Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T15:18:00.593Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

El crecimiento económico, la teoría de la población y la fisiología: La influencia de los procesos a largo plazo en la elaboración de la política económica*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 April 2010

Robert W. Fogel
Robert W. Fogel
Affiliation:
Universidad de Chicago
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

La historia económica ha contribuido significativamente a la formulación de la teoría económica. Entre los economistas que han encontrado en la historia una importante fuente de ideas se encuentran Adam Smith, Thomas R. Malthus, Karl Marx, Alfred Marshall, John Maynard Keynes, John R. Hicks, Kenneth J. Arrow, Milton Friedman, Robert M. Solow y Gary S. Becker.

Type
Documentos
Information
Revista de Historia Economica - Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History , Volume 12 , Issue 3: Nuevos enfoques en la historia económica de españa y américa latina , December 1994 , pp. 719 - 762
Copyright
Copyright © Instituto Figuerola de Historia y Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid 1994

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

BIBLIOGRAFÍA

Ahlburg, Dennis A., y Vaupel, James W. (1990): «Alternative Projections of the U. S. Population», Demography, 27(4), pp. 639–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allen, R. C. (1994): «Agriculture during the Industrial Revolution, 1700–1850», en Floud, Roderick y McCloskey, Donald (eds.), The economic history of Britain since 1700, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2a ed.Google Scholar
Atack, Jeremy, y Bateman, Fred (1992): «How Long Was the Work Day in 1880?», Journal of Economic History, 52(1), pp. 129–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barker, D. J. P. (1991): «The Intrauterine Environment and Adult Cardiovascular Disease», en Bock, Gregory R. y Whelan, Julie (eds.), The childhood environment and adult disease, Ciba Foundation Symposium 156, Chichester, Reino Unido, Wiley, pp. 3–16.Google Scholar
Barker, D. J. P. (1993): «Fetal Origins of Coronary Heart Disease», British Heart Journal, 69(3), pp. 195–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barker, D. J. P.; Meade, T. W.; Fall, C. D. H.; Lee, A.; Osmond, C.; Phipps, K., y Stirling, Y. (1992): «Relation of Fetal and Infant Growth to Plasma Fibrinogen and Factor VII Concentrations in Adult Life», British Medical Journal, 304(6820), pp. 148–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barker, D. J. P.; Osmond, C., y Golding, J. (1990): «Height and Mortality in the Counties of England and Wales», Annals of Human Biology, 17(1), pp. 1–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barker, D. J. P.; Osmond, C.; Golding, J.; Kuh, D., y Wadsworth, M. E. J. (1989): «Growth in Utero, Blood Pressure in Childhood and Adult Life, and Mortality from Cardiovascular Disease», British Medical Journal, 298(6673), pp. 564–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bengtsson, Tommy, y Ohlsson, Rolf (1984): «Population and Economic Fluctuations in Sweden, 1749–1914», en Bengtsson, Tommy, Fridlizius, Gunnar y Ohlsson, Rolf (eds.), Pre-industrial popuktion change, Estocolmo, Almquist and Wiksell, pp. 277–97.Google Scholar
Bengtsson, Tommy, y Ohlsson, Rolf (1985): «Age-Specific Mortality and Short-Term Changes in the Standard of Living: Sweden, 1751–1859», European Journal of Population, 1(4), pp. 309–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Billewicz, W. Z., y Macgregory, I. A. (1982): «A Birth to Maturity Longitudinal Study of Heights and Weights in Two West African (Gambian) Villages, 1951–1975», Annals of Human Biology, 9(4), pp. 309–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blair, Steven N.; Kohl, Harold W. ILL; Paffenbarger, Ralph S. Jr; Clark, Debra G.; Cooper, Kenneth H., y Gibbons, Larry W. (1989): Journal of the American Medical Association, 262(17), pp. 2395–2401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carey, James R.; Liedo, Pablo; Orozco, Dina, y Vaupel, James W. (1992): «Slowing of Mortality Rates at Older Ages in Large Medfly Cohorts», Science, 258(5081), pp. 457–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chandra, R. K. (1975): «Antibody Formation in First and Second Generation Offspring of Nutritionally Deprived Rats» (1975), Science, 190(4211), pp. 289–90.Google Scholar
