Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T23:55:30.316Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Nutrition and health: what is new?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 November 2008

Anthea B Lehmann*
Affiliation:
Homerton Hospital, London, UK
*
Department of Medicine for the Elderly, Homerton Hospital, Homerton Row, London E9 6SR, UK.

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Clinical geriatrics
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1996

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1Lennard-Jones, JE (Chair). A positive approach to nutrition as treatment. Report of a working party. London: King's Fund Centre, 1992.Google Scholar
2Department of Health. The nutrition of elderly people. Report on Health and Social Subjects. Volume 43. London: HMSO, 1992.Google Scholar
3The Nutrition Task Force. Programme for achieving the health of the nation dietary targets. Draft copy. London: British Nutrition Foundation, London, 1993.Google Scholar
4Eating well for older people. Report of an Expert Working Group. Practical and nutritional guidelines for food in residential and nursing homes and for community meals. London: Caroline Walker Trust, 1995.Google Scholar
5Lehmann, A. What are the main links between nutrition and health in old age. Talk delivered to Parliamentary Food and Health Forum, House of Commons, 11 1994.Google Scholar
6Burt, VL, Harris, T. The third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: contributing data on aging and health. Gerontologist 1994; 34: 486–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7Davis, MA, Neuhaus, JM, Mortiz, DJ, Lein, D, Barclay, JD, Murphy, SP. Health behaviours and survival among middle-aged and older men and women in the NHANESI. Epidemiologie follow-up study. Prevent Med 1994; 23: 369–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8Lehmann, AB, Bassey, EJ. Longitudinal weight changes over four years and associated health factors in 629 men and women aged over 65. Eur J Clin Nutr 1996; 50: 611.Google ScholarPubMed
9Ruiz-Torres, A, Gimeno, A, Muñoz, FJ, Vicent, D. Are anthropometric changes in healthy adults caused by modifications in dietary habits or by aging? Gerontology 1995; 41: 243–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10Debry, G, Bleyer, R, Martin, JM. Nutrition of the elderly. J. Hum Nutr 1977; 31: 195203.Google Scholar
11Garry, PJ, Hunt, WC, Koehler, KM, Vanderjagt, BJ. Longitudinal study of dietary intakes and plasma lipids in healthy elderly men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 55: 682–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12Wilson, AO, Adanchak, DJ, Nyanguru, AC, Hampson, J. A study of well-being of elderly people in three communities in Zimbabwe. Age Ageing 1991; 20: 275–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13Strickland, SS, Ulisjaszek, SJ. Body mass index, ageing and differential reported morbidity in rural Sarawak. Eur J Clin Nutr 1993; 47: 919.Google ScholarPubMed
14Rissanen, A, Heliovaara, M, Aromaa, A. Overweight and anthropometric changes in adulthood: a prospective study of 17 000. Finn Int J Obesity 1988; 12: 391401.Google ScholarPubMed
15Deurenberg, P, van der, Kooij K, Evers, P, Hulshof, T. Assessment of body composition by bioelectical impedance in a population aged > 60 years. Am J Clin Nutr 1990; 51: 36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16Deurenberg, P, Weststrate, JA, Siedell, JC. Body mass index as a measure of body fatness: age-and sex-specific prediction formulas. Br J Nutr 1991; 65: 105–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17Elahi, VK, Elahi, D, Andres, R, Tobin, JD, Butler, MJ, Norris, AH. A longitudinal study of nutritional intake in men. J Gerontol 1983; 38: 162–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18Stanton, BR, Exton-Smith, AN. A longitudinal study of the dietary intake of elderly women. London: King Edward's Hospital Fund, 1970.Google Scholar
19van Staveren, WA, de Groot, LP, Hautvast, JG. Research on food habits and aging in different cultures in Europe: an exploration. In: Nutrition of the elderly. Munro, H, Schkerf, G eds. Nestlé Nutrition Services. New York: Raven Press, 1992: 1727.Google Scholar
20Coughey, P, Seaman, C, Parry, D, Farquar, D, McLennan, WJ. Nutrition of old people in sheltered housing. J Hum Nutr Diet 1994; 7: 263–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21Nes, M, Sem, SW, Pedersen, JI, Trugg, K. Dietary intake in a group of independent living old people in Oslo. Aging 1992; 4: 145–56.Google Scholar
22Sjogren, A, Osterberg, T, Steen, B. Intake of energy, nutrients and food items in a 10-year cohort comparison and in a 6-year longitudinal perspective: a study of 70- and 76-year-old Swedish people. Age Ageing 1994; 23: 108–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23National Centre for Health Statistics. NCHS dietary intake source data: United States 1976–1980, Vol. 231. Washington, DC: Department of Health, 1980.Google Scholar
24Fogarty, J, Nolan, G. Assessment of the nutritional status of rural and urban elderly living at home. Ir Med J 1992; 85: 14–6; 85: 52.Google Scholar
