Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 August 2009
A half century ago Herbert Hoover entered the presidency and the “Great Engineer” of the 1920's became, after 1930, the butt of Depression era jokes. The economic collapse which began in 1929 not only broke Hoover's presidency, it obscured his accomplishments as a key public figure in American life during this century.
1 For example, see Hawley, Ellis, “Herbert Hoover, the Commerce Secretariat and the Vision of an ‘Associative State,’ 1921–1928,” Journal of American History, 62 (06 1974), 116–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Burner, David, Herbert Hoover: A Public Life (New York, 1979)Google Scholar; and Arnold, Peri, “Herbert Hoover and the Continuity of American Public Policy,” Public Policy, 20 (Fall 1972), 525–44.Google Scholar
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5 Notice, for example, Eisenhower's Schedule C and his support of the second Hoover Commission's recommended senior civil service, Nixon's 1971 recommendation of a federal executive service and Carter's successful civil service reform, particularly his executive service.
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14 Ibid.
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17 See Redfield, William C., With Congress and Cabinet (Garden City, N.J., 1924).Google Scholar
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28 In 1924 Hoover stated: “We often lay too much stress upon competitive features, too little upon the fact that it [business] is in essence a great cooperative effort.” Transcript, speech before 1924 meeting of Chamber of Commerce of U.S., Official File, Commerce Papers, Herbert Hoover Presidential Library. In a discussion of the tension between group and individual interests and its effect on action, see Olson, Mancur, The Logic of Collective Action (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1965).Google Scholar
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30 New York Times, 29 04 1921.Google Scholar
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32 This fear proved to be prescient in the Supreme Court's opinion in American Column and Lumber v. U.S., 277 U.S. 377.
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37 On Hoover's involvement in the coal industry, see Hawley, Ellis, “Secretary Hoover and the Bituminous Coal Problem,” Business History Review, 16, no. 3 (1968), 247–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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45 See Lloyd, Craig, Aggressive Introvert (Columbus, 1972), chap. 4.Google Scholar
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47 Herter, Christian to Resnick, Louis, 4 05 1921Google Scholar, National Conference of Business Paper Editors: 1921–1923, Official File, Commerce Papers, Herbert Hoover Presidential Library.
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49 After Roosevelt entered office, the department was cut back because of its status and reputation as Hoover's creation. Memo, , Raiffa, A. L., 15 01 1933Google Scholar, F#80553, RG 40, National Archives.
50 See Weber, , and Mouzelis, Nicos P., Organisation and Bureaucracy (Chicago, 1968), chaps. 1–2.Google Scholar
51 Exemplifying this, observe how completely the first Hoover Commission supported the notion of a managerially strong presidency. See, Arnold, Peri E., “The First Hoover Commission and the Managerial Presidency.” Journal of Politics, 38, no. 1 (02 1976), 46–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar