: Reichsversammlungen 1556–1662: Der Reichstag zu Augsburg 1566, 2 vols (Munich, 2002)Google Scholar.

192 LPL, fo. 5r, ‘the’; Wing, 12, ‘But to knitt up the’.

193 Also included in Wing, 12.

194 LPL, fo. 5r, ‘vseth’; Wing, 12, ‘useth’.

195 Wing, 12, ‘estate’.

196 Wing, 13, ‘exceeding great’.

197 Wing, 13, ‘which at’.

198 LPL, fo. 5r, ‘this’.

199 LPL, fo. 5r, ‘contynewed’; ‘and Confirmed’ or ‘and contynewed’ entirely omitted in Wing, 13.

200 Wing, 13 ends this sentence with ‘(Herenach dine will) which is to say, Fiat voluntas tua Domine. Thy will be done, O Lord.’ BL's Latin echoes Tobit 3:6, which Luther relegated to the Apocrypha; Wing's Latin reflects the Paternoster's ‘thy will be done’, which Luther rendered ‘Dein Wille geschehe’. Killigrew's reports to Cecil from Heidelberg dated 6, 11, 16 April, as well as his of 23 April from Cologne, mention nothing of a fire. TNA, SP 70/106, fos 91r–92r, 100r–101r, 125r–v, 136r; summarized and deciphered in CSPF, IX, 56–59, 62–63, 65–66; Killigrew's of 6 April did, however, note the exceptional entertainment he received at the elector's Court, noting also that ‘I can not learne that anye princes Embassador hathe bene more or so muche honourede as the Quenes majestie in this Courte’ (fo. 92r). No mention of a fire made in Friedrich's edited correspondence of late March to early May. Kluckhohn, Briefe Friedrich des Frommen, II, 300–322. Thomas Erastus, however, wrote to Heinrich Bullinger while the fire was still burning, noting that he was awakened between one and two in the morning and watched the fire through his windows. After climbing to a higher point in the castle, Erastus discovered that the room next to the Prince's own lodgings had caught fire. Staatsarchiv Zürich, E II 361, fo. 70r–v. Cf. Erastus's later letter to Bullinger of 13 April 1569, when he wrote that the fire had been extinguished and crisis averted. Zentralbibliothek Zürich, MS F 62, fo. 203r–v. Cyriacus Spangenberg learned, however, that lost in the fire was the particularly treasured letter from Melanchthon to Friedrich on the Eucharist. Claussen, Bruno (ed.), ‘Cyriacus Spangenbergs Briefe an Johann von Hildesheim (1565–1570)’, Mansfelder Blätter, 22 (1908), 155–224 Google Scholar, at 189. On the letter, see Gunnoe, Thomas Erastus and the Palatinate, 66–68. The present editor is very, very grateful to Professor Charles Gunnoe for these references and his transcriptions.

201 Wing, 13, ‘and’.

202 LPL, fo. 5r, simply ‘and exchequer are at’; Wing, 13, ‘and Exchequer, are at’, with marginal ‘His chiefe Court’.

203 For a good historiographical overview and useful treatment of August's roles in Dresden on behalf of Electoral Saxony and the wider Empire, see Bruning, Jens, ‘Landesvater oder Reichspolitiker? Kurfürst August von Sachsen und sein Regiment in Dresden 1553–1586’, in Hettling, Manfred, Schirmer, Uwe, and Schötz, Susanne (eds), Figuren und Strukturen: Historische Essays für Hartmut Zwahr zum 65. Geburtstag (Munich, 2002), 205–224 Google Scholar.

204 LPL, fo. 5r, ‘Hoffegericht’; Wing, 13, ‘Croffegricht’, omitting the preceding ‘the’, with marginal ‘No appeal from him.’, i.e. Hofgericht.

205 Omitted in Wing, 13.

206 LPL, fo. 5r, ‘Leipzigke’; Wing, 13, ‘Leiptzigke’, i.e. Leipzig.

207 LPL, fo. 5r, also ‘wittenberge’; Wing, 13, ‘Witemberge’, signifying the modern Lutherstadt Wittenberg. NB ‘Missen’ is differentiated from ‘Missina’ as the city of Meißen is from the territory of Misnia. Cf. above, p. 54 n. 39.

208 Wing, 13, ‘this’, with marginal ‘Punishment of Adultery and Fornication.’ This comment is the final marginal note in Wing, despite the continuation of the account to 35. Wing separates this sentence as its own paragraph.

209 LPL, fo. 5r and Wing, 13, ‘whipping’.

210 LPL, fo. 5r, ‘fifteene halba[???]’ (torn away); Wing, 13, ‘fifty Holbardiers’.

211 Wing, 13, ‘their’.

212 LPL, fo. 5v, ‘Rotmaisters’; Wing, 14, ‘Rittmasters’, i.e. Rittmeister. NB BL does not abbreviate ‘masters’.

213 LPL, fo. 5v does not break here, but rather appropriately continues the paragraph, as does Wing, 14 ending with ‘the peice’.

214 Wing, 14, ‘fifty’.

215 Omitted in Wing, 14.

216 Wing, 14, ‘of’.

217 In margin, ‘70000li’. Marginal note not found on LPL, fo. 5v, nor is a conversion made on Wing, 14.

218 Wing, 14 breaks to a new paragraph here.

219 LPL, fo. 5v, ‘vj Barones’; Wing, 14 spells out ‘one hundred and thirty four’, ‘twenty’, ‘sixteen’.

220 LPL, fo. 5v, ‘Nawinburge’; Wing, 14, ‘Nawimberge’, i.e. Naumburg. The others are Merseburg and Meißen. August's territorial acquisitions noted briefly in NDB, I (1953), 448–450; online at DB.

221 LPL, fo. 5v, ‘Nawinburge’. In place of ‘out of the which onlie {two} towne of Mawinburge’, Wing, 14, ‘and out of the last only’.

222 In margin, ‘2400li’. Marginal note not found on LPL, fo. 5v, nor is a conversion made on Wing, 14, which does, however, include LPL's ‘about’.

223 Wing, 14, ‘Sueberge’.

224 ‘ffriberge, Anneberge, Mariberge, Sneberge, and Swertzberge’, i.e. Freiberg, Annaberg, Marienberg, Schneeberg, Schwarzenberg. This region is known as the Erzgebirge, or Ore Mountains. A dated but useful overview of mining for silver, copper, tin, gold, and other minerals is available in Falke, Johannes, Die Geschichte des Kurfürsten August von Sachsen in volkwirthschaftlicher Beziehung (Leipzig, 1868), 159–218 Google Scholar.

225 ‘deale of’ omitted on LPL, fo. 5v; Wing, 14, simply ‘yearly wonderfull riches’.

226 LPL, fo. 5v, ‘comodities is’; Wing, 15, ‘commoditie is’.

227 Wing, 14, ‘some years better, some years worse’.

228 Included also on Wing, 15.

229 LPL, fo. 5v, ‘friberge’; Wing, 15, ‘Friberge’, i.e. Freiberg, just SW of Dresden.

230 Wing, 15, ‘drawing of the Water out of a Well that is above one hundred’.

231 LPL, fo. 5v, ‘fathome’; Wing, 15, ‘fathom’.

232 LPL, fo. 5v, ‘Ehemius’; Wing, 15, ‘Chemius’. Christopher Ehem (b.1528, d.1592), jurist and Chancellor of the Electoral Palatinate, corresponded with Killigrew and later, in collaboration with Johann Casimir, with Daniel Rogers and Walsingham. Also, in the wake of Killigrew's mission, Ehem offered Cecil his services in sending news on Germany, France, and Italy. Ehem to Cecil, 5 February 1569/70, BL, Lansdowne MS 12, fo. 57r–v. To Killigrew: 29 August 1569, TNA, SP 70/108, fo. 59r–v; 12 February 1572, TNA, SP 70/122, fos 210r–211r; CSPF, IX, 119; X, 41. To Rogers and Walsingham: 14 January 1579, TNA, SP 83/11, fos 62r–64r; 17 February 1579, TNA, SP 81/1, fos 174r–175v; CSPF, XIII, 391–393, 420–421. In his letter to Walsingham in 1579, Ehem sent greetings to his friends – Cobham (William Brooke), Daniel Rogers, and Philip Sidney. See also NDB, IV (1959), 342–343; online at DB.

233 LPL, fo. 5v and Wing, 15, ‘with’.

234 Included also on Wing, 15.

235 LPL, fo. 5v, ‘almost foure hundreth staires’; Wing, 15, ‘almost four hundred staires’.

236 Included also on Wing, 15.

237 LPL, fo. 6r, ‘Kemnitz in Saxon’; Wing, 15, ‘Remnitz in Saxon’, i.e. Chemnitz.

238 LPL, fo. 6r does not break here, but rather appropriately continues the paragraph, as does Wing, 15. Georg Agricola's De Re Metallica Libri XII (Basle, 1556) (VD16 A 933) was printed several times and easily the most important work for industrial mining during the early modern period. The level of detail in the account here suggests that the author of this treatise knew the importance of German technology, and how it could be applied in England. In 1573 Robert Beale wrote a discourse on how to improve mining in the north of England for Sir Thomas Smith, and central to it was the implementation of techniques used in Germany as he himself had observed them. The discourse specifically names mining towns in Saxony, including Marienberg and Annaberg. BL, Additional MS 48020, fos 259r–262r. On the employment of German men and techniques in Elizabethan England, see Ash, Eric H., Power, Knowledge, and Expertise in Elizabethan England (Baltimore, MD, 2004), 18–54 Google Scholar, nn. on 221–226, with discussion of Agricola's work on 23–30, nn. on 221–222; Donald, M.B., Elizabethan Monopolies: The History of the Company of Mineral and Battery Works from 1565 to 1604 (Edinburgh and London, 1961)Google Scholar, in which Beale's involvement with the company during the 1580s and 1590s is noted on 73, 133–134, 189–190.

239 LPL, fo. 6r and Wing, 15, ‘commodities which grow’.

240 LPL, fo. 6r, ‘Andromadas’; Wing, 15, ‘Andromedes’.

241 LPL, fo. 6r, ‘being let in’; Wing, 15, ‘being made into’.

242 Omitted on Wing, 15, which renders ‘drunke’ as ‘drank’.

243 Wing, 15, ‘good’.

244 The lodestone is a naturally magnetized mineral (magnetite) that, as one author put it, ‘draweth Iron to it, euen as one Louer coueteth and desireth an other [. . .] There is another kind of Lodestone in Thessalie, that is contrarie set and disposition, which will haue none of Iron, nor will meddle with it.’ Elsewhere the same author noted that ‘the Adamant Stone [. . .] differeth, from the Lode Stone for that the Adamant placed neare any yron, will not suffer it to be drawen away of the Lode Stone.’ Maplet, John, A greene Forest, or a naturall Historie, Wherein may bee seene first the most sufferaigne Vertues in all the whole kinde of Stones & Mettals (London, 1567)Google Scholar (STC 17296), fos 14r, 1r. For an in-depth discussion of magnetism, complete with a survey of ancient writers, see Gilbert, William, De Magnete, Magneticisqve Corporibvs, et Magno magnete tellure; Physiologia noua, plurimis & argumentis, & experimentis demonstrata (London, 1600)Google Scholar (STC 11883). ‘Merga’ is most often recognized as the Latin for ‘pitchfork’ or ‘dungfork’, but it also signified ‘marle’, ‘a kind of chalkie claie, which in the heath countries, and such like, serveth for dung’. Rider, John, Bibliotheca Scholastica. A Dovble Dictionarie, Penned for all those that would haue within short space the vse of the Latine tongue, either to speake, or write (London, 1589)Google Scholar (STC 21031.5), col. 914, s.v. ‘Marle’. The medicinal qualities of ingesting either dung or powdered clay are limited, though Pliny the Elder's Naturalis Historia may be a source here.

245 Omitted on Wing, 15.

246 LPL, fo. 6r and Wing, 15, ‘in’.

247 The Elector August's armoury was indeed spectacular, and it only got better in subsequent generations, but it was August who initiated the great expansion of the collection for practical reasons as well as for pomp and display. During the 1560s he completed new buildings and took inventories of his holdings. The inventories of 1567 and 1568 noted that the armoury was no longer restricted to the ground floor and contained many different rooms, just as the present treatise details. The central armoury, or Rüstkammer, was reported to contain more than 1,500 weapons. Daniel Kletke, trans. Bäumel, Jutta, Rüstkammer / The Dresden Armory: Guide to the Permanent Collection in the Semper Building (Munich, 2004)Google Scholar, 10–11.

248 Wing, 16, ‘House is builded four’.

249 Included on Wing, 16.

250 LPL, fo. 6r, ‘breadthes ech one of them 173’; Wing, 16, ‘breadths each one of them one hundred seventy five’.

251 Omitted on LPL, fo. 6r and Wing, 16.

252 LPL and Wing place a full stop here followed by a capital ‘I’, but BL places a comma followed by a lower case ‘i’.

253 Wing, 16, ‘fifty six’, but this could be an error by Clarke, reading ‘50’ as ‘56’.

254 Both BL and LPL, fo. 6r use the abbreviating ‘p’ which could be rendered per, par, or por. Wing, 16, ‘pieces’.

255 LPL, fo. 6r, ‘ffawcons, Rabnettes’; Wing, 16, ‘Fawcons, Rabnets’.

256 Wing, 16, ‘Field’.

257 LPL, fo. 6r, ‘scomers, horsetraies, pioners’; Wing, 16, ‘Scowrers, Horsetraines, Pioneers’.

258 LPL, fo. 6r does not break here, but rather appropriately continues the paragraph, as does Wing, 16.

259 LPL, fo. 6r first had ‘these’ but crossed out the first ‘e’ and wrote ‘o’ above; thus, ‘those’. Wing, 16, ‘those have’.

260 ‘there are’ omitted on Wing, 16.

261 Wing, 16, ‘eleven’.

262 LPL, fo. 6r and Wing, 16, ‘as’.

263 BL and LPL, fo. 6r use the abbreviating ‘p’ signifying per, par, or por; Wing, 16 records ‘parcell’. The most logical reading seems ‘porcel’, as in ‘porcelain’ white.

264 LPL, fo. 6r, ‘Calevers’; Wing, 16, ‘Calivers’.

265 ‘Arscinde, and vnarscinde, Launces’ is a significant corruption of LPL, fo. 6r, ‘armde & vnarmde Lances’; Wing, 16, ‘armed and unarmed, Lances’. ‘Dagges’ are understood as pistols.

266 LPL, fo. 6r, ‘pfefes’; Wing, 16, ‘Fiftes’.

267 LPL, fo. 6r, ‘Curates’; Wing, 16, ‘Curaces’.

268 Wing, 16, ‘into’.

269 For a contemporary discussion of early modern weaponry used both in England and on the mainland, see Smythe, John, Certain Discourses, written by Sir John Smythe, Knight: Concerning the formes and effects of diuers sorts of weapons, and other verie important matters Militarie (London, 1590)Google Scholar (STC 22883); at fo. 9v Smythe observed that Germany was ‘the Nation of Christendome most skilfull of all others that euer I sawe, to performe these actions and effects before declared, with manie other matters Militarie both for the Campe & field’.

270 Wing, 16, ‘Lipsia, Wittimberge, and Guicca’, i.e. Leipzig, Wittenberg; ‘Suisca’ or ‘Guicca’, is probably ‘Zuicka’, a Latin rendering of Zwickau. On the Rüstkammer in Zwickau, see Emil Herzog, Chronik der Kreisstadt Zwickau [. . .] Mit lithographirten Ansichten und Plänen, I (Topographie und Statistik) (Zwickau, 1839), 190. Another though admittedly more distant possibility is that ‘Suisca’ and ‘Guicca’ are corruptions of Misnia, or Meißen. For the importance of Leipzig, Wittenberg, and Meißen in Saxon jurisprudence, see above, p. 70. The present editor is grateful to Simon Litchfield for tracking down Ortelius's Saxoniae [. . .] Descriptio (Antwerp, 1588), and for noting the more likely candidate, Zwickau.

271 Included on Wing, 16.

272 Omitted on Wing, 16.

273 LPL, fo. 6v, ‘armor’; Wing, 16, ‘Armour’.

274 Both BL and LPL use ‘iiijxx’, while Wing, 16, converts to ‘eighty thousand’. Cf. the previous conversion to ‘twenty four’.

275 LPL, fo. 6v does not break here but probably should; nor does Wing, 17.

276 LPL, fo. 6v and Wing, 17, ‘Gottha’. On Gotha and Wilhelm von Grumbach, see below, pp. 79–85.

277 August lacks a recent full biography, but relevant here are his activities in suppressing Philippist (or ‘Cryptocalvinist’) works. See esp. Hasse, Hans-Peter, Zensur theologischer Bücher in Kursachsen im konfessionellen Zeitalter: Studien zur kursächsischen Literatur- und Religionspolitik in den Jahren 1569 bis 1575 (Leipzig, 2000)Google Scholar, esp. 214–250; for Electress Anna and August's advisors, 250–356; cf. Bruning, ‘Kurfürst August’, 213–214.

278 Included on Wing, 17; LPL's ‘presently’ of the previous line not included.

279 LPL, fo. 6v and Wing, 17, ‘and’.

280 Included on Wing, 17.

281 August was not the average hunter; he was the Reichsjägermeister (Imperial Master of Hunts).

282 LPL, fo. 6v and Wing, 17, ‘them’.

283 Included on Wing, 17.

284 Omitted on LPL, fo. 6v and Wing, 17.

285 Omitted on Wing, 17.

286 LPL, fo. 6v and Wing, 17, ‘these’, omitting ‘two’.

287 On the Albertine branch of the Wettin dynasty, including the move of Moritz (or Maurice) from Duke to Elector of Saxony, see Territorien des Reichs, II, 8–32, esp. 19–23. On the Ernestine branch, including a discussion of religious conflict with Electoral Saxony, Territorien des Reichs, IV, 8–39, esp. 19–22.

288 LPL, fo. 6v and Wing, 17, ‘Miltitz’. The local nobility in Meißen were the von Miltitzes, one of whom, Ernst (b. 1495, d.1555), served several electors in succession and was one of August's most important early counsellors. Sven Braune, ‘Miltitz, Ernst von (zu Batzdorf und Siebeneichen)’, in Sächsische Biografie, ed. Institut für Sächsische Geschichte und Volkskunde e.V., directed by Martina Schattkowsky, online at www.isgv.de/saebi/ (accessed 31 July 2015).

289 LPL, fo. 6v and Wing, 18, ‘Misnia’.

290 LPL, fo. 6v and Wing, 18, ‘same’.

291 Wing, 18, ‘were worth as much’. See the classic account of August as a tyrannical despot, Ebeling, Friedrich W., August von Sachsen (1553–1586): Eine Charakterstudie (Berlin, 1886)Google Scholar. Ebeling offers many similar instances of August's harsh handling of his subjects, while concluding on p. 108 that Electress Anna carried ‘the greatest complicity in the undermining of the future of German Protestantism’ (‘Anna trägt die grösste Mitschuld an der Untergrabung der Zukunft des deutschen Protestantismus’).