25Stevens, DA, Grivetti, LE, McDonald, RB. Nutrient intake of urban and rural elderly receiving home-delivered meals. J Am Diet Assoc 1992; 92: 714–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26Rasanen, L, Mutanen, M, Pekkanen, J et al. Dietary intake of 70–89-year-old-men in eastern and western Finland. J Int Med 1992; 232: 305–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27Kafutos, A, Diacatou, A, Labadario, SD et al. Nutrition status of the elderly in Anogia, Crete, Greece. J Am Coll Nutr 1993; 12: 685–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28Small, SR, Best, DG, Hustins, KA. Energy and nutrient intakes of independently-living elderly women. Can Nurs J 1994; 26: 7181.Google ScholarPubMed
29Kim, KK, Yu, ES, Liu, WT, Kim, J, Kohrs, MB. Nutritional status of Chinese, Korean, and Japanese American elderly. J Am Diet Assoc 1993; 93: 1416–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30Locker, AC, Loria, CM, Carroll, MD et al. Calcium intakes of Mexican Americans, Cubans, Puerto Ricans, non-Hispanic whites, and non-Hispanic blacks in the US. J Am Diet Assoc 1993; 93: 1274–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31Ben-Hur, T, Wolff, E, River, Y. Thiamin deficiency is common in Israel. Harefuah 1992; 123: 382–84.Google ScholarPubMed
32Mowe, M, Bohmer, T, Kindt, E. Reduced nutritional status in an elderly population (> 70) is probable before disease and possibly contributes to the development of disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1994; 59: 317–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33Murphy, C. Nutrition and chemosensory perception in the elderly. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 1993; 33: 315.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34Schiffman, SS. Perception of taste and smell in elderly persons. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 1993; 33: 1726.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35Shephard, RJ. Physical activity and ageing. London: Croom Helm, 1978.Google Scholar
36Visser, M, Deurenberg, P, van Staveren, WA, Hautvast, JG. Resting metabolic rate and dietinduced thermogenesis in young and elderly subjects; relationship with body composition, fat distribution and physical activity level. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 61: 772–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37Silver, AJ, Guillen, CP, Kahl, MJ, Morely, JE. Effect of body aging on fat. J Am Geriatr Soc 1993; 41: 211–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38Department of Health and Social Security. A nutrition survey of the elderly. London: HMSO, 1979.Google Scholar
39Hunter, AMB, Carey, MA, Larsh, HW. The nutritional status of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1981; 124: 376–81.Google ScholarPubMed
40Openbrier, DR, Irwin, MM, Rogers, MM et al. Nutritional status and lung function in patients with emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Chest 1983; 83: 1722.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41Schols, AMWJ, Mostert, R, Soeters, PB, Greve, LH, Wonters, EFM. Nutritional state and exercise performance in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Thorax 1989; 44: 937–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42Rigotti, NA. Cigarette smoking and body weight. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 931–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
43Sridhar, MK. Why do patients with emphysema lose weight? Lancet 1995; 345: 1190–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44Hellemans, J, Joosten, E, Ghoos, Y et al. Positive 14CO2 bile acid breath test in elderly people. Age Ageing 1984; 13: 138–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
45Gracey, MS. Nutrition, bacteria and gut. Br Med Bull 1981; 37: 7175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
46Gorbach, SL, Goldin, BR. Nutrition and the gastrointestinal microflora. Nutr Rev 1992; 50: 378–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
47Balas, D. Vieillissement de l'appareil digestif: perspectives et recherches futures. L'Année Gerontologique 1989; 3: 135–48.Google Scholar
48Blair, EL, Greenwell, JR, Grund, ER, Reed, JD. Gastric response to meals of different compositions in normal subjects. Gut 1975; 16: 766–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
49Archimandritis, A, Alegakis, G, Theodoropoulous, G et al. Serum gastrin concentrations in healthy males and females of various ages. Acta Hepato Gastro 1979; 26: 5883.Google ScholarPubMed
50Suski, NS, Nielsen, CC. Factors affecting food intake of women with Alzheimer's type dementia in long term care. J Am Diet Assoc 12: 1770–73.Google Scholar
51Hu, T, Huang, L, Cartwright, WS. Evaluation of the costs of caring for the senile demented elderly: a pilot study. Gerontologist 1986; 26: 158–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
52Carr, EK. Feeding difficulties after stroke: their assessment and nursing management [Thesis]. Nottingham: University of Nottingham, 1989.Google Scholar
53Asplund, KM, Axelsson, K, Norberg, A, Eriksson, S. Malnutrition in hospitalised elderly. In: Chandra, RK ed. Nutrition, immunity and illness in the elderly. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1985.Google Scholar
54Axelsson, K, Asplund, K, Norberg, A, Eriksson, S. Eating problems and nutritional status during hospital stay of patients with severe stroke. J Am Diet Assoc 1989; 89: 1092–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
55Morgan, DB, Newton, HMV, Schorah, CJ, Jewitt, MA, Hancock, MR, Hullin, RP. Abnormal indices of nutrition in the elderly: a study of different clinical groups. Age Ageing 1986; 15: 6576.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
