Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 April 2010
How much did the Dutch economy benefit from its expansion beyond the borders of Europe? The simple answer is provided by the Dutch spectators at international soccer games, when they start to encourage their team by singing about the great achievements of Piet Heyn, who as an admiral of the Dutch fleet captured the Spanish flota off the Cuban coast in 1628. This song implies that the Dutch economy was gready stimulated by a one-time injection of «Spanish coins» and oranges. No doubt, both were very welcome indeed, but they did not seem to have constituted die economic impetus that made a difference to the Dutch economy at the time.