292 LPL, fo. 6v, ‘speciallie’; Wing, 18, ‘specially’.

293 LPL, fo. 6v, ‘Corlueius’; Wing, 18, ‘Carolutius’, with ‘of late on’ preceding.

294 LPL, fo. 6v and Wing, 18, ‘servitors’.

295 Omitted in LPL, fo. 6v, rightly due to context; Wing, 18, ‘he’.

296 LPL, fo. 7r, ‘the mettals that riseth of his mynes’; Wing, 18, ‘the Mettall that riseth of his Mines’.

297 LPL, fo. 7r and Wing, 18, ‘Cloth’.

298 Wing, 18 does not break paragraph here. On August and commodities and trade, see Falke, Die Geschichte des Kurfürsten August.

299 LPL, fo. 7r, ‘Taskes’; Wing, 18, ‘taskes’. On August's state finances, see the exhaustive discussion in Schirmer, Uwe, Kursächsische Staatsfinanzen (1456-1656): Strukturen—Verfassung— Funktionseliten (Stuttgart, 2006), 597–675 Google Scholar, on taxes esp. 602–606, 658–663.

300 Omitted on Wing, 18.

301 The usage here of ‘tyme out of mynde’ (or its variant, ‘time immemorial’) may suggest a legal understanding in the author of this treatise. In England, if a person could prove that their family held land or rights before 3 September 1189 (the coronation of Richard I), and their possession had not been broken since, ownership or the right in question was to be held valid. Although Robert Beale never took a university degree, his legal training and knowledge were well known.

302 Included on Wing, 18.

303 LPL, fo. 7r and Wing, 18, ‘as throughout’ in place of ‘that in’.

304 LPL, fo. 7r and Wing, 18, ‘that’.

305 Included on Wing, 18; LPL's preceding ‘&’ omitted.

306 LPL, fo. 7r, ‘simultie’; Wing, 18, ‘grudg’.

307 Wing, 19, ‘the Alliances’.

308 LPL, fo. 7r, ‘partie’; Wing, 19, ‘part’.

309 Included on Wing, 19.

310 Wing, 19 does not break paragraph here. Otto, Duke of Brunswick, sent an account of the following to Cecil on 1 May 1567, TNA, SP 70/90, fos 2r–5r. On Grumbach, Johann Friedrich II, and the ‘crisis of the aristocracy’ in Germany, see Volker Press, ‘Wilhelm von Grumbach und die deutsche Adelskrise der 1560er Jahre’, Blätter für deutsche Landesgeschichte, CXIII (1977), 396–431; Whaley, Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, 390–394.

311 LPL, fo. 7r, ‘vnto’; Wing, 19, ‘unto’.

312 Included on Wing, 19.

313 LPL, fo. 7r, ‘rebells to’; Wing, 19 ‘Rebels to’.

314 Wing, 19, ‘threescore and ten’. Grumbach was born on 1 June 1503, making him 63 years old in early 1567. NDB, VII (1966), 212–213; online at DB.

315 Wing, 19, ‘exercise’.

316 Included on Wing, 19.

317 Wing, 19, ‘on’.

318 LPL, fo. 7r, ‘Amyenz’; Wing, 19, ‘Amienz’.

319 Omitted on Wing, 19.

320 LPL, fo. 7r, ‘lawes’; Wing, 19, ‘Lands’. Wing breaks to a new paragraph here.

321 In BL, ‘1664’ was written first, suggesting a copy date after 1664. LPL, fo. 7r, is torn at the crucial point but appears to read 160[?], suggesting a copy date after 1600. Wing, 19, ‘1564’.

322 LPL, fo. 7v, ‘wise’; Wing, 19, ‘Guise’.

323 Wing, 20, ‘before he’.

324 LPL, fo. 7v and Wing, 20, ‘where’.

325 Included on Wing, 20.

326 Wing, 20, ‘were’.

327 LPL, fo. 7v and Wing, 20, ‘man’.

328 LPL, fo. 7v and Wing, 20, ‘it’.

329 Wing, 20 does not break to a new paragraph here. Threatening the stability of the Empire by means of an insurrection among the nobility, particularly after the Peace of Augsburg, was understood as manifest treason and warranted the harshest of punishment.

330 LPL, fo. 7v, ‘cheefest’; Wing, 20, ‘chiefest’.

331 LPL, fo. 7v, ‘princes of Germany would aide’; Wing, 20, ‘Princes of Germany would aid’.

332 LPL, fo. 7v, ‘rebell of’; Wing, 20, ‘Rebell of’.

333 LPL, fo. 7v and Wing, 20, ‘proceed’.

334 LPL, fo. 7v, ‘common weall’; Wing, 20, ‘Commonweale’. August's support for Friedrich III of the Palatinate at the Reichstag of 1566 should be understood in the Saxon context here; as Whaley observes, August ‘was careful to guard against any possibility of the Palatine Elector taking Grumbach's side by ensuring that Maximilian's attempt to exclude the Calvinist [sic] Friedrich III from the religious peace failed’. Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, 393. Cf. Press, ‘Wilhelm von Grumbach’, 426.

335 Wing, 20, ‘continuing’.

336 Omitted on Wing, 20.

337 LPL, fo. 7v and Wing, 20, ‘of’.

338 Wing, 20 breaks to a new paragraph here.

339 Wing, 20, ‘Lieutenant for the Wars’.

340 LPL, fo. 7v and Wing, 20, ‘at’.

341 Wing, 20, ‘Emperor’.

342 LPL, fo. 7v, ‘3’; Wing, 20, ‘thirty’.

343 Included on Wing, 20.

344 LPL, fo. 7v, ‘Grinisteinis’; Wing, 20, ‘of Grimsteteine’, i.e. Grimmenstein.

345 Omitted on LPL, fo. 7v and Wing, 21.

346 LPL, fo. 7v, ‘Presburge in Hungaria’; Wing, 21, ‘Presburge, in Hungary’, i.e. Pressburg, modern Bratislava. Johann Friedrich II was also eventually held captive at Wiener Neustadt and Steyr, where he died in 1595.

347 Included on Wing, 21.

348 LPL, fo. 7v, ‘about’; Wing, 21, ‘above’.

349 LPL, fo. 7v, ‘rebells’; Wing, 21, ‘Rebels’.

350 Wing, 21, ‘Pontanz’, i.e. Christian Brück. Pontanus is another Latinized form of Bruckius, who was named in Otto's letter to Cecil. Brück was the second to be executed, followed by Wilhelm von Stein and David Baumgartner. Otto to Cecil, 1 May 1567, TNA, SP 70/90, fo. 4v. For Brück, NDB, II (1955), 652–653; online at DB.

351 LPL, fo. 8r, Tande; Wing, 21, Tandem. The Thaler coins were minted in 1567 with the obverse employing ‘TANDEM’. The reverse read ‘MDLXVII GOTHA CAPTA SVPPLICIO DE PROSCRIPTIS IMP: HOSTIB: OBSESS SVMPTO CŒTERISQUE FVGATIS AVGVSTVS D SAXO ELECTOR &C F F’. Tentzel, Wilhelm Ernst and Juncker, Christian, Saxonia Numismatica Lineae Ernestinae et Albertinae (Gotha, 1714)Google Scholar, II, table 12, 122. See Figure 3.

352 Included on Wing, 21.

353 Wing, 21, ‘Mannour’.

354 LPL, fo. 8r and Wing, 21, ‘one stone left’ in place of ‘left one stone’.

355 LPL, fo. 8r, ‘this’; Wing, 21, ‘the’.

356 LPL, fo. 8r, ‘hard’; Wing, 21, ‘hear’.

357 LPL, fo. 8r, ‘because the alledge that they’; Wing, 21, ‘because, as they alleadge, repay they’.

358 Whaley notes that the campaign against Grumbach cost August 950,000 florins, which the Estates ‘rapidly agreed to pay’. Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, 393.

359 Wing, 21, ‘since’; a potential example of Wing modernizing spelling (and occasional word choice) to later conventions. ‘Sithence’ does, however, occur throughout the 17th c.

360 Wing, 21, ‘clear’.

361 LPL, fo. 8r breaks to a new paragraph here.

362 LPL, fo. 8r and Wing, 21 omit ‘hee was’.

363 Wing, 21 breaks to a new paragraph here.

364 Johann Wilhelm, Duke of Saxony-Weimar from 1554 (b.1530, d.1573), had previously been suggested by Johann Friedrich II as a suitor to Queen Elizabeth in 1559. David Scott Gehring, Anglo-German Relations and the Protestant Cause: Elizabethan Foreign Policy and Pan-Protestantism (London, 2013), 26, nn. at 166. NDB, X (1974), 530–531; online at DB.

365 LPL, fo. 8r, ‘their’ in place of ‘the Third’; Wing, 22, ‘their third’.

366 Wing, 22, ‘at present’.

367 LPL, fo. 8r, ‘an hartburning’ in place of ‘a heart burning’; Wing, 22, ‘heart-burning’.

368 Wing, 22, ‘their’.

369 Wing, 22, ‘Women’.

370 Wing, 22, ‘do’.

371 Wing, 22, ‘disinherit’.

372 Wing, 22, ‘Land, is very dangerous,’.

373 Wing, 22, ‘Selden’.

374 Wing, 22, ‘sprang’.

375 Wing, 22 breaks to a new paragraph here. Reference to Book 14 may cause some confusion, but the author appears to have consulted the ‘epitome’ of Sleidan's Commentaries, even repeating the same words: compare ‘sprung the first quarrell [. . .] Civill warr’ with orta fuit magna per Saxoniam simultas [. . .] Ad ciuile bellum; Note the marginal Simultas inter Prin. Saxoniae. Sleidan, Johann, Epitome Commentariorvm Ioannis Sleidani, De statu Religionis & Reipublicae, Carolo V. Caesare. Apvd Io. Crispinvm (Geneva, 1556 Google Scholar) (USTC 451732), 220.