Chartres, J. A. (1985): «The Marketing of Agricultural Produce», en Thirsk, Joan (comp.), The agrarian history of England Wales, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, vol. 5 (1640–1750, 2a Parte: Agrarian change), pp. 406–502.Google Scholar
Chávez, A.; Martínez, C., y Soberanes, B. (1994): «The Effect of Malnutrition on Human Development», en Scrimshaw, Nevin S. (eds.), Longitudinal community based studies of the impact of early malnutrition on child health and development, Boston, MA, International Nutrition Foundation for Developing Countries.Google Scholar
Chen, Loncoln C.; Chowdhury, A. K. M. Alaudin, y Huffman, Sandra L. (1980): «Anthropometrie Assessment of Energy-Protein Malnutrition and Subsequent Risk of Mortality Among Pre-School Aged Children», American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 33(8), pp. 1836–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cipolla, Carlo M. (1980): Before the industrial revolution: European society and economy, 1000–1700, Nueva York, Norton, 2a ed.Google Scholar
Costa, Dora L. (1993): «Health, Income, and Retirement: Evidence from Nineteenth Century America», tesis doctoral, University of Chicago.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curtsinger, James W.; Fukui, Hidenori H.; Townsend, David R., y Vaupel, James W. (1992): «Demography of Genotypes: Failure of the Limited Life-Span Paradigm in Drosphila melanogaster, Science, 258(5081), pp. 461–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dasgupta, Partha (1993): An inquiry into well-being and destitution, Oxford, Clarendon.Google Scholar
Dublin, Louis I., y Lotka, Alfred J. (1936): Lenght of life: A study of the life table, Nueva York, Ronald.Google Scholar
Duncan, S. R.; Scott, Susan, y Duncan, C. J. (1993): «The Dynamics of Smallpox Epidemics in Britain, 1550–1800», Demography, 30(3), pp. 405–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dupāquier, Jacques (1989), «Demographic Crises and Subsistence Crises in France, 1650–1725», en Walter, John y Schofield, Roger (eds.), Famine, disease and the social order in early modern society, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 189–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eckstein, Zvi; Schultz, T. Paul, y Wolpin, Kenneth I. (1984): «Short-Run Fluctuations in Fertility and Mortality in Pre-industrial Sweden», European Economic Review, 26(3), pp. 297–317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The Economist (1990), «Squeezing in the Next Five Billion», 20–26 de enero, 314(7638), pp. 19–20, 22.Google Scholar
Fisler, Janis S. (1992): «Cardiac Effects of Starvation and Semistarvation Diets: Safety and Mechanisms of Action», American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, julio, 56 (suplemento 1), pp. 230S–34S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fogel, Robert Willliam (1986): «Nutrition and the Decline in Mortality Since 1700: Some Preliminary Findings», en Engerman, Stanley L. y Gallman, Robert E. (eds.), Long-term factors in American economic growth, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, pp. 439–555.Google Scholar
Fogel, Robert Willliam (1987): «Biomedicai Approaches to the Estimation and Interpretation of Secular Trends in Equity, Morbidity, Mortality and Labor Productivity in Europe, 1750–1980», manuscrito inédito, University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Fogel, Robert Willliam (1991): «New Findings on Secular Trends in Nutrition and Mortality: Some Impli cations for Population Theory», manuscrito inédito, University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Fogel, Robert Willliam (1992a): «Egalitarianism: The Economic Revolution of the Twentieth Century», The 1992 Simon Kuznets Memorial Lectures presentadas en Yale University, 24–24 de abril.Google Scholar