56Singh, S, Mulley, GP, Losowsky, MS. Why are Alzheimer patients so thin? Age Ageing 1988; 17: 2128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
57Franklin, CA, Karkeck, J. Weight loss and senile dementia in an institutionalised elderly population. J Am Diet Assoc 1989; 89: 790–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
58Burns, A, Marsh, A, Bender, DA. Dietary intake and clinical, anthropometrie and biochemical indices of malnutrition in elderly demented patients and non-demented subjects. Psychol Med 1989; 19: 383–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
59Prentice, AM, Leavesley, K., Murgatroyd, PR et al. Is severe wasting in elderly mental patients caused by excessive energy requirement? Age Ageing 1989; 18: 158–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
60Asplund, KM, Normark, M, Perterson, V. Nutritional assessment of psychogeriatric patients. Age Ageing 1981; 10: 8794.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
61Sims, EAH. Destiny rides again as twins overeat. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 1522–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
62Angell, M. The Nazi hypothermia experiments and unethical research today. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 1462–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
63Wolf-Klein, GP, Silverstone, FA. Weight loss in Alzheimer's disease: an international review of the literature. Int Psychogeriatr 1994; 6: 135–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
64Exton-Smith, AN, Staton, BR, Windsor, ACM. Nutrition of housebound old people. London: King Edward's Hospital Fund, 1972.Google Scholar
65Bunker, VW, Lawson, MS, Stansfield, MF, Clayton, BE. Nitrogen balance studies in apparently healthy elderly and those who are housebound. Br J Nutr 1987; 57: 211–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
66Lehmann, AB, Johnston, D, James, OFW. The effects of old age and immobility on protein turnover in human subjects with some observations on the possible role of hormones. Age Ageing 1989; 18: 148–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
67Frayn, KN, Stoner, HB, Barton, RN, Heath, DF, Galasko, CSB. Persistence of high plasma glucose, insulin and cortisol concentrations in elderly patients with proximal femoral fractures. Age Ageing 1983; 12: 7076.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
68Blickle, JF, Reville, P, Stephen, F, Meyer, P, Demangeat, C, Sapin, R. The role of insulin, glucogen and growth hormone in the regulation of plasma glucose and free fatty acid levels in anorexia nervosa. Horm Metab Res 1984; 16: 336–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
69Todd, JE, Walker, AM. Adult dental health, England and Wales, 1968–1978, Volume 1. London: HMSO, 1980.Google Scholar
70Hamilton, FA, Grant, AA, Worthington, HV. Dental care for elderly people by general dental practitioners. Br Dent J 1990; 168: 108–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
71Ahlqwist, M, Bengtsson, C, Hollender, L et al. Smoking habits and tooth loss in Swedish women. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1989; 17: 144–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
72Gessler, CA, Bates, JF. The nutritional effects of tooth loss. Am J Clin Nutr 1984; 84: 478–89.Google Scholar
73McGandy, RB, Russell, RM, Hartz, SC et al. Nutritional status survey of healthy noninstitutionalised elderly: energy and nutrient intakes from 3-day records and nutrient supplements. Nutr Res 1986; 6: 785–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
74Osterberg, T, Steen, B. Relationship between dental status and dietary intake in 70-year males and females in Göteborg, Sweden. A population study. J Oral Rehabil 1982; 9: 509–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
75Posner, BM, Jette, A, Smigelski, C, Miller, D, Mitchell, P. Nutrition risk in New England elders. J Gerontol 1994; 49: M12332.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
76Nagai, H, Shibata, H, Haga, H et al. The relationship of chewing ability to nutrient and food intakes in the community elderly [in Japanese]. Jap J Public Health 1991; 38: 853–58.Google ScholarPubMed
77Bates, JF, Elwood, PC, Foster, W. Studies relating mastication and nutrition in the elderly. Gerontol Clin 1971; 13: 227–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
78Lee, CJ, Johnson, GH, Lawler, GS. Some clinical indices of nutrition and health status among elderly Kentucky residents volunteering to be surveyed: comparison by sociological factors, lifestyles and health characteristics. Nutr Res 1981; 1: 4762.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
79Albin, N, Asplunk, K, Bermer, L. Nutritional status of medical patients on emergency admission to hospital. Acta Med Scand 1982; 212: 151–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
80Fiske, J, Watson, RM. The benefit of dental care to an elderly population assessed using a sociodental measure of oral handicap. Br Dent J 1990; 168: 153–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
81Anderson, EL. Eating patterns before and after dentures. J Am Diet Assoc 1971; 58: 421–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
82Taylor, K. Dental health in residential and nursing homes for elderly people in the South Birmingham Health District. Br Dent J 1990; 168: 167–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