376 Wing, 23, ‘their’.

377 This entire section, beginning ‘and gentlemen in Germany’, is omitted in BL without any notice.

378 Wing, 23, ‘doe’.

379 Omitted on Wing, 23.

380 Wing, 23, ‘a certain summe’.

381 LPL, fo. 8v and Wing, 23, ‘his’.

382 On partible and impartible inheritance and wills, in general see Dewald, Jonathan (ed.), Europe 1450 to 1789: An Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World (New York, 2004)Google Scholar, III, 265–267. For a case study and bibliography on the complexities in 16th-c. Germany, Bastress-Dukehart, Erica, ‘Family, property, and feeling in early modern German noble culture: The Zimmerns of Swabia’, Sixteenth Century Journal, XXXII (2001), 1–19 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

383 Wing, 23, ‘Feodo’.

384 Wing, 23, ‘there’.

385 LPL, fo. 8v and Wing, 23, ‘nor’.

386 LPL, fo. 8v, ‘maynured’; Wing, 23, ‘Manured’.

387 LPL, fo. 8v begins this paragraph ‘Thus I have as I could s’; Wing, 23, ‘Thus I have as’.

388 Wing, 23 includes LPL's additions in this sentence, with ‘Count Palatine and the Elector of Saxony’. LPL, fo. 8v, ‘Count Palatines and Thelector of Saxonie’.

389 Wing, 23, ‘also’ for ‘all for’.

390 LPL, fo. 8v, ‘vnderstanded’; Wing, 23, ‘understood’.

391 Wing, 23, ‘of the same’.

392 The BL word is abbreviated; LPL, fo. 8v, ‘Adini’ is also abbreviated. Wing, 23, clearly ‘ad Menum’.

393 i.e. Augsburg, Strasbourg, Frankfurt am Main, Lübeck, Hamburg, Ulm, Cologne, Speyer, Nuremberg. ‘Aconia’ is a slight corruption of ‘Acona’, which was the Latin designation for Aken (Elbe), which was not a Free Imperial City. The author was probably thinking of Aachen, a major Reichsstadt. The classic introduction to the Reichsstädte remains Bernd Moeller, Imperial Cities and the Reformation, trans. H.C. Erik Midelfort and Mark U. Edwards Jr. (Philadelphia, PA, 1972); originally published as Reichsstadt und Reformation (Gütersloh, 1962). See also the updated discussion in C. Scott Dixon, ‘The imperial cities and the politics of Reformation’, in Evans, Schaich, and Wilson, The Holy Roman Empire, 139–164.

394 LPL, fo. 8v, ‘that’; Wing, 23, ‘yet’.

395 Wing, 24, ‘Imperiall’.

396 i.e. Magdeburg, Erfurt, Bremen, Brunswick, and Luneburg. In 1569, e.g., the administrator of the archbishopric of Magdeburg was Joachim Friedrich (b.1546, d.1608), son of the Elector of Brandenburg. NDB, X (1974), 438–439; online at DB.

397 Omitted on Wing, 24.

398 LPL, fo. 9r, ‘causes’; Wing, 24, ‘cases’.

399 i.e. Speyer. Wing, 24 does not break to a new paragraph here.

400 LPL, fo. 9r, ‘wealth welthe’.

401 LPL, fo. 9r and Wing, 24, ‘their’.

402 LPL, fo. 9r and Wing, 24, ‘money’.

403 Wing, 24, ‘means’.

404 LPL, fo. 9r, ‘Citties’; Wing, 24, ‘Cities’.

405 Wing, 24, ‘they’.

406 LPL, fo. 9r, ‘the’; Wing, 24, ‘an’.

407 LPL, fo. 9r and Wing, 24, ‘Acona’.

408 Wing, 24, ‘at present’. The cities here are Augsburg, Metz, Aachen (see p. 87 n. 393 above), and Lübeck. The likely source here is Köbel, Glaubliche Offenbarung, sig. Fiiv, noting ‘den vier Stetten’.

409 Wing, 24, ‘Erlistadia’.

410 i.e. Bamberg, Schlettstadt/Sélestat, Hagenau/Haguenau, Ulm. Likely source, Köbel, Glaubliche Offenbarung, sig. Fiiir, noting ‘den vier Dörffern’.

411 LPL, fo. 9r and Wing, 24, ‘as’.

412 Omitted on Wing, 24.

413 i.e. Cologne, Regensburg, Constance, Salzburg. Likely source, Köbel, Glaubliche Offenbarung, sig. Fiiiv, noting ‘den Vier Bauwern’. For a more recent study, see Kümin, Beat, ‘Rural autonomy and popular politics in imperial villages’, German History, 33 (2015), 194–213 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

414 LPL, fo. 9r, ‘Magdelburge’; Wing, 25, ‘Magdeburge’, i.e. Magdeburg.

415 Wing, 25, ‘the siege’. On the siege of Magdeburg in 1550–1551, see Rein, Nathan, The Chancery of God: Protestant Print, Polemic and Propaganda against the Empire, Magdeburg 1546–1551 (Aldershot, 2008)Google Scholar, 121–178.

416 Moritz became Elector of Saxony in 1547. NDB, XVIII (1997), 141–143; online at DB. The siege lasted from 16 September 1550 to 9 November 1551.

417 Included on Wing, 25.

418 Georg, Duke of Mecklenburg (b.1528, d.1552). ADB, VIII (1878), 680.

419 Wing, 25, ‘Smascald’.

420 Omitted on LPL, fo. 9r; Wing, 25, ‘to receive’.

421 Omitted on LPL, fo. 9r and Wing, 25.

422 For an old-fashioned narrative of the Schmalkaldic War, see Johann Gottlieb Jahn, Geschichte des Schmalkaldischen Krieges (Leipzig, 1837); on Magdeburg, 185–186. For a modern discussion of Anglo-German relations in this context, McEntegart, Rory, Henry VIII, the League of Schmalkalden, and the English Reformation (Woodbridge, 2002)Google Scholar.

423 Omitted on LPL, fo. 9v and Wing, 25.

424 Erich II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (b.1528, d.1584). NDB, IV (1959), 584–585; online at DB.

425 Wing, 25, ‘fifth’. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor from 1519; Charles I, King of Spain from 1516.

426 LPL, fo. 9v and Wing, 25, ‘Peninge’, i.e. Penig. The nobility of Penig, west of Dresden, noted in Köbler, 517.

427 Erich's failed attempt in 1548 noted in Jahn, Geschichte, 170–171.

428 Included on Wing, 25.

429 LPL, fo. 9v and Wing, 25, ‘Sconder’. The Oker empties into the Aller, which was known also as the ‘Alre’ in German and ‘Allera’ or ‘Alera’ in Latin. Zedler, I, 662, col. 1245. The author's source for ‘Scowder’ or ‘Sconder’ is unclear.

430 LPL, fo. 9v and Wing, 25, ‘Weser’. The town on the Aller is Celle.

431 Omitted on LPL, fo. 9v and Wing, 25.

432 Heinrich der Ältere (b.1463, d.1514) besieged the city for eight months in 1492–1493 in what became known as the ‘Große Stadtfehde’ or ‘Great City Feud’. NDB, VIII (1969), 350; online at DB. Heinrich der Jüngere (b.1489, d.1568), father of Julius, failed in 1542 to secure control of Braunschweig, which had been Protestant since 1528, largely due to the aid given to the city by the Schmalkaldic Leage. NDB, VIII (1969), 351–352; online at DB.

433 LPL, fo. 9v breaks to a new paragraph here. Julius (b.1528, d.1589), became duke following his father's death in 1568, and in 1569 he instituted a series of visitations in his territories and a consistory on the model of Württemberg to ensure observance of Protestantism. NDB, X (1974), 654–655; online at DB. See also Mager, Die Konkordienformel, 66–86. The reference to ‘3 of October next’ in both MSS (and ‘third of October next’ in Wing) suggests this section of the treatise was completed prior to the date. Due to the reference later in this treatise to the death of Philibert, Marquis of Baden, at the battle of Moncontour on 3 October, the period of composition carried into October at least.

434 LPL, fo. 9v, ‘brasen’; Wing, 25, ‘Brazen’.

435 Heinrich der Löwe, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria (b.c.1129, d.1195), visited and stayed with his father-in-law, Henry II, King of England, from 1182 to 1185, but the original bronze lion probably dates from about 1166. NDB, VIII (1969), 388–391; online at DB.

436 LPL, fo. 9v, ‘harnishe’; Wing, 25, ‘Harnis’.

437 LPL, fo. 9v and Wing, 25 do not break to a new paragraph here. ‘Dagges’ are pistols.

438 LPL, fo. 9v, ‘state’; Wing, 25, ‘seat’.

439 Wing, 25, ‘Swede, but is’.

440 For Lübeck, situated on the Trave, and aid to Denmark during the Seven Years' War of the North, see Lavery, Jason Edward, Germany's Northern Challenge: The Holy Roman Empire and the Scandinavian Struggle for the Baltic, 1563–1576 (Leiden, 2002), 88–102 Google Scholar.

441 Wing, 26, ‘with’.

442 This Jasper (Jaspar or Caspar) Bucolt (Buchholz or Bucholtz) is unclear, though a Buchholz family were Reichsritter during this time. Köbler, 102. For possible relatives, see Zedler, Supplement IV, p. 440, col. 870–p. 441, col. 872; p. 443, col. 875.