Fogel, Robert Willliam (1992b): «Second Thoughts on the European Escape from Hunger: Famines, Chronic Malnutrition, and Mortality», en Osmani, S. R. (eds.), Nutrition and poverty, Oxford, Clarendon, pp. 243–86.Google Scholar
Fogel, Robert Willliam (1992c): «The Body Mass Index of Adult Male Slaves in the U. S. c 1863 and Its Bearing on Mortality Rates», en Fogel, Robert William, Galantine, Ralph A. y Manning, Richard L. (eds.), Without consent or contract, Nueva York, Norton, vol. 2 (Evidence and methods), pp. 311–18.Google Scholar
Fogel, Robert Willliam (1993a): «a Comparison of Biomedicai and Economic Measures of Egalitarianism: some Implications of Secular Trends for Current Policy», manuscrito inédito presentado en el Workshop on Economic Theories of Inequality, Stanford University, 11–13 de marzo.Google Scholar
Fogel, Robert Willliam (1993b): «New Sources and New Techniques for the Study of Secular Trends in Nutritional Status, Health, Mortality, and the Process of Aging», Historical Methods, 26(1), pp. 5–43.Google Scholar
Fogel, Robert William; Costa, Dora L., y John M., Kim (1993): «Secular Trends in the Distribution of Chronic Conditions and Disabilities at Young Adult and Late Ages, 1860–1988: Some Preliminary Findings», manuscrito inédito presentado en el NBER Summers Institute, Economics of Aging Program, 26–28 de julio.Google Scholar
Fogel, Robert William, y Engerman, Stanley L. (1974): Time on the cross: The Economics of American Slavery, Boston, Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Fogel, Robert William, y Engerman, Stanley L. (1992): «The Slave Diet on Large Plantations in 1860», en Fogel, Robert William, Galantine, Ralph A. y Manning, Richard L. (eds.), Without consent or contract, Nueva York, Norton, vol. 2 (Evidence and methods), pp. 291–304.Google Scholar
Fogel, Robert William, y Floud, Roderick (1994): «Nutrition and Mortality in France, Britain, and the United States», manuscrito inédito, University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Freudenberger, Herman, y Cummins, Gaylord (1976): «Health, Work, and Leisure Before the Industrial Revolution», Explorations in Economic History, 13(1), pp. 1–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fridlizius, Gunnar (1984): «The Mortality Decline in the First Phase of the Demographic Transition: Swedish Experiences», en Bengtsson, Tommy, Fridlizius, Gunnar y Ohlsson, Rolf (eds.), Pre-industrial popuhtion change, Estocolmo, Almquist and Wiksell, pp. 71–114.Google Scholar
Friedman, Gerald G. (1982): «The Heights of Slaves in Trinidad», Social Science History, 6(4), pp. 482–515.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fries, James F. (1980): «Aging, Natural Death, and the Compression of Morbidity», Netv England Journal of Medicine, 303(3), pp. 130–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fries, James F. (1989): «The Compression of Morbidity: Near or Far?», Milhank Quarterly, 67(2), pp. 208–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Galloway, Patrick R. (1986): «Differentials in Demographic Responses to Annual Price Variations in Pre-Revolutionary France: A Comparison of Rich and Poor Areas in Rouen, 1681–1787», European Journal of Population, 2(3–4), pp. 269–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galloway, Patrick R. (1987): «Population, Prices and Weather in Preindustrial Europe», tesis doctoral, University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Gille, H. (1949): «The Demographic History of Northern European Countries in the Eighteenth Century», Population Studies, pp. 3–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goubert, Pierre (1973): The ancien régime, Nueva York, Harper, trad, de Steven Cox.Google Scholar
Gould, Benjamin Apthorp (1989): Investigations in the military and anthropological statistics of American soldiers, Nueva York, Hurd and Houghton.Google Scholar
