Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T15:15:48.344Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

LATE AND UNEQUAL: MEASURING ENROLMENTS AND RETENTION IN BRAZILIAN EDUCATION, 1933-2010

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 April 2021

Thomas H. Kang Open the ORCID record for Thomas H. Kang [Opens in a new window] ,
Luís Henrique Z. Paese Open the ORCID record for Luís Henrique Z. Paese [Opens in a new window]  and
Nilson F. A. Felix Open the ORCID record for Nilson F. A. Felix [Opens in a new window]
Thomas H. Kang
Affiliation:
Escola Superior de Propaganda e Marketing (ESPM)a
Luís Henrique Z. Paese
Affiliation:
Centro Administrativo Sicredib
Nilson F. A. Felix
Affiliation:
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)c
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This paper presents a new dataset of enrolment rates and grade distribution ratios (GDR) in Brazil between 1933 and 2010, in addition to enrolment rates and GDR of Brazilian states from 1955 to 2010. To our knowledge, there are no previous estimates of enrolment rates by states for such a long period in Brazil. Enrolment rates and GDR in northern and north-eastern states were meagre and comparable to the lowest Latin American performers, and even the most advanced Brazilian states lagged behind the early leaders of the region, such as Argentina and Uruguay, until the turn of the century. Given a certain enrolment rate, Brazilian states were expected to present lower GDR compared to Latin American countries on average.

Resumen

RESUMEN

Este artículo presenta un nuevo conjunto de datos de tasas de matriculación y tasas de distribución de grados (GDR) en Brasil entre 1933 y 2010. También presentamos tasas de matriculación y GDR por estados brasileños de 1955 a 2010. No hay estimaciones previas de las tasas de matriculación por Estados por un período tan largo en Brasil. Las tasas de matriculación y las GDR en los estados del norte y noreste fueron bajas y comparables con las de menor rendimiento en América Latina. Incluso los estados brasileños más avanzados se quedaron atrás de los líderes de la región hasta el cambio de siglo. Dada una cierta tasa de matriculación, los estados brasileños presentaran GDR más bajas que los países latinoamericanos en promedio.

Keywords

educationenrolmentseconomic historyregional inequalityN36H52I25educaciónmatriculaciónhistoria económicadesigualdad regional
Type
Articles/Artículos
Information
Revista de Historia Economica - Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History , Volume 39 , Issue 2 , September 2021 , pp. 191 - 218
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Instituto Figuerola, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

a

Campus Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil. [email protected]

b

Digital Transformation Initiative, Porto Alegre, Brazil. [email protected]

c

Postgraduate Program in Education, Porto Alegre, Brazil. [email protected]