83Vestol, RE, McGuire, EA, Tobin, JD, Andres, R, Norris, AH, Mezey, E. Aging and ethanol metabolism. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1977; 21: 345–54.Google Scholar
84Hartford, JT, Samorajski, T. Alcoholism in the geriatric population. J Am Geriatr Soc 1982; 30: 1824.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
85Seitz, HK, Meydani, M, Simanowski, UA, Hoepker, WW, Blumberg, JB, Russell, RM. Enhanced acute and chronic toxicity of alcohol with age due to an impairment of ethanol and acetaldehyde metabolism [Abstract]. Gastroenterology 1987; 92: 1971.Google Scholar
86Jacques, PF, Sulsky, S, Hartz, SC, Russell, RM. Moderate alcohol intake and nutritional status in non-alcoholic elderly subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1989; 50: 875–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
87Morley, JE, Silver, AJ. Anorexia in the elderly. Neurobiol Aging 1988; 9: 916.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
88Essatara, MB, Levine, AS, Morley, JE, McClain, CJ. Zinc deficiency and anorexia in rats: normal feeding patterns and stress-induced feeding. Physiol Behav 1984; 32: 467–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
89Allison, SP. Some psychological and physiological aspects of enteral nutrition. Gut 1986; 27 (suppl 1): 1824.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
90Zung, W. Depression in the normal aged. Psychosomatics 1967; 8: 287–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
91Kaplan, S, Tuckman, TB. Considerations for those providing nutritional care to the elderly. J Nutr Elderly 1986; 5: 5358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
92Nemeroff, CB, Bissette, G, Widerlov, E. Elevated concentrations of corticotrophin-releasing-factor-like immunoreactivity in depressed patients. Science 1984; 226: 1342–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
93Yates, CM, Ritchie, IM, Simpson, J. Noradrenaline in Alzheimer-type Down's syndrome. Lancet 1981; ii: 3940.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
94Khalil, T, Walker, JP, Wiener, I et al. Effect of aging on gallbladder contraction and release of cholecystokim n-33 in humans. Surgery 1985; 98: 423–29.Google Scholar
95Hsu, LKG, Zimmer, B. Eating disorders in old age. Int J Eating Disord 1988; 7: 133–38.3.0.CO;2-J>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
96Kohrs, MB, Czaja-Narins, DM, Nordstrom, JW. Factors affecting nutritional status of the elderly. In: Munro, HN, Danford, D eds. Nutrition, aging and the elderly. Human Nutrition, Volume 6. New York, London: Plenum Press, 1989.Google Scholar
97Ryan, VC, Bower, ME. Relationship of socio-economic status and living arrangements to nutritional intake. J Am Diet Assoc 1989; 89: 1805–07.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
98Macarthy, PI, Johnson, AA, Walters, CS. Iron nutritional status of selected elderly black persons in Washington DC. J Nutr Elderly 1986; 6: 311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
99Sandstead, HH, Henriksen, LK, Greger, JL, Prasad, AS, Good, RA. Zinc nutriture in the elderly in relation to taste acuity, immune response and wound healing. Am J Clin Nutr 1982; 36: 1046–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
100Clarke, L. Domiciliary services for the elderly. London: Croom Helm, 1984.Google Scholar
101Goldberg, EM, Connelly, N. The effectiveness of social care for the elderly. An overview of recent and current evaluative research. London: Heinemann, 1982.Google Scholar
102Johnson, ML, di Gregorio, S, Harrison, B. Aging, needs and nutrition. PSI research paper 81/8. London: Policy Studies Institute, 1982.Google Scholar
103Gore, MS. Social factors affecting the health of the elderly. In: Kane, RL, Evans, JG, Macfadyen, D eds. Improving the health of older people: a world view. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
104Apt, NA. The role of the family in the care of the elderly in developing countries. In: Kane, RL, Evans, JG, Macfadyen, D eds. Improving the health of older people: a world view. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
105Horwath, CC. Socio-economic status and dietary habits in the elderly: results from a large random survey. J Hum Nutr Diet 1989; 2: 173–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
106Davies, L, Holdsworth, MD. An at-risk concept used in homes for the elderly in the United Kingdom. J Am Diet Assoc 1980; 76: 264–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
107Chen, PM. Minority elderly: continuity/discontinuity of life patterns in nutrition programs. J Nutr Elderly 1980; 1: 6575.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
108Burr, ML, Milbank, JE, Gibbs, D. The nutritional status of the elderly. Age Ageing 1982: 11: 8996.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
109Krondl, M, Coleman, P. Food selection and dietary intake of elderly persons. In: Chandra, RK ed. Nutrition, immunity and illness in the elderly. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1985.Google Scholar
110Horwath, CC. Marriage and diet in elderly Australians: results from a large random survey. J Hum Nutr Diet 1989; 2: 185–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
111Westenbrink, S, Löwick, MRH, Hulshof, KFAM. Effect of household size on nutritional patterns among Dutch elderly. J Am Diet Assoc 1989; 89: 793–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