Heywood, Peter F. (1983): «Growth and Nutrition in Papua New Guinea», Journal of Human Evolution, 12(1), pp. 131–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, G. L. (1990): «Some Implications of Body Composition Research for Modern Clinical Management», Infusionstherapie, abril, 17 (suplemento 3), pp. 79–80.Google ScholarPubMed
Holderness, B. A. (1989): «Prices, Productivity, and Output», en Mingay, G. E. (eds.), The agrarian history of England and Wales, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, vol. 6 (1750–1850), pp. 84–189.Google Scholar
Hytten, F. E., y Leitch, I. (1971): The physiology of human pregmancy, Oxford, Blackwell, 2a ed.Google Scholar
Idiáquez, Juan (1988): «Nutritional Status and Autonomie Nervous System Function», Functional Neurology, abril-junio, 3(2), pp. 205–9.Google Scholar
Jablonski, Mary; Rosenblum, Larry, y Kunze, Kent (1988): «Productivity, Age, and Labor Composition Changes in the U. S.», Monthly Lahor Review, septiembre, 111(91), pp. 202–29.Google Scholar
John, A. Meredith (1988): The plantation slaves of Trinidad, 1783–1816. A mathematical and demographic inquiry, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kannisto, V.; Lauritsen, J.; Thatcher, A. R., y Vaupel, J. W. (1994): «Reductions in Mortality at Advances Ages», Population and Development Review.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karpinos, Bernard D. (1958): «Height and Weight of Selective Service Registrants Processed for Military Service during WW II», Human Biology, 30(4), pp. 292–321.Google Scholar
Keynes, John Maynard (1971 [1923]): Collected writings of John Maynard Keynes, Londres, Macmillan, vol. 4 (A Tract on Monetary Reform).Google Scholar
Kielmann, Arnfried A.; Desweemer, Cecile; Chernichovsky, Dov; Uberoi, Inder S.; Ma-Sih, Norah; Taylor, Carl E.; Parker, Robert L.; Reinke, William A.; Kakar, D. N., y Sarma, R. S. S. (1983): Child and maternal health services in rural India: The Narangwal experiment, Baltimore, MD, Johns Hopkins University Press, vol. 1 (Integrated nutrition and health).Google Scholar
Kim, John M. (1993): «Economic and Biomedicai Implications of Waaler Surfaces: A New Perspective on Height, Weight, Morbidity, and Mortality», manuscrito inédito, University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Kuznets, Simon (1941): «Statistics and Economic History», Journal of Economic History, mayo, 1(1), pp. 26–41.Google Scholar
Kuznets, Simon (1952): «Long-Term Changes in the National Income of the United States of America Since 1879», en Kuznets, Simon (eds.), Income and wealth of the United States: Trends and structure, International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, Income and Wealth Series 2, Baltimore, MD, Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 2–241.Google Scholar
Laslett, Peter (1984): The world we have lost: Engknd before the industrial age, Nueva York, Scribner's, 3a ed.Google Scholar
Law, C. M.; De Swiet, M.; Osmond, C.; Fayers, P. M.; Barker, D. J. P.; Cruddas, A. M., y Fall, C. H. D.: «Initiation of Hypertension in Utero and Its Amplification Throughout Life», British Medical Journal, 2 de enero, 306(6869), pp. 24–27.Google Scholar
Lee, Ronald (1981): «Short-Term Variation: Vital Rates, Prices, and Weather», en Wrigley, E. A. y Schofield, R. S. (eds.), The population history of England, 1541–1871: A reconstruction, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, pp. 356–401.Google Scholar
Lipton, Michael (1983): «Poverty, Undernutrition and Hunger», Banco Mundial, Washington D. C, Staff Working Paper n.° 597.Google Scholar