References

REFERENCES

Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., and Robinson, J. A. (2001): «The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation». American Economic Review 91(5), pp. 1369-1401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ames, B. (1973): Rhetoric and Reality in a Militarized Regime: Brazil Since 1964. Beverly Hills and London: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Arroyo-Abad, L. (2013): «Persistent Inequality? Trade, Factor Endowments, and Inequality in Republican Latin America». The Journal of Economic History 73(1), pp. 38-78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Astorga, P., Bergés, A. R., and Fitzgerald, V. (2005): «The Standard of Living in Latin America During the Twentieth Century». The Economic History Review 58(4), pp. 765-796.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Azzoni, C. R. (1997): «Concentração Regional e Dispersão das Rendas per Capita Estaduais: Análise a Partir de Séries Históricas Estaduais de PIB, 1939–1995». Estudos Econômicos 27(3), pp. 341-393.Google Scholar
Azzoni, C. R. (2001): «Economic Growth and Regional Income Inequality in Brazil». The Annals of Regional Science 35(1), pp. 133-152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baer, W. (1964): «Regional Inequality and Economic Growth in Brazil». Economic Development and Cultural Change 12(3), pp. 268-285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barbosa, R. (1947): Obras Completas. Vol. 10. Rio de Janeiro: Ministério da Educação e Saúde.Google Scholar
Barro, R. J., and Lee, J. (2013): «A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950–2010». Journal of Development Economics 104, pp. 184-198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barros, A. R. C. (2012): «Dinâmica das Desigualdades Regionais no Brasil». Revista Econômica Do Nordeste 43(4), pp. 9-26.Google Scholar
Birdsall, N., Bruns, B., and Sabot, R. H. (1996). «Education in Brazil: Playing a Bad Hand Badly». in Nancy Birdsall and Richard Sabot (eds.) Opportunity Foregone: Education in Brazil. Washington DC: Inter-American Development Bank, pp. 7-47.Google Scholar
Brown, D. S. (2002): «Democracy, Authoritarianism and Education Finance in Brazil». Journal of Latin American Studies 34(1), pp. 115-141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruhn, M., and Gallego, F. A. (2012): «Good, Bad, and Ugly Colonial Activities: Do They Matter for Economic Development?» Review of Economics and Statistics 94(2), pp. 433-461.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cano, W. (1977): Raízes da Concentração Industrial em São Paulo. São Paulo: Difel.Google Scholar
Coatsworth, J. H. (2008): «Inequality, Institutions and Economic Growth in Latin America». Journal of Latin American Studies 40(3), pp. 545-569.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colistete, R. P. (2016): «O Atraso em Meio à Riqueza: Uma História Econômica da Educação Primária em São Paulo, 1835 a 1920». PhD thesis. Tese de livre-docência, Faculdade de Economia, Administração e Contabilidade, Universidade de São Paulo.Google Scholar
De Carvalho Filho, I., and Colistete, R. P. (2010): «Education Performance: Was it All Determined 100 Years Ago? Evidence From São Paulo, Brazil». MPRA Paper 24494, University Library of Munich, Germany.Google Scholar
De Carvalho Filho, I., and Monasterio, L. (2012): «Immigration and the Origins of Regional Inequality: Government-Sponsored European Migration to Southern Brazil Before World War I». Regional Science and Urban Economics 42(5), pp. 794-807.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denslow, D. (1973): «As Origens da Desigualdade Regional no Brasil». Estudos Econômicos (São Paulo) 3(1), pp. 65-88.Google Scholar
Engerman, S. L., and Sokoloff, K. L. (1997): «Factor Endowments, Institutions, and Differential Paths of Growth Among New World Economies». in Haber, Stephen (eds), How Latin America Fell Behind. Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp. 260-304.Google Scholar
Fletcher, P. R. (1985): «A Repetência no Ensino de 1° Grau: Um Problema Negligenciado da Educação Brasileira. Uma Análise Preliminar e Sugestão de Avaliação Adicional». Revista Brasileira de Administração da Educação 3(1), pp. 10-41.Google Scholar
Fletcher, P. R., and Castro, C. M. (1993): «Mitos, Estratégias e Prioridades Para o Ensino de 1° Grau». Estudos em Avaliação Educacional 8, pp. 39-56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forsythe, G. E., Moler, C. B., and Malcolm, M. A. (1977): Computer Methods for Mathematical Computations. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Frankema, E. (2009): «The Expansion of Mass Education in Twentieth Century Latin America: A Global Comparative Perspective». Revista de Historia Economica-Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 27(3), pp. 359-396.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frankema, E., and Bolt, J. (2006): Measuring and Analysing Educational Inequality: The Distribution of Grade Enrolment Rates in Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa. Tech. rep. Gröningen: Groningen Growth and Development Centre, University of Gröningen.Google Scholar
Funari, P. P. P. (2017): «Inequality, Institutions, and Long-Term Development: A Perspective from Brazilian Regions». in Bértola, L. and Williamson, J. (eds.), Has Latin American Inequality Changed Direction? Looking Over the Long Run. Berlin: Springer, pp. 113-142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furtado, C. (1959): Formação econômica do Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Fundo de Cultura.Google Scholar
Goldenberg, M. (1990): Ensino Regular de 1 Grau: Séries Temporais 1955/87. Tech. rep. Brasília: MEC.Google Scholar
Hanushek, E. A. (2008): «Education Production Functions». in Durlauf, Steven and Blume, Lawrence E. (eds.) The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 1-5.Google Scholar
Kang, T. H. (2019): The Political Economy of Education Under Military Rule in Brazil, 1964–1985. PhD thesis. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.Google Scholar