112Davis, MA, Randall, E, Forthafer, RN, Lee, ES, Margen, S. Living arrangements and dietary patterns of older adults in the United States. J. Gerontol 1985; 40: 434–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
113Kohrs, MB, Preston, A, O'Neal, R, Eklund, D, Abrahams, O. Nutritional status of elderly residents in Missouri. Am J Clin Nutr 1978; 31: 2186–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
114O'Hanlon, P, Kohrs, MB, Hilderbrand, E, Nordstrom, J. Socio-economic factors and dietary intake of elderly Missourians. J Am Diet Assoc 1983; 82: 646–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
115Fernandez-Ballart, J, Gordillo, B, Arija, V, Marti-Henneberg, C. Nutrition of the elderly in a Mediterranean city in Spain: effects of lifestyles patterns. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1989; 59: 813.Google Scholar
116Edwards, SJ. Nutrition and lifestyle. In: Feldman, EB ed. Nutrition in the middle and later years. Boston: John Wright/PSG, 1983.Google Scholar
117Young, VR, Munro, HN, Fukagawa, N. Protein and functional consequences of deficiency. In: Horwitz, A, Macfadyen, DM, Munro, H et al. eds. Nutrition in the elderly. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.Google Scholar
118Dawson, D, Hendershot, G, Fulton, J. Ageing in the eighties: functional limitations of individuals 65 and over. NCHS advance data from vital and health statistics no. 133, DHHS publication (PHS) 871250. Hyattsville, MD: Public Health Service, 1987.Google Scholar
119Dallosso, H, Morgan, K, Bassey, EJ, Ebrahim, SBJ, Fenten, PH, Arie, THD. Levels of customary physical activity among the old and the very old living at home. J Epidemiol Community Health 1988; 42: 121–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
120Zimmerman, SA, Krondl, MM. Perceived intolerance of vegetables among the elderly. J Am Diet Assoc 1986; 86: 1047–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
121Mucklow, JC, Rawlins, MD, Brodie, MJ, Boobis, AR, Dollery, CT. Drug oxidation in Asian vegetarians [Letter]. Lancet 1980; ii: 151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
122Nieman, DC, Underwood, BC, Sherman, KM, Arabatzis, K, Barbesa, JC, Schultz, TD. Dietary status of Seventh Day Adventist vegetarian and non-vegetarian elderly women. J Am Diet Assoc 1988; 89: 1763–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
123Cotugna, N. Predictors of nutrition supplement use in the elderly. Part I: a review of the literature. Part II: the role of beliefs, attitude, subjective norm and intention. J Nutr Elderly 1989; 8(34): 313; 8(3–4): 15–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
124 Anonymous. Pseudonutrition and the Medicines Act. Lancet 1990; 335: 1007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
125Kim, I, Williamson, DF, Byers, T, Koplan, JP. Vitamin and mineral supplement use and mortality in a US cohort. Am J Public Health 1993; 83: 546–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
126Friedman, PJ, Campbell, AJ, Caradoc-Davies, TH. Prospective trial of a new diagnostic criterion for severe wasting malnutrition in the elderly. Age Ageing 1985; 14: 149–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
127McEvoy, A, Dutton, J, James, OFW. Bacterial contamination of the small intestine is an important cause of occult malabsorption in the elderly. Br Med J 1983: 287: 789–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
128Kemm, JR, Allcock, J. The distribution of supposed indicators of nutritional status in elderly patients. Age Ageing 1984; 13: 2128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
129Albiin, N, Asplund, K, Bjermer, L. Nutritional status of medical patients on emergency admission to hospital. Acta Med Scand 1982; 212: 151–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
130Anderson, NI, Campbell, AER, Dunn, A, Runciman, JBM. Osteomalacia in elderly women. Scott. Med. J 1966; 11: 429–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
131Delmi, M, Rapin, CH, Bengoa, J-M, Delmas, PD, Vasey, H, Bonjour, J-P. Dietary supplementation in elderly patients with fractured neck of femur. Lancet 1990; i: 1013–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
132Bastow, MD, Rawlings, J, Allison, SP. Undernutrition, hypothermia, and injury in elderly women with fractured femur: an injury response to altered metabolism. Lancet 1983; i: 143–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
133Older, MWJ, Delyth, E, Dickerson, JWT. A nutrient survey in elderly women with femoral neck fracture. Br J Surg 1989; 67: 884–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
134Kiel, DP, Felson, DP, Anderson, JJ et al. Hip fracture and the use of oestrogens in post-menopausal women: the Framingham Study. N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 1169–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
135Farmer, ME, Harris, T, Madans, JH, Wallace, RB, Cornoni-Huntley, J, White, JR. Anthropometrie indicators and hip fracture. The NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study. J Am Ceriatr Soc 1989; 37: 916.Google Scholar
136Bean, N, Bennett, KM, Lehmannn, AB. Habitus and hip fracture revisited: skeletal size, strength and cognition rather than thinness? Age Ageing 1995; 24: 481–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
137Rammohan, M, Juan, D, Jung, D. Hypophagia among hospitalised elderly. J Am Diet Assoc 1989; 89: 1774–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