Livi-Bacci, Massimo (1990): Population and nutrition: An essay on European demographic history, Nueva York, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lozoff, Betsy; JiméNez, Elias, y Wolf, Abraham W. (1991): «Long-Term Developmental Outcome of Infants with Iron Deficiency», New England Journal of Medicine, 325(10), pp. 687–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mantón, Kenneth G. (1993): «Biomedicai Research and Changing Concepts of Disease and Aging: Implications for Long-Term Forecasts for Elderly Populations», en Mantón, Kenneth G., Singer, Burton H. y Suzman, Richard M. (eds.), Forecasting the health of elderly populations, Nueva York, Springer-Verlag, pp. 319–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mantón, Kenneth G.; Corder, Larry S., y Stallard, Eric (1993): «Estimates of Change in Chronic Disability and Institutional Incidence and Prevalence Rates in the U. S. Elderly Population from the 1982, 1984, and 1989 National Long-Term Care Survey», multicopiado, Center for Demographic Studies, Duke University.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mantón, Kenneth G., y Soldo, Beth J. (1992): «Disability and Mortality among the Oldest Old: Implications for Current and Future Health and Long-Term Care Service Needs», en Suzman, Richard M., Mantón, Kenneth G. y Willis, David P. (eds.), The oldest old, Nueva York, Oxford University Press, pp. 199–250.Google Scholar
Mantón, Kenneth G.; Stallard, Eric, y Singer, Burt (1992): «Projecting the Future Size and Health Status of the U. S. Elderly Population», International Journal of Forecasting, 8(3), pp. 433–58.Google Scholar
Margo, Robert A., y Steckel, Richard H. (1982): «The Heights of American Slaves: New Evidence on Slave Nutrition and Health», Social Science History, 6(4), pp. 516–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marmot, M. G.; Shipley, M. J., y Rose, Geoffrey (1984): «Inequalities in Death-Specific Explanations of a General Pattern?», Lancet (8384), pp. 1003–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martorell, R. (1985): «Child Growth Retardation: A Discussion of Its Causes and Its Relationship to Health», en Blaxter, Sir Kenneth y Waterlow, J. C. (eds.), Nutritional adaptation in man, Londres, Libby, pp. 13–29.Google Scholar
Martorell, R.; Rivera, J., y Kaplowitz, H., (1990): «Consequences of Stunting in Early Childhood for Adult Body Size in Rural Guatemala», Annales Nestlé, 48, pp. 85–92.Google Scholar
Mcmahon, M. Molly, y Bistrian, Bruce R. (1990): «The Physiology of Nutritional Assessment and Therapy in Protein-Calorie Malnutrition», Disease-a-Month 36(7), pp. 373–417.Google Scholar
Meerton, M. A. von (1989): «Croissance économique en France et accroissement des Française: Une analyse 'Villermetrique'», manuscrito inédito, Center voor Economische Studiën, Lovaina, Bélgica.Google Scholar
Moore, William J.; Newman, Robert J., y Fheili, Mohammad (1992): «Measuring the Relationship between Income and NHEs», Health Care Financing Review, otoño, 14(1), pp. 133–39.Google ScholarPubMed
Murphy, Kevin M., y Welch, Finis (1990): «Empirical Age-Earnings Profiles», Journal of Labor Economics, abril, 8(2), pp. 202–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newhouse, Joseph P. (1992); «Medical Care Costs: How Much Welfare Loss?», Journal of Economic Perspectives, 6(3), pp. 3–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oddy, D. J. (1990): «Food, Drink and Nutrition», en Thompson, F. M. L. (comp.), The Cambridge social history of Britain, 1750–1950, Nueva York, Cambridge University Press, vol. 2 (People and their environment), Cambridge University Pres, pp. 251–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olson, John F. (1992): «Clock Time versus Real Time: A Comparison of the Lenghts of the Northern and Southern Agricultural Work Years», en Fogel, Robert William y Engerman, Stanley L. (eds.), Without consent or contract, Nueva York, Norton, vol. 3 (Markets and production: Technical Papers, vol. 1), pp. 216–40.Google Scholar
Organización Para La Agricultura Y La Alimentación, Organización Mundial de la Salud y Universidad de Las Naciones Unidas (1985): Energy and protein requirements. Report of a joint FAO/WHO/UNU expert consultation, Technical Report Series n.° 724, Ginebra, Organización Mundial de la Salud.Google Scholar
Osmani, S. R. (1992): «On Some Controversies in the Measurement of Undernutrition», en Osmani, S. R. (comp.), Nutrition and poverty, Oxford, Clarendon, pp. 121–64.Google Scholar
Payne, P. (1992): «Assessing Undernutrition: The Need for a Reconceptualization», en Osmani, S. R. (comp.), Nutrition and poverty, Oxford, Clarendon, pp. 49–96.Google Scholar