443 LPL, fo. 9v and Wing, 26, ‘traffique’.

444 Wing, 26, ‘for’.

445 LPL, fo. 9v and Wing, 26, ‘driven’.

446 Wing, 26, ‘discommodity’; with a paragraph break here.

447 LPL, fo. 9v and Wing, 26, ‘standing’.

448 ‘and is’ omitted on Wing, 26.

449 Omitted on Wing, 26.

450 Included on Wing, 26.

451 On beer in Hamburg on the Elbe, see von Blanckenburg, Christine, Die Hanse und ihr Bier: Brauwesen und Bierhandel im hansischen Verkehrsgebiet (Cologne, 2001), 33–63 Google Scholar.

452 Included on Wing, p.26.

453 LPL, fo. 9v, ‘ffowlkers, Perinells, Schorers, Bawingartners’; Wing, 26, ‘Fowlkers, Peimels, Schorers, Bawingartners, &c’, i.e. the Fuggers, Bimmels, Schorers, Baumgartners. For the best current work in English, see Häberlein, Mark, The Fuggers of Augsburg: Pursuing Wealth and Honor in Renaissance Germany (Charlottesville, VA, 2012)Google Scholar, the updated and translated version of Mark Häberlein, Die Fugger: Geschichte einer Augsburger Familie, 1367–1650 (Stuttgart, 2006).

454 Included on Wing, 26.

455 For a 16th-c. account with an excellent introduction, see Thompson, James Westfall (ed.), The Frankfort Book Fair: The Francofordiense Emporium of Henri Estienne (Chicago, IL, 1911 Google Scholar; repr. New York, 1968).

456 LPL, fo. 10r and Wing, 26, ‘a’.

457 LPL, fo. 10r and Wing, 26, ‘Babo’. The following narrative is a condensed version of the broadsheet printed in 1561 by Hans Glaser in Nuremberg, Der Edel Her Babo von Abenspurg erscheint auff dem Reichstag zu Regenspurg Anno 1446 (USTC 752032). The broadsheet records that Babo had 32 (not 22) sons and 8 daughters, but the event described is a dramatization of a legendary figure. Babo, Burggraf of Regensburg, died about 1001. NDB, I (1953), 481–482; online at DB. Köbler, 35. Cf. the still different figure of 30 sons of ‘Pabo’ noted in Manfred Mayer, ‘Geschichte der Burggrafen von Regensburg’, PhD thesis, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 1883, 9.

458 LPL, fo. 10r, ‘32’; Wing, 26, ‘thirty two’.

459 LPL, fo. 10r, ‘32’; Wing, 26, ‘thirty two’.

460 LPL, fo. 10r, ‘33’; ‘and thirty three’.

461 LPL, fo. 10r and Wing, 26, ‘Babo’.

462 Wing, 26, ‘wherefore’.

463 LPL, fo. 10r and Wing, 26, ‘Babo’.

464 LPL, fo. 10r and Wing, 27, ‘and’.

465 LPL, fo. 10r, ‘32’; Wing, 27, ‘thirty two’.

466 Omitted on LPL, fo. 10r and Wing, 27.

467 LPL, fo. 10r, ‘33’; Wing, 27, ‘thirty three’.

468 Wing, 27, ‘the’.

469 Wing, 27, ‘there’.

470 Wing, 27, ‘which’.

471 Included on Wing, 27.

472 Omitted on LPL, fo. 10r and Wing, 27.

473 Wing, 27, ‘Vnstra’. The river running through Erfurt is the Gera, which empties into the Unstrut roughly 12 miles north of Erfurt.

474 The University of Erfurt was founded originally in 1379 with privileges conferred by Pope Clement VIII in Avignon. Pope Urban VI confirmed the privileges in 1389.

475 LPL, fo. 10r and Wing, 27, ‘the’. NB ‘fovnded’ and ‘first’ are inserted as superscripts with carets in LPL.

476 Luther's first sermon was almost certainly within the Monastery of the Augustinian Hermits in Erfurt about the time of his ordination in 1507, though a more public sermon may have been as late as 1510 or 1512 according to Pless, John T., ‘Martin Luther: Preacher of the cross’, Concordia Theological Quarterly, LI (1987), 86 Google Scholar. Luther's first Mass was 2 May 1507 in the Augustinian cloister, and from 1508 to early April 1511 Luther was in Erfurt, Wittenberg, and Rome. See the chronology in Vol. I of the 3-vol. biography by Brecht, Martin, Martin Luther: His Road to Reformation, 1483–1521, trans. James L. Schaaf (Minneapolis, MN, 1985)Google Scholar, esp. 51–123.

477 LPL, fo. 10 and Wing, 27, ‘Noriberge’, i.e. Nuremberg (or Nürnberg).

478 LPL, fo. 10r and Wing, 27, ‘Begnitz’, i.e. Pegnitz.

479 Albrecht Achilles, Elector of Brandenburg (b.1414, d.1486), tried to assert his family's claims as Burggraf of Nuremberg but was defeated militarily in 1450, after which he acknowledged the city's independence. NDB, I (1953), 161–163; online at DB.

480 LPL, fo. 10r, ‘excellentlie’; Wing, 27, ‘excellently’.

481 Wing, 27, ‘Luneburge’, i.e. Lüneburg.

482 LPL, fo. 10r and Wing, 27, ‘Elmenawe’, i.e. Ilmenau. The Aller, in fact, does not run through Lüneburg but rather flows from Celle (south of Lüneburg by about 50 miles) north-west to Verden before empyting into the Weser.

483 LPL, fo. 10r, ‘Michaells’; Wing, 27, ‘Michaels’.

484 Wing, 27, ‘Saxony’.

485 LPL, fo. 10r, ‘wanne’; Wing, 27, ‘wan’.

486 Wing, 27, ‘same’.

487 The Golden Table was kept in the Church of St Michael, a former monastery. The German traveller, Paul Hentzner, noted its legendary status in 1598, and Fynes Moryson detailed its provenance (‘Henry Leo Duke of Saxony tooke [it] from Milan and placed [it] here’) in An Itinerary published in 1617 (STC 18205), p. 6. On Heinrich der Löwe, see above, p. 90 n. 435. On Hentzner, see Rye, William Brenchley (ed.), England as Seen by Foreigners in the Days of Elizabeth and James the First (London, 1865), 104 Google Scholar, 263–264 n. 119; Rye describes the origins of the table (composed of gold and jewels from the Saracens) and suggests that the Golden Table was sufficiently known in England before Hentzner's comment, and the comment in this treatise bears out Rye's suggestion.

488 LPL, fo. 10r, ‘above’.

489 Wing, 27, ‘There is in the City of Luneburge, which is distant above twenty eight English Miles from the main Sea, a Salt pitt’. Lüneburg's nearest access to the North Sea is via Hamburg, roughly thirty miles distant.

490 Wing, 27, ‘Pumpe’.

491 Wing, 27, ‘four Leaden Pannes that boile’.

492 LPL, fo. 10v, ‘guilders’; Wing, 27, ‘Dollers’.

493 LPL, fo. 10v and Wing, 28, ‘on’.

494 Moryson later described the salt works of Lüneburg and noted ‘[t]here be fifty two roomes, and in each of them eight leaden pannes, in which eight tunnes of salt are daily boyled, and each tunne is worth eight Flemmish shillings.’ An Itinerary, 5–6.

495 LPL, fo. 10v and Wing, 28, ‘tell’.

496 Wing, 28 does not break to a new paragraph here. The Shrine of the Three Kings (or Dreikönigenschrein) still remains in Cologne Cathedral, as do the bones of supposedly 11,000 virgins in the Basilica of St Ursula. On the connections in Cologne between the Three Magi and 11,000 Virgins, see Montgomery, Scott B., St Ursula and the Eleven Thousand Virgins of Cologne: Relics, Reliquaries and the Visual Culture of Group Sanctity in Late Medieval Europe (Berne, 2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

497 Ulm, on the Danube, is west of Augsburg.

498 Included on Wing, 28.

499 Not included on Wing, 28.

500 LPL, fo. 10v, ‘like as not far of’ in place of ‘(like as not) ffor’; Wing, 28, ‘like as not farre off’.

501 LPL, fo. 10v, ‘Trere’; Wing, 28, ‘Fere’.

502 Included on Wing, 28.

503 The Shrine of the Virgin Mary (or Marienschrein) in Aachen Cathedral still supposedly contains, in addition the cloak Mary wore when giving birth to Jesus, Jesus's swaddling clothes, the loincloth worn by him on the cross, and the cloth on which John the Baptist's head was laid after his beheading. Luther had similarly inveighed against the Papists taking advantage of pilgrims coming to Trier to see Christ's tunic in his Warnunge Doct. Martini Luther an seine liebe Deutschen (Wittenberg, 1546) (VD16 L 7344), sig. Iiiiv.

504 Included on Wing, 28. Strasbourg is situated on the Ill, though the Bruche empties into the Ill just outside the city to the west.

505 LPL, fo. 10v, ‘also is’; Wing, 28, ‘also, is’.

506 Omitted on Wing, 28.

507 Wing, 28, ‘who’.

508 LPL, fo. 10v, ‘assessors’; Wing, 29, ‘Astestors’.

509 Wing, 29, ‘hath also’.

510 LPL, fo. 10v, ‘Sessors Camerae’; Wing, 29, ‘Sessors Camere’.

511 Wing, 29, ‘Cause’.

512 Wing, 29, ‘Fee yearly’.

513 LPL, fo. 10v, ‘appeall’; Wing, 29, ‘in Germany do appeal’.

514 Speyer was home to the Imperial Chamber Court (Reichskammergericht) for most of the 16th c. For an overview of the Court and its counterpart, the Imperial Aulic Council (Reichshofrat), see Wilson, The Holy Roman Empire, 70–75; see also Whaley, Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, passim.