138Bristrian, BR, Blackburn, GL, Vitale, J, Cochran, D, Taylor, J. Prevalence of malnutrition in general medical patients. JAMA 1976; 235: 1567–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
139Mowe, M, Bohmer, T. The prevalance of undiagnosed protein-calorie undernutrition in a population of hospital elderly patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991; 39: 1089–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
140Lewis, CW, Frongillo, EA, Roe, DA. Drug-nutrient interactions in three long-term-care facilities. J Am Diet Assoc 1995; 95: 309–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
141Lowik, MR, Hulshof, KF, Schniejder, P et al. Vitamin C status in elderly women: a comparison between women living in a nursing home and women living independently. J Am Diet Assoc 1993; 93: 167–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
142Grigorov, ING, Bondorev, GI, Soneok, LL, Kozlovskaia, SG, Semes'ko, TM. Dietary services in the homes for the aged in the Ukraine and the ways of their rationalisation (English abstract). Voor Pitan 1988; 3: 2225.Google Scholar
143Morley, JE. Death by starvation. A modern American problem? J Am Geriatr Assoc 1989; 37: 184–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
144Slevin, ML, Stubbs, L, Plant, HJ et al. Attitudes to chemotherapy: comparing views of patients with cancer with those of doctors, nurses and the general public. BMJ 1990; 300: 1458–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
145Davies, L, Holdsworth, D, Parves, R. Research can help! Catering in homes for the elderly. Soc Work Serv 1980; 24: 1013.Google Scholar
146O'Neill, PA. Dysphagia in stroke patients. Paper delivered at the World Congress of Gerontology, Budapest, 07 1993.Google Scholar
147Longemann, JA. Swallowing mechanisms and the effect of aging on them. Paper delivered at the World Congress of Gerontology, Budapest, 07 1993.Google Scholar
148Albert, SM. Do family care givers recognise malnutrition in the frail elderly? J Am Geriatr Soc 1993; 41: 617–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
149Vickery, CE, Camasso, AE, Cotugna, N. Nutrition screening practices in adult day care centres: a national survey. J Nutr Elderly 1993; 12: 4353.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
150Posner, BM, Jette, AM, Smith, KW, Miller, DR. Nutrition and health risks in the elderly: the nutrition screening initiative. Am J Public Health 1993; 83: 972–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
151Eck, LH, Ray, JW, Klesges, RC, Relyea, GE, Hackett-Renner, C. Physicians' diagnosis of obesity status in NHANES II. Int J Obesity Relat Metabol Disord 1994; 18: 704–8.Google ScholarPubMed
152Kwok, T, Whitelaw, MN. A new nutritional indicator (Letter). J Am Geriatr Soc 1989; 37: 1100–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
153Mitchell, CO, Lipschitz, DA. Arm length measurement as an alternative to height in nutritional assessment of the elderly. J Parenter Enter Nutr 1982; 6: 226–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
154Friedlaender, JS, Costa, PT, Bosse, R, Ellis, R, Rhoads, JG, Stoudt, HW. Longitudinal physical physique changes among healthy white veterans at Boston. Hum Biol 1977; 49: 541–58.Google ScholarPubMed
155Chumlea, WC, Roche, AF, Steinbaugh, ML. Estimating stature from knee height for persons 60–90 years of age. J Am Geriatr Soc 1985; 33: 116–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
156Frost, GS, Corish, C. Reproducibility of upper arm anthropometry in subjects of different body mass. J Hum Nutr Diet 1989; 2: 403–06.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
157Mitchell, CO, Lipschitz, DH. The effects of age and sex on routinely used measurements to assess nutritional status of hospitalized patients. Am J Clin Nutr 1982; 36: 340–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
158Stein, B. Body composition and aging. Nutr Rev 1988; 46: 4551.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
159Pietre, F, Queruel, D, Jean, A et al. Estimation chez le sujet âgé de la taille maximale atteinte au cours de la vie. Revue de Gériatrie 1990; 15(2): 6972.Google Scholar
160Benn, RT. Some mathematical properties of weight for height indices used as a measure of adiposity. Br J Prev Soc Med 1971; 25: 4250.Google ScholarPubMed
161Florey, C du V. The use and interpretation of pondeal index and other weight-height ratios in epidemiological studies. J Chron Dis 1970; 23: 93103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
162Lee, J, Kolonel, LN, Hinds, MW. Relative merits of the weight-corrected-for-height indices. Am J Clin Nutr 1981; 34: 2521–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
163Master, AM, Lasser, RP, Beckman, G. Tables of average weight and height of Americans aged 65–94 years. J Am Med Assoc 1960; 172: 114–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
164de Leeuw, I, Vansant, G, van Gall, L. Impedance measurements of fat-free mass are influenced by changes in extracellular fluids. Clin Nutr 1990; 98 (suppl): 58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
165Brodowicz, GR, Mansfield, RA, McClung, MR, Althoff, SA. Measurement of body composition in the elderly: dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, underwater weighing, bioelectrical impedance analysis and anthropometry. Gerontology 1994; 40: 332–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