Pellegrino, Edmund D. (1993): «The Metamorphosis of Medical Ethics: A 30-Year Retrospective», Journalof the American Medical Association, 269(9), pp. 1158–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perrenoud, Alfred (1984): «The Mortality Decline in a Long-Term Perspective», en Bengtsson, Tommy, Fridlizius, Gunnar y Ohlsson, Rolf (eds.), Pre-industrial population change, Estocolmo, Almquist and Wiksell, pp. 41–69.Google Scholar
Perrenoud, Alfred (1991): «The Attenuation of Mortality Crises and the Decline of Mortality», en Schofield, R., Reher, D. y Bideau, A. (eds.), The decline of mortality in Europe, Oxford, Clarendon, pp. 18–37.Google Scholar
Phillips, D. I. W.; Cooper, C.; Fall, C.; Prentice, L.; Osmond, C.; Barker, D. J. P., y Rees, Smith B. (1993): «Fetal Growth and Autoimmune Thyroid Disease», Quarterly Journal of Medicine 86(4), pp. 247–53.Google ScholarPubMed
Phipps, K.; Barker, D. J. P.; Hales, C. N.; Fall, C. H. D.; Osmond, C., y Clark, P. M. S. (1993): «Fetal Growth and Impaired Glucose Tolerance in Men and Women», Diabetológia, marzo, 36(3), pp. 225–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Preston, Samuel H. (1993): «Demographic Changes in the United States, 1970–2050», en Rappaport, Anna M. y Schieber, Sylvester J. (eds.), Demography and retirement: The twenty-first century, Westport, CT, Praeger, pp. 19–48.Google Scholar
Quenouille, M. H.; Boyne, A. W.; Fisher, W. B., y Leitch, I. (1951): Statistical studies of recorded energy expenditure in man, Technical Communication n.° 17, Aberdeenshi-re, Escocia, Commonwealth Bureau of Animal Nutrition.Google Scholar
Richards, Toni (1984): «Weather, Nutrition and the Economy: The Analysis of Short Run Fluctuations in Births, Deaths and Marriages, France 1740–1909», en Bengtsson, Tomomy, Fridlizius, Gunnar y Ohlsson, Rolf (eds.), Pre-industrial population change, Estocolmo, Almquist and Wiksell, pp. 357–89.Google Scholar
Robbins, S. L.; Cotran, R. S., y Kumar, V. (1984): Pathologic basic of disease, Filadelfia, Saunders, 3a ed.Google Scholar
Saba, Thomas M.; Dillon, Bruce C., y Lanser, Marc E. (1983): «Fibronectin and Phagocytic Host Defense: Relationship to Nutritional Support», Journal of Parenteral and Enterai Nutrition, 7(1), pp. 62–68.Google Scholar
Schieber, George J.; Poullier, Jean-Pierre, y Greenwald, Leslie M. (1993): «Health Care Systems in Twenty-Four Countries», Health Affairs, 10(3), pp. 22–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwartz, William B., y Aaron, Henry J. (1991): «Must We Ration Health Care?», Best's Review, enero, 91(9), pp. 37–41.Google Scholar
Scrimshaw, Nevin S. (1993): «Malnutrition, Brain Development, Learning and Behavior», The Twentieth Kamla Puri Sabharwal Memorial Lecture presentada en el Lady Irwin College, Nueva Delhi, 23 de noviembre.Google Scholar
Scrimshaw, Nevin S., y Gordon, J. E. (eds.) (1968): Malnutrition, learning and behavior, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press.Google ScholarPubMed
ScrimshawNevin, S. Nevin, S.; Taylor, C. E., y Gordon, J. E. (1968): Interactions of nutrition and infection, Ginebra, Organización Mundial de la Salud.Google ScholarPubMed
Seckler, David (1980): «'Malnutrition': An Intellectual Odyssey», Western Journal of Agricultural Economics, 5(2), pp. 219–27.Google Scholar
Sen, Amartya (1981): Poverty and famines: An essay on entitlement and deprivation, Oxford, Clarendon.Google Scholar
Shammas, Carole (1984): «The Eighteenth-Century English Diet and Economic Change», Explorations in Economic History, 21(3), pp. 254–69.Google Scholar
Shammas, Carole (1990): The pre-industrial consumer in England and America, Oxford, Clarendon.Google Scholar
Shuttleworth, John Sterling (1990): «Ethical Issues in Long-Term Care», Journal of the Medical Association of Georgia, 79(11), pp. 843–45.Google Scholar
Sommer, Alfred, y Lowenstein, Matthew S. (1975): «Nutritional Status and Mortality: A Prospective Validation of the QUAC Stick», American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 28(3), pp. 287–92.Google Scholar
