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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 August 2009
In the late 1880's new sounds reverberated throughout the Catholic Church in America. Rapid urban growth and the rising tides of immigration required new perspectives on religion in the social order: science and historical criticism involved philosophy and theology, and rumblings of internal as well as external controversy were heard in the Church. The layman was achieving status in business and politics and, as he became more vocal on civic and cultural issues, he played a larger role in representing Catholicism before the American people. Self-critical voices sounded forth in the Catholic press, and churchmen were calling upon the laity. When the conjunction of several major centennial celebrations occurred in 1889, laymen leaped into the breach and started a trend in Catholic thought and action that has much to say to our generation, especially in the light of the Second Vatican Council.
1 Abell, Aaron I., American Catholicism and Social Action: A Search for Social Justice, 1865–1950 (New York, 1960), pp. 99–101Google Scholar. The origins of the Congress are discussed in Sister Francis, M. Adele, , O.S.F., “Lay Activity and the Catholic Congresses of 1889 and 1893,” Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia, LXXIV (03, 1963), 3 ff.Google Scholar; she traces the congress idea back to Mainz in 1848.
2 Pahorezki, Sister M. Sevina, , O.S.F., The Social and Political Activities of William James Onahan (Washington, 1942)Google Scholar covers Onahan's public career.
3 Hughes, William H., ed., Souvenir Volume Illustrated. Three Great Events in the History of the Catholic Church in the United States (Detroit, 1889), pp. 10, 24–25Google Scholar. Also see Baltimore American, November 12, 1889; Boston Pilot, November 23, 1889.
4 Ireland, John, The Church and Modern Society (2v., St. Paul, 1904), I, 92Google Scholar.
5 Hughes, , Souvenir Volume Illustrated, pp. 28–30Google Scholar.
6 Baltimore American, November 13, 1889.
7 Boston Pilot, November 30, 1889.
8 Gibbons to Ireland, February 26, 1892 (copy), Archives of the Diocese of St. Paul, quoted in Ellis, John Tracy, The Life of James Cardinal Gibbons, Archbishop of Baltimore, 1834–1921 (2v., Milwaukee, 1952), II, 14Google Scholar. The fears of the hierarchy are demonstrated in Sister Adele Francis, “Lay Activity,” supra.
9 Barrows, John Henry, ed., The World's Parliament of Religions (2v., Chicago, 1894), I, 16Google Scholar.
10 Boston Pilot, January 7, 1893.
11 For almost daily accounts of the Congress and of the Parliament of Religions see files of Chicago's Tribune, Herald, Times, Record, Inter Ocean, and Columbian.
12 Boston Pilot, September 16, 1893.
13 Ibid., September 23, 1893.
14 Lectures on the above topics are to be found in Barrows, World's Parliament of Religions; Houghton, Walter R., ed., Neely's History of the Parliament of Religions (2v., Chicago, 1894)Google Scholar; Hanson, J. W., ed., The World's Congress of Religions (Boston, 1894)Google Scholar; Savage, Minot J., The World's Congress of Religions (Boston, 1893)Google Scholar. Also see Johnson, Rossiter, A History of the World's Columbian Exposition (New York, 1897–1898)Google Scholar.
15 Chicago Daily Tribune, December 7, 1893; Boston Pilot, September 16, 23, 30, October 21, 1893; Chicago Herald, cited in Pilot, September 23, 1893.
16 Boston Pilot, September 16, 1893.
17 Ibid.
18 Ibid., May 27, 1893.
19 Bishop John J. Keane's account of the Parliament prepared for the Catholic Family Annual and reported in the Boston Pilot, November 4, 1893. Also see Houghton, Neefy's History, 23. Archbishop Feehan served on the General Committee along with Presbyterian, Baptist, Methodist, Congregationalist, Unitarian, Universalist, Episcopalian, Lutheran, Swedenborgian, independent, and Jewish religious leaders.
20 Boston Pilot, July 29, 1893.
21 Houghton, , Neely's History, p. 40Google Scholar.
22 Ibid., pp. 42–43.
23 Ibid., pp. 45–46.
24 Barrows, , World's Parliament of Religions, I, 89Google Scholar.
25 Ibid., 94.
26 Houghton, , Neely's History, p. 782Google Scholar.
27 Barrows, , World's Parliament of Religions, I, 605–607Google Scholar.
28 Savage, , World's Congress of Religions, p. 424Google Scholar.
29 Interview quoted in Boston Pilot, October 14, 1893.
30 Catholic Family Annual, quoted in Pilot, November 4, 1893.
31 Ireland, Church and Modern Society, I, 119–121.
32 Forum, XVIII (09, 1894), 64Google Scholar; ibid., XVI (November, 1893), 392; Catholic World, LIX (05, 1894), 152–163Google Scholar.
33 Editorial, Boston Pilot, September 23, 1893.
34 Ibid., October 14, 1893.
35 Ellis, , Life of James Cardinal Gibbons, II, 19–20Google Scholar.
36 Catholic Review, XLIV (09 12, 1893), 136Google Scholar.
37 McAvoy, Thomas T., The Great Crisis in American Catholic History, 1895–1900 (Chicago, 1957), pp. 117–118, 122, 135Google Scholar.
38 Ireland, of course, was soon embroiled in the “Americanism” controversy.
39 Ellis, , Life of James Cardinal Gibbons, II, 15–16nGoogle Scholar.
40 See Tavard, George H., Two Centuries of Ecumenism (Notre Dame, Ind., 1960), p. 71Google Scholar.
41 See, for example, Luther Weigle, American Idealism; Robert D. Gross, The Emergence of Liberal Catholicism in America; works of Ellis and McAvoy cited above.