166Schlettwein-Gsell, D. Dietary assessment of nutritional intake. In: Horwitz, A, Macfadyen, DM, Munro, H et al. eds. Nutrition in the elderly. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.Google Scholar
167Edington, J, Thorogood, M, Geekie, M, Ball, M, Mann, J. Assessment of nutritional intake using dietary records with estimated weights. J Hum Nutr Diet 1987; 2: 407–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
168Madden, JP, Goodman, SJ, Guthrie, HA. Validity of the 24-hour recall analysis of data obtained from elderly subjects. J Am Diet Assoc 1976; 68: 143–47.Google Scholar
169Steen, B, Isaakson, B, Svanborg, A. Intake of energy and nutrients and meal habits in 70-year-old males and females in Gothenborg, Sweden. Acta Med Scand 1977; suppl 611: 3986.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
170Rail, LC, Roubenoff, R, Harris, TB. Albumin as a marker of nutritional and health status. In: Rosenberg, IH ed. Nutritional assessment of elderly population. New York: Raven Press, 1995: 117.Google Scholar
171Nicolson, A, Junaid, O, Byrne, EJ, Dennis, M, Lehmann, AB. Lymphopaenia in elderly inpatients. Postgrad Med J 1993; 69: 752–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
172Ahluwalia, N, Lammi-Keefe, CJ, Haley, NR, Beard, JL. Day-to-day variation in iron-status indexes in elderly women. Am J Clin Nutr 1993; 57: 414–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
173Lehmann, AB. Review: undernutrition in elderly people. Age Ageing 1989; 18: 339–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
174Munro, HN, McGandy, RB, Hartz, SC, Russes, RM, Jacob, RA, Otrodavec, CL. Protein nutriture of a group of free-living elderly. Am J Clin Nutr 1987; 46: 586–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
175Bastow, MD, Rawlings, J, Allison, SP. Benefits of supplementary tube reeding after fractured neck of femur: a randomised controlled trial. Br Med J 1983: 287: 1589–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
176Naurath, HJ, Jooslen, E, Riezler, R et al. , Effects of vitamin B12, folate and vitamin B6 supplements in elderly people with normal serum vitamin concentrations. Lancet 1995: 346: 85–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
177Mattila, K, Haavisto, M, Rajala, S. Body mass index and mortality in the elderly. BMJ 1986; 287: 789–93.Google Scholar
178Campbell, AJ, Spears, GFS, Brown, JS, Basby, WJ, Borrie, MJ. Anthropometric measurements as predictors of mortality in a community population age 70 years and over. Age Ageing 1990; 19: 131–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
179Garrow, JS. Health implications of obesity. In Garrow, JS ed. Obesity and related disorders. Edinburgh, London: Churchill Livingstone, 1988: 25.Google Scholar
180Meyer, F, Bourassa, A, Gagnon, J et al. Nutritional recommendations and risk of death from all causes [in French]. Can J Public Health 1993; 84: 403–7.Google ScholarPubMed
181Launer, LJ, Harris, T, Rumpel, C, Madans, J. Body mass index, weight change, and risk of mobility disability in middle-aged and older women. The epidemiologic follow-up study of NHANES I. JAMA 1994; 271: 1093–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
182Rumpel, C, Harris, TB, Madans, J. Modifications of the relationship between the Quetelet Index and mortality by weight-loss history among older women. Ann Epidemiol 1993; 3: 343–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
183Harris, TB, Ballard-Barbasch, R, Madans, J, Makuc, DM, Feldman, JJ. Overweight, weight loss and risk of coronary heart disease in older women. The NHANES I. Epidemiologic Follow-Up Study. Am J Epidemiol 1993; 137: 1318–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
184Galanos, AN, Pieper, CF, Cornoni-Huntley, JC, Bales, CW, Fillenbaum, GG. Nutrition and function: is there a relationship between body mass index and the functional mass index and the functional capabilities of community-dwelling elderly? J Am Geriatr Soc 1994; 42: 368–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
185Sullivan, DH, Walls, RC, Lipschitz, DA. Protein-energy undernutrition and the risk of mortality within 1 year of hospital discharge in a select population of geriatric rehabilitation patients. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53: 599605.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
186Muhlethaler, R, Stuck, AE, Minder, CE, Frey, BM. The prognostic significance of protein-energy malnutrition in geriatric patients. Age Ageing 1995; 24: 193–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
187Nogues, R, Sitges-Serra, A, Sancho, JJ et al. Influence of nutrition, thyroid hormones and rectal temperature on in-hospital mortality of elderly persons with acute illness. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 61: 597602.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
188Keatinge, W. The medical problems of cold weather. J R Coll Physicians Lond 1986; 20: 283–87.Google ScholarPubMed
189Bastow, MD, Rawlings, J, Allison, SP. Benefits of supplementory tube feeding after fractured neck femur: a randomised controlled trial. BMJ 1983; 287: 1589–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
190Delmi, M, Rapin, CH, Bengoa, JM, Delmas, PD, Vasey, H, Bonjour, JP. Dietary supplementation in elderly patients with fractured neck of femur. Lancet 1990; i: 1013–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