Srinivasan, T. N. (1992): «Undernutrition: Concepts, Measurement, and Policy Implications», en Osmani, S. R. (comp.), Nutrition and poverty, Oxford, Clarendon, pp. 97–120.Google Scholar
Sukhatme, P. V. (1982): «Poverty and Malnutrition», en Sukhatme, P. V. (eds.), Newer concepts in Nutrition and their implications for policy, Pune, India, Maharashtra Association for the Cultivation of Science Research Institute, pp. 11–63.Google Scholar
Tanner, J. M. (1990): Foetus into man: Physical growth from conception to maturity, ed. rev., Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Tanner, J. M. (1993): Reseña de D. J. P. Barker, Fetal and infant origins of adult disease. Annah of Human Biology, 20(5), pp. 508–9.Google Scholar
Thatcher, A. R. (1992): «Trends in Numbers and Mortality at High Ages in England and Wales», Popuhtion Studies, 46(3), pp. 411–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Toutain, Jean-Claude (1971): «La consommation alimentaire en France de 1789 à 1964», Economies et Sociétés, Cahiers de l'ISEA, 5(11), pp. 1909–2049.Google Scholar
U. S. Bureau of the Census (1975): Historical statistics of the United States, colonial times to 1970, Washington, D. C, U. S. Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
U. S. Department of Health and Human Series (1987): Anthropométrie Reference Data and Prevalence of Overweight, Vital and Health Statistics, Series 11 n.° 238, Washington, D. C., U. S. Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Vaupel, James W. (1991a): «The Impact of Population Aging on Health and Health Care Costs: Uncertainties and New Evidence About Life Expectancy», manuscrito inédito, Center for Health and Social Policy, Odense University, Dinamarca.Google Scholar
Vaupel, James W. (1991): «Prospects for a Longer Life Expectancy», manuscrito inédito presentado en la reunión anual de la Population Association of America, Washington, D. C, 21–23 de marzo.Google Scholar
Vaupel, James W., y Lundström, H. (1994): «Prospects for Longer Life Expectancy», en Wise, David (comp.), Economics of aging, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Veblen, T. (1934 [1899]): The theory of the leisure ckss: An economic study of institutions, Nueva York, Modern Library.Google Scholar
Volpe, J. J. (1987): «Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy-Clinical Aspects», en Neurology of the newborn, Filadelfia, Saunders, 2a ed., pp. 236–79.Google Scholar
Waaler, Hans Th. (1984): «Weight, Weight and Mortality: The Norwegian Experience», Acta Medica Scandinavica, suplemento (679), pp. 1–51.Google ScholarPubMed
Weir, David R. (1982): «Fertility Transition in Rural France, 1740–1829», tesis doctoral, Stanford University.Google Scholar
Weir, David R. (1989): «Markets and Mortality in France, 1600–1789», en Walter, John y Schofield, Roger (eds.), Famine, disease and the social order in early modern society, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 201–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weir, David R. (1993): «Parental Consumption Decisions and Child Health during the Early French Fertility Decline, 1790–1914», journal of Economic History, 53(2), pp. 259–74.Google Scholar
West, Patrick; Macintyre, Sally; Annandale, Ellen, y Hunt, Kate (1990): «Social Class and Health in Youth: Findings from The West of Scotland Twenty-O7 Study», Social Science and Medicine, 30(6), pp. 665–73.Google Scholar
Wolfe, , Barbara, L. (1986): «Health Status and Medical Expenditures: Is There a Link?», Social Science and Medicine, 22(10), pp. 993–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wrigley, E. A. (1987): «Urban Growth and Agricultural Change: England and the Continent in the Early Modern Period», en Peoples, cities and wealth: The transformation of traditional society, Oxford, Blackwell, pp. 157–93.Google Scholar
Wrigley, E. A., y Schofield, R. S. (eds.) (1981): The population history of England 1541–1871: A reconstruction, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.Google Scholar