515 Wing, 29, ‘Amisia’, i.e. Ems.

516 i.e. Danube, Rhine, Elbe, Main, Maas (Meuse in French), Moselle, Ems, Weser, Eger (Ohře in Czech), Oder, Vistula.

517 LPL, fo. 11r, ‘euxina’, i.e. the Black Sea.

518 Wing, 29, ‘abovesaid’.

519 Wing, 29 does not break to a new paragraph here.

520 Wing, 29, ‘are’.

521 LPL, fo. 11r, ‘hoppes’; Wing, 29, ‘Hopps’.

522 Wing, 29, ‘Harnis’.

523 LPL, fo. 11r, ‘Onyon seed, paper,’ for ‘Oxen, seed Pay’; Wing, 29, ‘Onyon seed, Paper,’.

524 Wing, 29 breaks to a new paragraph here.

525 Omitted on Wing, 29.

526 LPL, fo. 11r and Wing, 29, ‘power’.

527 Wing, 29, ‘Switchers’, i.e. Swiss Basle, Geneva, Schaffhausen, and Mülhausen (Mulhouse in French) each became members of the Swiss Confederation during the early 16th c. For background on the Confederation, see Gordon, Bruce, The Swiss Reformation (Manchester, 2002)Google Scholar.

528 Wing, 29, ‘Eluma’, i.e. Elbing (Elbląg in Polish).

529 LPL, fo. 11r, ‘1529’. Wing, 29–30, ‘King of Polonia. In Anno 1525, Rostocke was taken by the Duke of Mechleburge.’ NB Wing does not list the following cities on separate lines. Danzig (or Gdańsk) and Elbing (or Elbląg) along with several other cities revolted against their former overlords, the Teutonic Knights, and formally became part of the Polish kingdom in 1466. Kowaleski, Maryanne, ‘Polish ships in English waters in the later middle ages’, in Unger, Richard (ed.), Britain and Poland-Lithuania: Contact and Comparison from the Middle Ages to 1795 (Leiden, 2008), 39–64, at 39–40 CrossRefGoogle Scholar. During the 1520s the two dukes of Mecklenburg, the brothers Heinrich V and Albrecht VII, partitioned their patrimony and consolidated their possession of neighbouring cities, including Rostock. Schnell, Heinrich, Heinrich V, der Friedfertige, Herzog von Mecklenburg: 1503–1552 (Halle, 1902)Google Scholar, esp. 3–9.

530 Wing, 30, ‘Constance’.

531 Wing, 30, ‘Mettz, Thove,’, i.e. Metz, Toul.

532 LPL, fo. 11r, ‘Vtrect’; Wing, 30, ‘Vtrict’, i.e. Utrecht.

533 Wing, 30 breaks to a new paragraph here.

534 LPL, fo. 11r and Wing, 30, ‘otherwise be’.

535 Wing, 30, ‘the’.

536 LPL, fo. 11r, ‘counsailors’. BL reads ‘Councells’ after the ‘ors’ is struck through. Wing, 30, ‘as there be called [. . .] so there are three Counsels.’ For an overview of the Imperial Diet, Wilson, The Holy Roman Empire, 63–70.

537 Wing, 30, ‘those’.

538 LPL, fo. 11v employs ‘Calvenisme’ and ‘Lutheranisme’, without the double ‘ee’; Wing, 30, ‘Calvenism (as they term it) and Lutherism.’ Including a caveat like ‘as they terme it’ was commonplace after noting the often problematic term, ‘Calvinism’.

539 i.e. the archbishop electors of Trier, Mainz, and Cologne.

540 Wing, 30, ‘with’.

541 Wing, 30, ‘Bishop’.

542 Wing, 30, ‘Brandenburgs eldest Son and Heire’. Joachim Friedrich, Administrator of Magdeburg (b.1546, d.1608), son of Johann Georg, Elector of Brandenburg. During the 1560s Magdeburg changed from a prince-archbishopric under the Catholic Church to an administrative territory after its abolition of Catholicism and conversion to Lutheranism. NDB, X (1974), 438–439; online at DB. On Joachim Friedrich's later attempt to push further, to Reformed Protestantism, see Nischan, Bodo, Prince, People, and Confession: The Second Reformation in Brandenburg (Philadelphia, PA, 1994)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

543 Wing, 30, ‘second’.

544 Heinrich III, Duke of Saxony-Lauenburg, Archbishop of Bremen (b.1550, d. 1585), son of Franz, Duke of Saxony-Lauenburg (b.1510, d.1581). Heinrich III, Herzog von Sachsen-Lauenburg, NDB, VIII (1969), 354; online at DB.

545 Wing, 30, ‘induced’.

546 Wing, 30 does not break to a new paragraph here. On Magdeburg and Bremen, see Territorien des Reichs, II, 68–86; III, 44–57.

547 Wing, 30, ‘professions’. Jakob III von Eltz, Archbishop of Trier (b.1510, d.1581). NDB, X (1974), 316–317; online at DB.

548 Wing, 30, ‘an other’.

549 Wing, 31, ‘Country’.

550 Daniel Brendel von Homburg, Archbishop of Mainz (b.1523, d.1582). NDB, III (1957), 507–508; online at DB. Brendel was more notable for his founding a Jesuit college in Mainz and the re-Catholicization of Eichsfeld than for any leniency towards Protestants. On Electoral Mainz, see Territorien des Reichs, IV, 60–97, esp. 82–85.

551 LPL, fo. 11v, ‘Countie’; Wing, 31, ‘County’.

552 Salentin, Count of Isenburg-Grenzau, Archbishop of Cologne (b.1532, d.1610), son of Heinrich, Graf von Isenburg-Grenzau. Salentin's two brothers, Anton and Johann, died in 1548 and 1565, respectively. Salentin Graf von Isenburg-Grenzau, NDB, XXII (2005), 365–366; online at DB.

553 Wing, 31, ‘wrote to’.

554 LPL, fo. 11v, ‘Countie’; Wing, 31, ‘County’.

555 Wing, 30, ‘said’.

556 LPL, fo. 11v and Wing, 31, ‘in’.

557 LPL, fo. 11v, ‘of this’; Wing, 31, ‘in his’.

558 Wing, 31, ‘which yet he hath not done as I hear.’ The letter from the Elector Palatine, Friedrich III, has not been located, nor has the archbishop's reply.

559 Johann III, Bishop of Münster (b.1529, d.1574). In 1565 Johann was evaluated by a team of Cardinals and the Jesuit, Peter Canisius, who left convinced of Johann's Catholic faith. Johann IV, Graf von Hoya, NDB, X (1974), 509; online at DB.

560 LPL, fo. 11v, ‘supporter to the contrarie’; Wing, 30, ‘suporter of the contrary’. LPL and Wing do not break the paragraph here.

561 LPL, fo. 11v, ‘ffulda’; Wing, 31, ‘Fulda’. Wilhelm Hartmann Klauer von Wohra, Prince-Abbot of Fulda (1568-70). On the territory of Fulda, Territorien des Reichs, IV, 128–145, esp. 137–142.

562 LPL, fo. 11v, ‘themperesse’; Wing, 31, ‘Emperesses’.

563 Wing, 31 does not break the paragraph here.

564 Albert V, Duke of Bavaria (1550–1579). During the mid 1560s Cecil noted the dangers of Catholic conspiracy and learned that Albert was the military commander of Catholic forces to overtake Protestant lands. Memorandum in Cecil's hand, Bodleian, Ashmole MS 1148, 191–200. Compare the report of Citolini to Cecil, informing from the Imperial Diet at Augsburg that the duke of Bavaria was opposed to religious liberty for Protestants, 8 April 1566, CSPF, VIII, 47. NDB, I (1953), 158–160; online at DB. Among the temporal rulers, the duke of Bavaria was esteemed ‘the greatest prince in all Germany of that faccion’ in ‘A discourse of Germany’, 1584, BL, Harley MS 1579, fo. 72r. See also Forster, Marc R., Catholic Germany from the Reformation to the Enlightenment (Basingstoke, 2007), 35–84 Google Scholar.

565 LPL, fo. 11v, ‘Alsatia alsatia’; Wing, 31, ‘Alsatia do’, i.e. Alsace. On this region, which included Lorraine and Strasbourg, Territorien des Reichs, V, 72–122; on Tyrol, I, 86–101.

566 Omitted on LPL, fo. 11v and Wing, 31.

567 LPL, fo. 11v, ‘Carnethia’; Wing, 31, ‘Carinthia’, i.e. Kärnten, on which, including Styria or Steiermark, Territorien des Reichs, I, 103–116.

568 Omitted on LPL, fo. 11v and Wing, 31.

569 LPL, fo. 12r and Wing, 31, ‘professe’; Wing follows with ‘Lutherism’.

570 LPL, fo. 12r, ‘nedinesse’; Wing, 31, ‘needinesse’.

571 LPL, fo. 12r and Wing, 31, ‘hire’.

572 Wing, 32, ‘which’.

573 Franz, Duke of Saxony-Lauenburg, and Johann Wilhelm, Duke of Saxony-Weimar (b.1530, d.1573), the former reputedly having been courted by the French as early as 1559, the latter a pensioner of the French crown in 1568. Throckmorton to Elizabeth, 25 August 1559, CSPF, I, 494–497. Kouri, England and the Attempts, 23. Johann Wilhelm, NDB, X (1974), 530–531; online at DB.