191Woo, J, Ho, SC, Mak, YT, Law, LK, Cheung, A. Nutritional status of elderly patients recovering from chest infection and role of nutritional supplementation assessed by a prospective randomized single-blind trial. Age Ageing 1994; 23: 4048.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
192Schorah, CJ. Micronutrient provision in elderly subjects. Lancet 1993; 341: 306–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
193Paccagnella, A, Calo, MA, Caenaro, G et al. Cardiac cachexia: pre-operative and postoperative nutrition management. J Parenter Enter Nutr 1994; 18: 409–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
194Pamuk, ER, Williamson, DF, Serdula, MK, Madans, J, Byers, TE. Weight loss and subsequent death in a cohort of US adults. Ann Intern Med 1993; 119: 744–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
195Castaneda, C, Charnley, JM, Evans, WJ, Crim, MC. Elderly women accommodate to a low-protein diet with losses of body cell mass, muscle function and immune response. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 62: 3039.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
196Popkin, BM, Keyon, G, Zhai, F et al. The nutritional transition in China: a cross-sectional analysis. Eur J Clin Nutr 1993; 47: 333–46.Google Scholar
197Lipton, RB, Liao, Y, Cao, G, Cooper, RS, McGee, D. Determinants of incident non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus among blacks and whites in a national sample. The NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study. Am J Epidemiol 1993; 138: 826–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
198Kestelhoot, H, Joossens, JV. Worldwide mortality changes from all causes and from cardiovascular diseases between 1968 and 1988. Acta Cardiologica 1993; 48: 421–39.Google Scholar
199Richter, WO, Richter, V, Rassoul, F et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in former and new Germany [in German]. Fortschr Med 1993; 111(13): 214–18.Google ScholarPubMed
200Yamori, Y, Naru, Y, Mizushima, S, Sawamura, M, Horie, R. Nutritional factors for stroke and major cardiovascular diseases: international epidemiological comparison of dietary prevention. Health Rep 1994; 6: 22–7.Google ScholarPubMed
201Morgan, RE, Palinkas, LA, Barrett-Connor, EL, Wingard, DL. Plasma cholesterol and depressive symptoms in older men. Lancet 1993; 341: 7579.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
202Stemmermann, GN, Chyou, P-H, Kagan, A. Serum cholesterol and mortality among Japanese American men. Arch Int Med 1991; 151: 969–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
203Goichot, B, Schlienger, JL, Grunenberger, F, Pradignac, A, Aby, M. Low cholesterol concentrations in free-living elderly subjects: relations with dietary intake and nutritional status. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 62: 547–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
204Harris, T, Feldman, JJ, Kleinman, JC et al. The low cholesterol-mortality association in a national cohort. J Clin Epidemiol 1992; 45: 595601.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
205Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1994; 344: 1383–89.Google Scholar
206Henkin, Y, Garber, DW, Osterlund, LC, Dornell, BE. Saturated fats, cholesterol and dietary compliance. Arch Intern Med 1992; 152: 1167–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
207Law, MR, Wald, NJ, Thompson, SG. By how much and how quickly does reduction in serum cholesterol concentration lower risk of ischaemic heart disease? BMJ 1994: 308: 367–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
208Smith, GD, Pekkanen, J[Letter]. Lancet 1994; 344: 1766.Google Scholar
209Burr, ML, Fehily, AM, Gilbert, JF et al. Effects of changes in fat, fish and fibre intakes on death and myocardial reinfarction: diet and reinfarction trial (DART). Lancet 1989; ii: 757–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
210Singh, RM, Rastogi, SS, Verma, R et al. Randomised controlled trial of cardioprotective diet in patients with recent acute myocardial infarction: results of 1 year follow-up. BMJ 1992; 304: 1015–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
211de Lorgeril, M, Renaud, S, Mamelle, N et al. Mediterranean alpha-linoleic acid-rich diet in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Lancet 1994; 343: 1454–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
212Wright, RA, Flapan, AD[Letter]. Lancet 1994; 344: 1765.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
213McLennan, PL, Aberwardena, MY, Charnock, JS. The influence of age and dietary fat in an animal model of sudden death. Aust N Z J Med 1989; 19: 15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
214Yamori, Y, Horie, R. Community-based prevention of stroke: nutritional improvement in Japan. Health Rep 1994; 6: 181–88.Google ScholarPubMed
215Lowik, MR, Hofman, Z, Kok, FJ et al. Nutrition and blood pressure among elderly men and women (Dutch Nutrition Surveillance System). J Am Coll Nutr 1991; 10: 149–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
216Herlog, MG, Feskens, EJM, Hollman, PC et al. Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease: the Zutphen Elderly Study. Lancet 1993; 342: 1007–11.Google Scholar
217Matsuzaki, T. Longevity, diet and nutrition in Japan: epidemiological studies. Nutr Rev 1992; 50: 355–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed