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Pluralizing Universal “Man”: The Legacy of Transcendentalism and Teleology in Habermas's Discourse Ethics
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 August 2009
Extract
The central claim of this article is that Habermas's program of discourse ethics fails to “detranscendentalize” the Enlightenment subject. On the contrary, tacit assumptions concerning a transcendental conception of reason and a subject that is teleologically predisposed toward its rightful end are the logical pillars of Habermas's two most crucial claims. First, unless Habermas presupposes an abstract and decidedly unencumbered moral discussant, he cannot maintain his claim concerning the rationality—and hence the unconditionality—of the moral principle he describes. Secondly, unless Habermas begs the question of the proper end of individual and collective development, he fails to support the claim that discourse ethics speaks to the emphatic dimension of moral reason.
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References
1. See, among others, Wellmer, Albrecht, “Ethics and Dialogue: Elements of Moral Judgement in Kant and Discourse Ethics,” in The Persistence of Modernity: Essays on Aesthetics, Ethics, and Postmodernism, trans, by Midgley, David, (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1991);Google ScholarRehg, William, Insight and Solidarity: The Discourse Ethics of jürgen Habermas (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994);Google Scholar and Benhabib, Seyla, “The Generalized and the Concrete Other: The Kohlberg–Gilligan Controversy and Feminist Theory,” in Feminism as Critique: On the Politics of Gender, ed. Benhabib, Seyla, and Cornell, Drucilla (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987),Google Scholar as well as Joseph Heath's more recent, “The Problem of Foundationalism in Habermas's discourse ethics,” Philosophy and Social Criticism 21, no. 1 (1995): 77–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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31. The concept of a generalized other signifies the abstract, public persona of modern moral and political thought—it is based, notably, on the male head of the bourgeois household, and suggests the standpoint of “formal equality and reciprocity.” The standpoint of the concrete other, in contrast, is based on the private world of personal and domestic life. This standpoint “requires us to view each and every rational being as an individual with a concrete history, identity, and affective–emotional constitution” (“The Generalized and the Concrete Other,” p. 87).Google Scholar
32. Ibid., pp. 88–89.
33. Ibid., p. 89.
34. Ibid., p. 90.
35. “Lawrence Kohlberg and Neo–Aristotelianism,” p. 131.Google Scholar
36. Ibid.
37. “Discourse Ethics: Notes on a Program of Philosophical Justification,” p. 66; my emphasis.Google Scholar
38. “Remarks on Discourse Ethics,” p. 58;Google Scholar emphasis mine. Elsewhere Habermas writes: “If actors do not bring with them, and into their discourse, their individual life–histories, their identities, their needs and wants, their traditions, memberships, and so forth, practical discourse would be robbed of all content” (“A Reply to My Critics,” p. 255).Google Scholar
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64. “Remarks on Discourse Ethics,” p. 109.Google Scholar
65. “Discourse Ethics,” pp. 102, 100.Google Scholar
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86. “Struggles for Recognition in the Democratic Constitutional State,” in Multiculturalism, ed. and intro. Gutmann, Amy, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), p. 124 (emphasis mine).Google Scholar
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88. Ibid., p. 126.
89. “Morality and Ethical Life,” p. 209.Google Scholar
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