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Russian Radicals and the West European Revolutions of 1848

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 August 2009

Frederick C. Barghoorn
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Extract

The unsuccessful European revolutions and successful counter-revolutions of 1848–49 elicited complex and surprisingly little-studied responses in Russia. The court, the bureaucracy and the upholders of the status quo in general reacted much as they had to the great French Revolution of 1789. Their never banished fears of Western revolutionary contagion were fanned anew. This new paroxysm of anxiety was reflected in panicky domestic measures of repression, such as the arrest of a number of members of the relatively harmless Petrashevski discussion group, including the novelist Dostoievski, and in such foreign policy acts as Russian armed intervention against the Hungarian liberal revolution.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Review of Politics , Volume 11 , Issue 3 , July 1949 , pp. 338 - 354
Copyright
Copyright © University of Notre Dame 1949

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References

1 The only full-scale monographic treatment is Nifontov, A. S., 1848 God v Rottii (Moscow, Leningrad, 1931).Google Scholar Chapter 4 of this monograph was published in Katorga i Sylka, Book 10 (71), (Moscow, 1930).Google Scholar

2 SirPares, Bernard, A History of Russia, 5th ed. (New York, 1947), p. 336.Google Scholar

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5 Annenkov, P. V., Literaturnye vospominaniya (Leningrad, 1928), p. 291.Google Scholar From his series, Zamechatelnoe desyatiletie, first published in Vestnik Evropy in 1880.Google Scholar

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11 Quoted in Delo Petrashevtsev (2 vols., Moscow-Leningrad, 1937), I, p. XIII.Google Scholar

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14 Herzen, , Soch, III, pp. 138–140.Google Scholar For a bitterly hostile Slavophile criticism of Custine's book see Khomyakov's, A. S. article “Mnenie inostrantsev o Rossii,” in Polnoe sobranie sochinenii A. A. Khomyakova, Vol. I (Moscow, 1878).Google Scholar Originally published in Moskrityanin, 1845, no. 4. Trie book of course enraged Nicholas, and its author was vilified by the “patriotic” Russian press of Grech and Bulgarin which had close ties with the secret police.Google Scholar

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17 Belinsfci, , Pisma (3 vols., St. Petersburg, 1914), III, 328–9.Google Scholar

18 The first four “letters” were published in the St. Petersburg magazine Sovremennik, in 1847. The remainder were published, together with some other writings dated 1848–49, at Hamburg, in 1850, under the title Vom Andern Ufer. Herzen, Soch, Vol. VI, contains letters Nos. 5–14, inclusive. The remaining works mentioned above, exclusive of the four letters published in the Sovremennik, are contained in Soch, V, under the title Stogo berega.

19 Soch, quoted by Labry, , Raoul, , Alexandre Ivanovic Herzen (Paris, 1928), p. 327.Google Scholar

20 Socb, VI, p. 50.Google Scholar

21 Soch, VI, pp. 57–76.Google Scholar

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23 Soch, VI, 76–97.Google Scholar

24 Herzen, , Byloe i Dumy (Leningrad, 1946), especially pp. 465–67.Google Scholar The Byloe i Dumy are also included in Soch, Vol. XXI. They are also available in two good English translations.Google Scholar

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27 And yet, though he denied sarcastically that the West needed the help of Russia if it were to be “renewed,” he did except the peasant commune from his dictum that Russia had no institutions from which the West could learn. See, for example, Cherny-shevski, N. G., Polnoe bocranie socbinenii (10 vols., St. Petersburg, 1906), Vol. VIII, p. 173. Hereafter cited as Chern., Soch. In general, Chernyshevski, like Herzen, exalted the peculiarly Russian institutions of commune and artel, and tended to argue that Russia could skip the capitalist stage of social-economic development. Consideration of Cherny-shevski's “populist” views, so influential in Russia in the 1870's and 1880's, lies outside the scope of this paper.Google Scholar

28 Quoted by Alekseev, N. A. in N. G. Dnevnik Chernyshevskago (Part I, Moscow, 1931), Introduction, p. VIII.Google Scholar This edition covers only 1848 and 1849. Hereafter cited as Dnevnik, 1931 ed. For the remainder of the diaries, covering 1850–53, I have used Chernyshevski, N. G., Polnoe sobranie socbinenii (Vol. I, Moscow, 1939). Only three volumes of this Soviet edition of Chernyshevski's complete works have been published. Cited hereafter as: Chern., Soch, 1939 ed. The diaries were published in full only after the Bolshevik revolution.Google Scholar

29 Dntvnik, 1931 ed., pp. 95–97.Google Scholar

30 Ibid., pp. 302–303.

31 Ibid., pp. 101–102.

32 Ibid., pp. 179–78, 213–14.

33 Ibid., pp. 305 and 315.

34 Chern, ., Soch, 1939 ed., Vol. I, pp. 354–58.Google Scholar

35 Chern, ., Soch, IV, pp. 1–49.Google Scholar

36 Ibid., p. 27.

37 Ibid., p. 49.

38 Ibid., pp. 14–15.

39 Ibid., pp. 35 and 45.

40 See especially his article Heine, Heinrich, in Sochineiya D. I. Pisareva (6 vols St. Petersburg, 1894), II, pp. 253–304.Google Scholar

41 Lenin, , Sochineniya, 2nd ed., Vol. XV (Moscow, 1949), pp. 464–69.Google Scholar