Kang, T. H., and Menetrier, I. (2020): «Export Incentives, State-Level Expenditures and Primary Education in Brazil, 1967–1985» 6th Brazilian Economic History Workshop. Insper, São Paulo.Google Scholar
Klein, R., and Ribeiro, S. C. (1991): «O Censo Educacional e o Modelo de Fluxo: O Problema da Repetência». Revista Brasileira de Estatística 52(197/198), pp. 5-45.Google Scholar
Klein, R., and Ribeiro, S. C. (1995): «A Pedagogia da Repetência ao Longo das Décadas». Ensaio: avaliação e políticas públicas em educação 3(6), pp. 55-62.Google Scholar
Komatsu, B., Menezes-Filho, N., Oliveira, P. A. C., and Viotti, L. T. (2019): «Novas Medidas de Educação e de Desigualdade Educacional Para a Primeira Metade do Século XX no Brasil». Estudos Econômicos 49(4), pp. 687-722.Google Scholar
Leff, N. H. (1972): «Economic Development and Regional Inequality: Origins of the Brazilian Case». The Quarterly Journal of Economics 86(2), pp. 243-262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindert, P. H. (2004): Growing Public: The Story: Social Spending and Economic Growth Since the Eighteenth Century. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Maduro, P. (2007): Taxas de matrícula e gastos em educação no Brasil. MA thesis. EPGE—Fundação Getúlio Vargas.Google Scholar
Mattos, E., Innocentinni, T., and Benelli, Y. (2012): «Capitanias Hereditárias e Desenvolvimento Econômico: Herança Colonial Sobre Desigualdade e Instituições». Pesquisa e Planejamento Econômico-PPE 42(3), pp. 433-472.Google Scholar
Monasterio, L. M. (2010): «Brazilian Spatial Dynamics in the Long Term (1872–2000): «Path Dependency» or «Reversal of Fortune»?» Journal of Geographical Systems, 12 (1), pp. 51-67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Musacchio, A., Fritscher, A. M., and Viarengo, M. (2014): «Colonial Institutions, Trade Shocks, and the Diffusion of Elementary Education in Brazil, 1889–1930». The Journal of Economic History 74(3), pp. 730-766.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naritomi, J., Soares, R. R., and Assunção, J. J. (2012): «Institutional Development and Colonial Heritage within Brazil». The Journal of Economic History 72(2), pp. 393-422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
OECD (2016). PISA country Note. Tech. rep. Paris: OECD. url: https://www.oecd.org/pisa/PISA-2015-Brazil.pdf.Google Scholar
Oliveira, R. C., and Silveira Neto, R. M. (2016): «Expansão da Escolaridade e Redução da Desigualdade Regional de renda no Brasil Entre 1995 E 2011: Progressos Recentes e Desafios Presentes». Pesquisa e Planejamento Econômico 46(1), pp. 40-65.Google Scholar
Pereira, T. A. Z. (2020): «The North-South Divide: Real Wages and Welfare in Brazil During the Early 20th Century». Revista de Historia Economica-Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 38(1), pp. 185-214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pessôa, S. (2001): Existe um problema de desigualdade regional no Brasil? Anais do XXIX Encontro Nacional de Economia da ANPEC.Google Scholar
Reis, E. (2014): «Spatial Income Inequality in Brazil, 1872–2000». Economia (Pontificia Universidad Catolica Del Peru. Departamento De Economia) 15(2), pp. 119-140.Google Scholar
Ribeiro, S. C. (1991): «A Pedagogia da Repetência». Estudos Avançados 512, pp. 7-21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rocha, R., Ferraz, C., and Soares, R. R. (2017): «Human Capital Persistence and Development». American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 9(4), pp. 105-136.Google Scholar
Schiefelbein, E. (1975): «Repeating: An Overlooked Problem of Latin American Education». Comparative Education Review 19(3), pp. 468-487.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sen, A. (1997): «Editorial: Human Capital and Human Capability». World Development 25(12), pp. 1959-1961.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Souza, P. H. G. F. (2016): A desigualdade vista do topo: a concentração de renda entre os ricos no Brasil, 1926–2013. PhD thesis. PPG em Sociologia, Universidade de Brasília.Google Scholar
Summerhill, W. (2010): «Colonial Institutions, Slavery, Inequality, and Development: Evidence from São Paulo, Brazil». MPRA Paper 22162, University Library of Munich, Germany.Google Scholar
Teixeira De Freitas, M. A. (1947): «A Escolaridade Média no Ensino Primário Brasileiro». Revista Brasileira de Estatística 50(194), pp. 71-160.Google Scholar
UNESCO (1958): World Survey of Education. Vol. 2. Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
UNESCO (1973): Statistical Yearbook 1972. Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2012): International Standard Classification of Education ISCED 2011. Montreal: UIS.Google Scholar
Versiani, F. R. (1993): «Imigrantes, Trabalho Qualificado e Industrialização: Rio e São Paulo no Início do Século». Brazilian Journal of Political Economy 13(4), pp. 77-96.Google Scholar
Wegenast, T. (2010): «Cana, Café, Cacau: Agrarian Structure and Educational Inequalities in Brazil». Revista de Historia Economica-Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 28(1), pp. 103-137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williamson, J. G. (1965): «Regional Inequality and the Process of National Development: A Description of the Patterns». Economic Development and Cultural Change 13(4, Part 2), pp. 1-84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williamson, J. G. (2010): «Five Centuries of Latin American Inequality». Revista de Historia Economica-Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 28(2), pp. 227-252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Witzel De Souza, B. G. (2018): «Immigration and the Path Dependence of Education: The Case of German-Speakers in São Paulo, Brazil (1840–1920)». The Economic History Review 71(2), pp. 506-539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Kang et al. supplementary material

Kang et al. supplementary material

Download Kang et al. supplementary material(File)
File 1.6 MB