Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T15:26:10.480Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Architecture and Western Civilization

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 August 2009

Extract

All aspects of the life of an age are interrelated, even when the interrelations express themselves in cross purposes and intellectual dissolution. Whether or not they embody forms and ideas worthy to be dignified by the name of architecture, the buildings of any period are an expression of it. They reflect, in varying degrees, its economic and social development, the enactments of its legislative bodies, the acts of its administrative officials, the decisions of its law courts, the character and course of its wars. They also express, again in varying degrees, its methods of education, its religious life, its natural science, its thought and its art. They are, to some extent, the expression of past traditions and works of the mind which have retained a hold on the life of the period or have been revived by its thinkers and artists, as classical antiquity has been revived again and again in Western European history since the eleventh century.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © University of Notre Dame 1946

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Cf. Valéry, Paul, Regards sur le mande actuel (Paris 1931), 181182;Google Scholar Pascal, Pensées, “Necessité de la recherche de la vérité, le pari.”

2 The Architecture of Humanism. A Study in the History of Taste, 2nd ed.. (New York, 1924);Google Scholar a work to which I am heavily indebted in connection with this essay.

3 Mâle, Emile, L'Art religieux du XIIIe siècle en France, 4th ed., (Paris, 1919), pp. 458–59.Google Scholar He deals with the book left by the Abbé Suger, who built the abbey church at Saint-Denis. Suger is the subject of a forthcoming work by Professor Edwin Panofsky.

4 The interpretation of the Gothic Age in this article is based largely on this work of Emile Mâle's, on Henry Adams' Mont-Saint Michel and Chartres, Lethaby's Medieval Art, Pirenne's Medieval Cities, Economic and Social History of Medieval Europe, books and articles by Gilson, Maritain and Kantorowicz, and researches of my own into the history of mediaeval mining and metallurgy undertaken for the forthcoming Volume ii of the Cambridge Economic History of Europe.

5 Cf. cf. Lethaby, , op. cit., p. 144.Google Scholar

6 Cf. Toy, Sidney, Castles: A Short History of Fortifications, (London, 1939), esp. pp. 139–40 for Carcassonne.Google Scholar

7 Pirenne, H., Histoire de Belgique, 3rd ed., (Brussels, 1923), vol. iii, p. 236.Google Scholar

8 Cunningham, W., The Growth of English Industry and Commerce: Modern Times, 6th ed. (Cambridge, 1919), pp. 315–17.Google Scholar

9 Calendar of State Papers Domestic, 16361637, p. 542.Google Scholar

10 Ibid., 1637–38, p. 107.

11 Earl of Clarendon, The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England (Oxford, 1843), p. 25.Google Scholar

12 Cf. Nef, J. U., The Rise of the British Coal Industry (London, 1932), vol. i, pp. 156164;Google ScholarWars and the Rise of Industrial Civilization, 1640–1740,” Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, 02, 1944, pp. 6869.Google Scholar

13 The Republic, IV, 421.Google Scholar

14 Scott, , op. cit., p. 120.Google Scholar

15 Mâle, , op. cit., p. 464.Google Scholar

16 For his share in the artistic life of the Italian communes on the eve of the Renaissance, cf. Wieruszowski, Helene, “Art and the Commune in the Time of Dante,” Speculum, 01, 1944, pp. 3132 and passim.Google Scholar

17 Cf. Nef, , “La vie de l'esprit et la grande paix. 1815–1914,” La République Française, vol. i, nos. 11–12 (12, 1944), pp. 1112.Google Scholar

18 Scott, , op. cit., pp. 1 sqa.Google Scholar

19 Nef, , “La vie de l'esprit et la grande paix,” La République Française, 12, 1944, pp. 1516, 01, 1945, pp. 1416.Google Scholar

20 Regards sur le monde actuel (Paris, 1931), p. 35;Google Scholar“La Crise de l'esprit,” in Variété (Paris, 1924), p. 11.Google Scholar