574 Wing, 32, ‘of France’. Philibert, Marquis of Baden (b.1536, d.1569), and others were mentioned as ‘colonels in the service of the King of France’ in a newsletter from Antwerp, 16 October 1568, Rigg, J.M. (ed.), Calendar of State Papers Relating to English Affairs Preserved Principally at Rome in the Vatican Archives and Library (London, 1916)Google Scholar, I, item 552. Philibert died at the battle of Moncontour, 3 October 1569, dating this section of the treatise to after that event. Norris reported Philibert's death to Elizabeth, 5 October 1569, CSPF, IX, 128. ADB, XXV (1887), 739–741; online at DB.

575 LPL, fo. 12r and Wing, 32, ‘live’.

576 Wing, 32, ‘will’.

577 Erich II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (b.1528, d.1584), was a pensioner of the king of Spain during the 1550s and lived in Spain, Lorraine, and Italy from 1577. List of pensioners, BL, Cotton Galba, B. XI, fo. 158r. NDB, IV (1959), 584–585; online at DB.

578 LPL, fo. 12r, ‘Ernst ~’; unclear what the curved dash signifies; Wing, 32, ‘Erneste of’, i.e. Peter Ernst, Prince of Mansfeld (b.1517, d.1604), who would also later serve the French king, Charles IX. NDB, XVI (1990), 79; online at DB.

579 Wing, 32, ‘at present’.

580 LPL, fo. 12r breaks the paragraph here.

581 Various ‘Rhinegraves’ were employed by the French king during the 1560s; here Friedrich, Wild- and Rheingraf, Count of Salm is probably intended. Norris mentioned to Cecil ‘the two Rhinegraves’ in French royal service, 15 January 1569, CSPF, IX, 13. See also Salm, NDB, XXII (2005), 381–383; online at DB.

582 ‘and the [. . .] King’ unclear where to be placed, as BL, LPL, and Wing differ significantly.

583 Here and elsewhere LPL and Wing use ‘against’ while BL separates ‘a gainst’; cf. ‘aboue’, ‘aforementioned’ etc.

584 LPL, fo. 12r and Wing, 32, ‘of’.

585 LPL, fo. 12r breaks the paragraph here.

586 Omitted on Wing, 32.

587 LPL, fo. 12r and Wing, 32, ‘their’.

588 Wing, 32, ‘he’.

589 Wing, 32, ‘unto’.

590 The queen's agent in Germany, Christopher Mundt, informed Cecil of the Saxon decree in his letter of 3 April 1569, CSPF, IX, 56; Mundt was on his way to meet Killigrew at Heidelberg; cf. Killigrew's reports to Cecil of 11 and 16 April, 12 May. German Protestant princes’ prohibiting forces going to Catholic powers in France and the Low Countries would become a signature contribution (though not the only one) to the Protestant Cause. A similar prohibition had been issued in 1562, when the ‘Elector [Palatine,] Landsgrave and other confederattes confesionis Augustanae, [made] proclamation that yf any Dutch man serve against the Prince [of Condé], he should confyscatt all his goodes and be banyshed his countrey whervpon many departed from the Rhengrave and Rakinborogh.’ Adams, Simon, Archer, Ian W., and Bernard, G.W. (eds), ‘A “Journall” of matters of state’, in Archer, Ian W. et al. (eds), Religion, Politics, and Society in Sixteenth-Century England, (Cambridge, 2003), 110 Google Scholar.

591 i.e. Münster, Aachen, Cologne. Münster was clearly intended here, but it was not officially a Free City of the Empire, as Aachen and Cologne were. On Münster and the surrounding territory, Territorien des Reichs, III, 108–129.

592 Wing, 32, ‘their’.

593 Wing, 32, ‘Prince’.

594 Many Dutch rebels fled the Netherlands after the Duke of Alba's arrival in 1567 and the subsequent ‘Council of Blood’, which claimed among others the Counts of Egmont and Horne. On the challenges among Protestants in Cologne during the early stages of the Reformation, see Scribner, R.W., ‘Why was there no Reformation in Cologne?’, in Popular Culture and Popular Movements in Reformation Germany (London, 1987), 217–242 Google Scholar. Even the conversion to Protestantism of the archbishop-elector was not enough to convert the rest of the city, as seen in the Cologne War, 1583–1588. For a very different situation, contrast Wesel's religious diversity and immigrant communities in Spohnholz, Jesse, The Tactics of Toleration: A Refugee Community in the Age of Religious Wars (Newark, DE, 2011)Google Scholar.

595 LPL, fo. 12r, ‘Colinar Sleidsteit barserberge’; Wing, 32, ‘Colmar, Sledstat, Kaysersberge’, i.e. Colmar, Schlettstadt, Kaysersberg.

596 LPL, fo. 12r, ‘Turkein’; Wing, 33, ‘Turkeine’, followed by ‘Mynster’.

597 i.e. Haguenau, Turckheim, Munster, all now in France. Haguenau had been a site of religious colloquy in 1540–1541 (along with Worms and Regensburg), though the city itself resisted Lutheranism until Jakob Andreae introduced it in late 1565–1566. Hanauer, Auguste Charles, Le Protestantisme à Haguenau (Strasbourg, 1905)Google Scholar; cf. Guerber, Joseph, Haguenau et la Réforme (Strasbourg, 1861)Google Scholar.

598 See caveat above, p. 98 n. 538.

599 Omitted on Wing, 33.

600 The reformation of territories by Friedrich III, Elector Palatine, is discussed above. Johann II, Count of East Friesland (b.1538, d.1591), co-ruler with his Lutheran brother, Edzard II (b.1532, d.1599). Well before the outbreak of hostilities in the Low Countries, an English merchant, George Nedham, warned those in Emden of the dangers brought by Protestant disunion in his discourse written in 1564. Ramsay, G.D. (ed.), The Politics of a Tudor Merchant Adventurer: A Letter to the Earls of East Friesland (Manchester, 1979)Google Scholar. After the outbreak of war, the two counts corresponded with Cecil, Elizabeth, and others, e.g. their letters of 12 August 1568, CSPF, VIII, 520–521. On variation among the Dutch Reformed community, see Nijenhuis, W., ‘Variants within Dutch Calvinism in the sixteenth century’, Acta Historiae Neerlandicae, XII (1979), 48–64 Google Scholar; Duke, Alastair, Reformation and Revolt in the Low Countries (London, 1990)Google Scholar, esp. 269–293 (Ch. 11, ‘The ambivalent face of Calvinism in the Netherlands’; Tracy, James D., ‘The Calvinist church of the Dutch Republic, 1572–1618/9’, in Maltby, William S. (ed.), Reformation Europe: A Guide to Research II (St Louis, MO, 1992), 253–280 Google Scholar.

601 LPL, fo. 12v and Wing, 33, ‘Buren, and Millanus’, i.e. Daniel von Büren and Marcus Mening. Their Melanchthonian reformation of Bremen discussed briefly in Territorien des Reichs, III, 50–51, but for a full treatment in the context of later Lutheran controversies see Dingel, Irene, Concordia controversa: Die öffentlichen Diskussionen um das lutherische Konkordienwerk am Ende des 16. Jahrhunderts (Gütersloh, 1996), 352–412 Google Scholar. Lutheran-Zwinglian disputes in Bremen had been recognized by Bishop Grindal as early as 6 June 1562 in his letter to Conrad Hubert; see esp. his comments on Luther's later, over-zealous followers ‘always discovering the nakedness of their father’. The Zurich Letters, or the Correspondence of Several English bishops and Others, with some of the Helvetian Reformers, during the Reign of Queen Elizabeth, 2nd edn (Cambridge, 1846), 142. In 1573 and 1577 Bremen was suggested as a place of deposit for funds to support a Protestant league, and during the 1580s it was seen as a key ally, for it was ‘one of the strongest [cities] in Germany, and the only one of the great ones which has received our confession’. Ségur to Walsingham, 8 December 1583, CSPF, XVIII, 263–264.

602 Wing, 33, ‘ernest’.

603 LPL's additions included on Wing, 33.

604 Wing, 33, ‘both kinds in their mother tongue’.

605 Not included on Wing, 33.

606 On the Lutheran position regarding images and architecture, see Heal, Bridget, ‘“Better papist than Calvinist”: Art and identity in later Lutheran Germany’, German History, 29 (2011), 584–609 CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Similar criticisms were levied at the Elizabethan Church in 1566 during the Vestiarian Controversy.

607 LPL, fo. 12v, ‘truneus’, which is incorrect; Wing, 33, ‘truncus’.

608 Wing, 33, ‘did’.

609 LPL, fo. 12v, ‘illiricus’; Wing, 33, ‘Illericus’ (followed by ‘as’), i.e. Matthias Flacius Illyricus (b.1520, d.1575).

610 Wing, 33, ‘Gena’, i.e. Jena.

611 The Gnesio-Lutheran party came to be the doctrinally strict, hard-line, ‘true’, or ‘genuine’ followers of Luther. Matthias Flacius Illyricus and Johann Wigand were key leaders holding sway over Ducal Saxony, where Johann Wilhelm was in power. Earlier in Elizabeth's reign, Flacius and his collaborators, the Magdeburg Centuriators, called on the English to assist them in their historical research. Jones, Norman L., ‘Matthew Parker, John Bale, and the Magdeburg centuriators’, Sixteenth Century Journal, 12 (1981), 35–49 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

612 Included on Wing, 33.

613 LPL, fo. 12v, ‘the’.

614 LPL, fo. 12v, ‘hominen’.

615 Omitted on LPL, fo. 12v and Wing, 34.

616 Wing, 34, αδιαφορα, has it correct. LPL, fo. 12v, ‘asiapofa’ in Latin letters, suggesting that both LPL and BL were transcribed by copyists uncertain how to transliterate the Greek into ‘adiaphora’. Wing has the Greek letters quite clearly. LPL's slips in Latin elsewhere suggest a lack of facility in the language. On adiaphora in the English context, see Verkamp, Bernard, The Indifferent Mean: Adiaphorism in the English Reformation to 1554 (Athens, OH, 1977)Google Scholar.

617 LPL, fo. 12v and Wing, 34 do not break the paragraph here.

618 LPL, fo. 12v, ‘wittenberge’; Wing, 34, ‘Wittemberge’; see above. In 1574, Augustus ‘baunished out of his court & councell [. . .] his chief ministers for Calvenisme by the curches perswasion, & [there was] much discord in those partes about the sacramentaries as they terme them’. Killigrew to Walsingham?, 18 July 1574, BL, Cotton MS Caligula, C. IV, fo. 272r.

619 The Philippist party, like Melanchthon, held a more flexible course adaptive to political and international circumstances. At times this group would be called by their opponents ‘crypto-Calvinists, though what was “cryptic” in their beliefs was much rather their intellectual reservations about confessional extremism than any surreptitious advocacy of narrow Genevan dogma’. Evans, R.J.W., Rudolf II and his World: A Study in Intellectual History 1576–1612 (Oxford, 1984), 99 Google Scholar. For Major and the classic treatment on these two groups, see Kolb, Robert, ‘Georg Major as controversialist: Polemics in the late Reformation’, Church History, 45 (1976), 455–468 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kolb, Robert, ‘Dynamics of party conflict in the Saxon late Reformation: Gnesio-Lutherans vs. Philippists’, The Journal of Modern History, 49:3 (1977), D1289–1305CrossRefGoogle Scholar, esp. the interesting comparison to Puritans and Anglicans on p. D1305; repr. in Kolb, Robert, Luther's Heirs define his Legacy: Studies on Lutheran Confessionalization (Aldershot, 1996)Google Scholar. See also the supreme work by Dingel, Concordia controversa; cf. her edited series, Controversia et Confessio: Theologische Kontroversen 1548–1577/80, 9 vols (Göttingen, 2008–).

620 LPL, fo. 12v and Wing, 34, ‘these’.

621 Wing, 34, ‘thereof’.

622 LPL, fo. 13r and Wing, 34, ‘by’.

623 The Altenburg Colloquy between Philippists of Wittenberg (representing Augustus, Elector of Saxony) and Gnesio-Lutherans of Jena (representing Johann Wilhelm, Duke of Saxony-Weimar) discussed justification, free will, and adiaphora. First printed in German as Colloqvivm zu Altenburgk in Meissen, vom artikel der Rechtfertigung vor Gott [. . .] gehalten vom 20 Octobris anno 1568 bis auff den 9 Martij, anno 1569 (Jena, 1569) (VD16 K 1945-6); translated into Latin as Colloqvivm Altenbvrgense De Articvlo Ivstificationis . . .[. . .] (Jena, 1570) (VD16 K 1948, VD16 ZV 9123).

624 Wing, 34, ‘that’.

625 i.e. ‘think’ or ‘fear’.

626 Included on Wing, 34.

627 LPL, fo. 13r, ‘beginning’.

628 Mundt noted to Cecil that, regarding their false sense of security in religious peace, ‘the Protestant Princes seem to act more securely and confidently [. . .] than the deceits and frauds of these times would seem to warrant, for as boys are deceived by gifts so are men by promises’. Munt to Cecil, 5 December 1564, translation from Historical Manuscripts Commission: Calendar of the Manuscripts of the Most Hon. The Marquis of Salisbury, (London, 1883), I, 313; Hatfield House, MS 154, fo. 100r: Protestantes Principes securius et confidentius agere videntur [. . .] quam horum temporibus fraudibus et dolis conuenire videa[n]tur, nam ut pueri munusculis ita viri promissis falsi solent. On drunkenness among the Germans and Danes, Thomas Bodley would later report of his own episode with King Frederik II, who often provided alcohol ‘in literally staggering quantities’. Lockhart, Frederik II, 228.

629 The Gnesio-Lutheran Johann Wigand warned against playing neutral in religion in his De Nevtralibvs et Mediis Pia et Necessaria Admonitio (Frankfurt 1552; published with a slightly different title in 1560) (VD16 W 2808-9); translated as De Neutralibus et Mediis, Grossly Inglished, Jacke of both Sydes[:] A Godly and a necessary catholike Admonition, touching those that be Neutres, holding those that be neutres, holding vpon no certayne Religion nor Doctrine and such as holde with both partes or rather of no parte (London, 1562) (STC 25612; published with a slightly different title page again in 1562, STC 25612.5).

630 Wilhelm V, Duke of Jülich-Cleve-Berg (b.1516, d.1592), in 1546 married Maria of Austria, sister to the later Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor. Wilhelm had previously tried to steer an Erasmian course, or ‘reformkatholischer Mittelweg’ in his territories. Previous Chancellors (Johann Ghogreve, Chancellor of Berg, d.1554; Johann von Vlatten, Chancellor of Jülich, d.1562) helped Wilhelm to this end, as did Chancellor Heinrich Bars, alias Olisleger (d.1575), though Olisleger remained more attached to the Catholic Church. Territoren des Reichs, III, 93–101. Olisleger, Heinrich Bars, ADB, XXIV (1887), 303–305; online at DB.

631 Wing, 34, ‘make’.

632 Included on Wing, 34.

633 LPL, fo. 13r omits ‘profession of’; BL's ‘profession’ a corruption of ‘confession’, as in Wing, 34, ‘confession of’.

634 Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor (b.1527, d.1576), was sometimes rumoured to sway towards the Confession of Augsburg and was a long-standing confidant of the Lutheran Christopher, Duke of Württemberg; on their correspondence, see von Klarwill, Victor (ed.), Queen Elizabeth and Some Foreigners . . . (London, 1928)Google Scholar, 10, 15. See also Paula Sutter Fichtner, Emperor Maximilian II (New Haven, CT, 2001); Maximilian II, NDB, XVI (1990), 471–475; online at DB. Notwithstanding any pseudo-Lutheran tendencies or concessions, Maximilian was deeply involved with Catholic Spain not only via his marriage to King Philip II's sister (Mary), but also because after the death of Philip's son (Don Carlos) in 1568, the succession was left to Maximilian or his son, Rudolf, who had been sent to the Spanish court in 1563 and resided there until 1571.

635 Wing, 35, ‘dissemble’.

636 In the margin, ‘Christopher Carrclutius’. LPL, fo. 13r, ‘Counsell’ underlined, with ‘Christofer Carrolutius’ in the margin; no marginal note in Wing; i.e. Christoph von Eitzing (Eyzing, Aitzing, etc., d.1563), perhaps, or, more likely, Carolus Clusius or Charles de L’Écluse, the famous botanist and Reformed Dutchman called to Vienna by Maximilian in 1573. Clusius was among friends in Mechelen, just north of Brussels, from 1567 to 1573. If the person referred to in the margin is indeed Clusius, this section of the account must have been added to after 1573. Clusius held a wide-ranging correspondence network, including Philip Sidney (two letters, 28 May, 8 June 1576, BL, Additional MS 15914, fos 29r–32v) and Daniel Rogers (Clusius mentioned as ‘my friend’ in Rogers to Walsingham, 13 October 1577, CSPF, XII, 252–254). In English, see Egmond, Florike, The World of Carolus Clusius: Natural History in the Making, 1550–1610 (London, 2010)Google Scholar. In German, NDB, III (1957), 296–297; online at DB.

637 Wing, 35, ‘professe’.

638 In the margin, ‘Ioachim Comerarius’. LPL, fo. 13r, ‘and both noble and learned’, with ‘learned’ underlined, and ‘Ioachim Cameracius’ in the margin (no marginal note in Wing, 35, which has ‘and Divines, both Learned, and Noblemen’); i.e. Joachim Camerarius, the Elder (b.1500, d.1574), who in 1568 discussed Protestant-Catholic reunion with Maximilian II. Fichtner, Emperor Maximilian, 148–149, 151. NDB, III (1957), 104–105; online at DB. Joachim Camerarius, the Younger, was an intimate friend and correspondent of Carolus Clusius.

639 Included on Wing, 35.

640 Included on Wing, 35.

641 LPL, fo. 13v and Wing, 35 do not break paragraph here. News spread to England of a remonstrance by the Protestant princes of Germany to the Emperor for liberty of religion at the Reichstag in Speyer, dated 9 December 1570, BL, Cotton MS Nero, B. IX, fos 118r–122v. Maximilian II's son, Rudolf, was eventually recognized as his father's successor in 1575, despite the Protestants’ reservations. The final Reichstag of Maximilian's reign was in 1576 at Regensburg, with relatively few of the Protestant princes in attendance. Fichtner, Emperor Maximilian, 199, 214–215. Cobham had informed Burghley from Madrid that the Spaniards hoped for Rudolf's election as King of the Romans in his letter of 14 November 1575, CSPF, XI, 180–181. See also Philip Sidney's blistering assessment of Rudolf in his letter to Walsingham, 3 May 1577, BL, Cotton MS Galba, B. XI, fos 330r–331v.

642 Wing, 35, ‘conjecture’.

643 Matthew 12:25 (KJV): ‘And Jesus knew their thoughts, and said unto them, Every kingdom divided against itself is brought to desolation; and every city or house divided against itself shall not stand’.