Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-g8jcs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T23:05:15.297Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Hoare-Laval Plan: A Study in International Polities

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 August 2009

Henderson B. Braddick
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The agreement between British Foreign Minister Sir Samuel Hoare and Pierre Laval, French Premier and Foreign Minister, in early December, 1935, was a major turning point in European international politics during the interwar period. It placed a premium on Fascist aggression in Ethiopia by proposing that Italy be given actual or de facto control over huge slices of the African country. Several volumes of memoirs published in the last few years throw new light on some aspects of the proposal itself and on the politics of Great Britain, Italy, and France toward the Italo-Ethiopian conflict, policies which at the height of the international crisis produced the Hoare-Laval Plan. In addition, the State Department documents, published and unpublished, are a mine of information on these matters.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Review of Politics , Volume 24 , Issue 3 , July 1962 , pp. 342 - 364
Copyright
Copyright © University of Notre Dame 1962

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 For example:Easum, Chester V., Half Century of Conflict (New York, 1952), pp. 479–84Google Scholar; Albrecht-Carrié, René, A Diplomatic History of Europe Since the Congress of Vienna (New York, 1958), pp. 484–91Google Scholar; Hall, Walter Phelps and Davis, William Stearns, The Course of Europe Since Waterloo (New York, 1957), Fourth Edition, pp. 737–38Google Scholar; Pegg, Carl H., Contemporary Europe in World Focus (New York, 1956), pp. 215–23Google Scholar.

2 Toynbee, Arnold J., Survey of International Affairs, 1935 (London, 1936), Vol. IIGoogle Scholar; Salvemini, Gaetano, Prelude to World War II (New York, 1954)Google Scholar.

3 Gathorne-Hardy, G. M., A Short History of International Affairs, 1920–1939 (London, 1952), Fourth Edition, pp. 414–15Google Scholar.

4 On these matters see: Addis Ababa to Washington, 12. 14, 1934, 765.84/111 (Unpublished State Department documents will be cited by file number.), Apr. 3, 1935, 765.84/282; Rome to Washington, Dec. 8, 1934, 765.84/89, Oct. 18, 1935, 765.84/2244; Memoranda, Dec. 10, 1934, 765.84/166, Jan. 8, 1935, 765.84/121, June 14, 1935, 765.84/400; July 25, 1936, Foreign Relations of the United States1, 1936 (Washington, 1953), III, 83Google Scholar(hereafter cited as Foreign Relations);Ambassador Long in Rome to President Roosevelt, 10. 30, 1935, President's Personal Files, Breckinridge Long Folder, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York (hereafter cited as “Roosevelt Library”)Google Scholar; Bono, Emilio De, Anno XIII (London, 1937), pp. 13, 116–17, 202Google Scholar; Istituto per gli studi di politica internazionale, II conflitto Italo-Etiopico, documenti. (Milano, 1936), I, 273Google Scholar; Aloisi, Baron, Journal (Paris, 1957), pp. 200–201Google Scholar; Susmel, Giorgio Pini e Duilio, Mussolini, I'uomo e I'opera (Firenze, 1955), III, 314Google Scholar; Amery, L.S., My Political Life (London, 1955), III, 172Google Scholar; Templewood, Lord, Nine Troubled Years (London, 1954), pp. 150–51Google Scholar; Martelli, George, Italy Against the World (New York, 1938), p. 8Google Scholar; Toynbee, , Survey of International Affairs, 1935, II, 133–36Google Scholar; Schuschnigg, Kurt, Austrian Requiem (New York, 1946), p. 115Google Scholar; Toscano, Mario, “Eden's Mission to Rome on the Eve of the Italo-Ethiopian Conflict,” in Sarkissian, A.O., Studies in Diplomatic History and Historiography in Honor of G.P. Gooch (London, 1961), p. 136Google Scholar.

5 Memorandum, April 7, 1939, 865.002 Mussolini Speeches/4.

6 London to Washington, 08. 20, 1935, Foreign Relations, 1935, I, 633Google Scholar; Rome to Washington, Oct. 16, 1935, 765.84/1870;Ambassador Long to President Roosevelt, 09. 6, 1935, President's Secretary's Files, Breckinridge Long Folder, Roosevelt LibraryGoogle Scholar; Dinale, Ottavio, Quarant'anni di colloqui con lui (Milano, 1953), p. 162Google Scholar; Templewood, , Nine Troubled Years, p.152Google Scholar; Aloisi, , Journal, p. 290Google Scholar; Toynbee, , Survey of International Affairs, 1935, II, 249–52Google Scholar.

7 Rome to Washington, Feb. 15, 1935, 765.84/176, Aug. 31, 1935, 765.84/1171, Sept. 4, 1935, 765.84/1216, Sept. 13, 1935, 765.84/1341;Gentison, Paul, Défense de l'Italie (Lausanne, 1949), p. 23Google Scholar; Martelli, , Italy Against the World, pp. 63–64Google Scholar; Guariglia, Raffaele, Ricordi, 1922–1946 (Napoli, 1949), pp. 214–17Google Scholar; Wilson, Hugh R., Diplomat Between Wars (New York, 1941), p. 308Google Scholar.

8 Memorandum, commenting on letter, Ambassador Long to President Roosevelt, Dec. 15, 1933, President's Secretary's Files, Italy Folder, Roosevelt Library;Templewood, , Nine Troubled Years, pp. 152–53Google Scholar; Vansittart, Lord, The Mist Procession (London, 1958), pp. 502–503, 516, 518Google Scholar.

9 London to Washington, 08. 20, 1935, Foreign Relations, 1935 634, Aug. 28, 1935, ibid. 640, Sept. 16, 1935, ibid..,650–51; Rome to Washington, Sept. 18, 1935, 765.84/1971; Amery, , My Political Life, III, 172Google Scholar.

10 Rome to Washington, July 5, 1935, 765.84/543; Geneva to Washington, May 28, 1935, 862.20/1042, Sept. 26, 1935, 765.84/1384; Memorandum, 07 6, 1935, Foreign Relations, 1935, I, 726Google Scholar; Guariglia, , Ricordi, p. 255Google Scholar; Aloisi, , Journal. Opp. 259, 270, 273, 275–79Google Scholar; Templewood, , Nine Troubled Years. pp. 156–57Google Scholar. The silence of Mac Donald and Simon was particularly pointed at the Stresa Conference in April, 1935: Quaroni, Pietro, Ricordi di un ambasciatore (Milano, 1954), p. 125Google Scholar; Churchill, Winston, The Gathering Storm (Cambridge, 1948), pp. 132–34Google Scholar; Bottai, Giuseppe, Vent'anni e un giorno (Milano, 1949), Second Edition, pp. 1241–25Google Scholar; Jones, Thomas, A Diary with Letters (London, 1954), p. 193Google Scholar; Vansittart, , The Mist Procession, p. 520Google Scholar; Amery, , My Political Life, III, p. 166Google Scholar; Vansittart, , Lessons of My Life (New York, 1943), pp. 40–42Google Scholar.

11 Rome to Washington, June 27, 1935, 765.84/472, July 2, 1935, 765.84/429, July 5, 1935, 765.84/543; Memorandum, Nov. 18, 1935, 765.84/2905/2;Aloisi, , Journal, p. 282Google Scholar; Templewood, , Nine Troubled Years, pp. 152–53, 155–56Google Scholar; Amery, , My Political Life, III, 167Google Scholar; Reynolds, and Packard, Eleanor, Balcony Empire, Fascist Italy at War (New York, 1942), p. 13Google Scholar; Toscano, , “Eden's Mission to Rome,” p. 135Google Scholar; Vansittart, , The Mist Procession, pp. 516–19Google Scholar; Cerruti, Elizabetta, Ambassador's Wife (New York, 1953), pp. 227–28Google Scholar.

12 Rome to Washington, Aug. 31, 1935, 765.84/1171, Aug. 19, 1935, Foreign Relations, 1935, I, 740, Sept. 17, 1935, ibid., 757; Italian Ambassador Rosso to Under Secretary of State Phillips, Sept. 20, 1935, ibid.,764; De Bono, , Anno XIIII, p. 5Google Scholar; Istituto per gli studi di politica internazionale, Il conftitto Italo-Etiopico, documenti, I, 169Google Scholar.

13 Addis Ababa to Washington, Mar. 6, 1929, 765.84/17. See also Memorandum, Sept. 25, 1934, 765.84/52.

14 Addis Ababa to Washington, Dec. 12, 1932, 765.84/40.

15 Rome to Washington, Feb. 19, 1935, 765.84/185, June 30, 1935, 765.84/420, Sept. 13, 1935, 765.84/1416/a; Istanbul to Washington, June 24. 1935, 765.84/592; London to Washington, May 2, 1935, 765.84/334; Oct. 5, 1935, 765.84/1586, Sept. 16, 1935, Foreign Relations, 1935, I, 650Google Scholar; Geneva to Washington, Sept. 4, 1935, ibid.,641; Memorandum, May 27, 1935, 765.84/1342; Ambassador Long to President Roosevelt, 02. 15, 1935, President's Secretary's Files, Breckinridge Long Folder, Roosevelt LibraryGoogle Scholar; Letter to Mr. Roosevelt, Sept. 6, 1935, 765.84/1148; Letter to Assistant Secretary of State Dunn, Sept. 5, 1935, 765.84/1278; Rome to London, Dec. 24, 1938, Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1919–1939 (London, 1950), Third Ser.,III, 490Google Scholar; Memorandum, Oct. 10, 1934; Documents on German Foreign Policy, 1918–1945 (hereafter cited as “German Documents”) (Washington, 1959), Ser. C, III, 472Google Scholar; Szembek, Count Jean, Journal, 1933–1939 (Paris, 1952), pp. 72, 83, 130–31, 142Google Scholar; Phillips, William, Ventures in Diplomacy (London, 1955), p. 85Google Scholar; Lagardelle, Hubert, Mission à Rome: Mussolini (Paris,1955), pp. 106, 111–15Google Scholar;Paul-Boncour, J., Entr.e Deux Guerres (Paris, 1946), III, 14–16;Google ScholarLaval, Pierre, The Unpublished Diary of Pierre Laval (London, 1948), p. 34Google Scholar; Vansittart, , The Mist Procession, pp. 515–16, 518Google Scholar; Schmidt, Paul, Hitler's Interpreter (New York, 1951), p. 31Google Scholar; Toynbee, Arnold, Survey of International Affairs, 1935 (London, 1936), I, 72, 146Google Scholar; Askew, William C., ”The Secret Agreement Between France and Italy on Ethiopia, Jan. 1935,” The Journal of Modern History, XXV (03, 1953), 47–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Vansittart, Lord, Lessons of My Life, p. 39Google Scholar; Toscano, , “Eden's Mission to Rome,” p. 136Google Scholar.

16 Churchill, , The Gathering Storm, p. 139Google Scholar; Watt, D. C., “The Anglo-German Naval Agreement of 1935: an Interim Judgment,” The Journal of Modern History, XXVIII (06, 1956), 155–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

17 Geneva to Washington, June 29, 1935, 765.84/419, Apr. 16, 1935, Foreign Relations, 1935. I, 257; London to Washington, Apr. 17, 1935, ibid., 945; Gentison, , Difense de I'ltalie, p. 136Google Scholar; Guariglia, , Ricordi, pp. 255–56Google Scholar; Churchill, , The Gathering Storm, p. 133Google Scholar; Vansittart, , The Mist Procession, pp. 518–20Google Scholar; Toynbee, , Survey of International Affairs, 1935 (London, 1936), I, 121–23Google Scholar.

18 Geneva to Washington, Sept. 5, 1935, 765.84/1045, Sept. 12, 1935, 765.84/1133, Sept. 16, 1935, 765.84/1198; Paris to Washington, 08. 15, 1935, Foreign Relations, 1935, I, 626–27Google Scholar; London to Washington, Aug. 20, 1935, ibid., 633, Aug. 22, 1935, ibid., 636, Aug. 23, 1935, ibid.,638; The Hague to Washington, Apr. 2, 1935, ibid, 217; Geneva to Washington, Sept. 4, 1935, ibid., 640–41; Report by Under Secretary of State Welles, 03. 7, 1940, Foreign Relations, 1940, I, 61Google Scholar; Simon, Viscount, Retrospect (London, 1952), p. 203Google Scholar; Vansittart, , The Mist Procession, pp. 518, 532, 539Google Scholar; Vansittart, , Lessons of My Life, p. 39Google Scholar; Heald, Stephen (ed.), Documents on International Affairs, 1935 (London, 1937), II, 304–07Google Scholar; Aloisi, , Journal, pp. 290–91, 303Google Scholar. By the middle of August, Laval was convinced the British Government was determined to avoid war with Italy. Ibid., p. 295.

19 Geneva to Washington, Sept. 11, 1935, 765.84/1117; Rome to Washington, July 17, 1935, 765.84/556, July 18, 1935, 765.84/718; Templewood, , Nine Troubled Years, pp. 171–72Google Scholar; Aloisi, , Journal, pp. 287, 289, 290, 297Google Scholar; Lagardelle, , Mission a Rome: Mussolini, p. 204Google Scholar; Toynbee, , Survey of International Affairs, 1935, II, 174Google Scholar.

20 London to Washington, Aug. 19, 1935, 765.84/874, 765.84/3737;Geneva to Washington, 12. 12, 1935, Foreign Relations, 1935, I, 709Google Scholar; Paris to Washington, Aug. 16, 1935, 765.84/926; Vansittart, , The Mist Procession, pp. 522–23, 531, 533, 538, 544Google Scholar; Jones, , A Diary With Letters, pp. 159–60Google Scholar; Wilson, , Diplomat Between Wars, pp. 317–20Google Scholar; Gentison, , Defense de I'ltalie, p. 129Google Scholar; Templewood, , Nine Troubled Years, p. 177Google Scholar; Churchill, , The Gathering Storm, pp. 171, 173Google Scholar; Heald, (ed.), Documents on International Affairs, 1935, I, 101–02Google Scholar; Macleod, Iain, Neville Chamberlain (London, 1961), p. 187Google Scholar.

21 Vansittart, , The Mist Procession, p. 532Google Scholar; Templewood, , Nine Troubled Years, pp. 168–89Google Scholar.

22 Geneva to Washington, Nov. 4, 1935, Foreign Relations, 1935, I, 682; Paris to Washington, Dec. 9, 1935, ibid. 700; Vansittart, , The Mist Procession, p. 522Google Scholar; Templewood, , Nine Troubled Yearsp. 166Google Scholar.

23 Memorandum, Sept. 20, 1935, 765.84/1281; Geneva to Washington, Sept. 5, 1935, 765.84/1070, Nov. 4, 1935, Foreign Relations, 1935, I, 681–83; London to Washington, Aug. 20, 1935, ibid., 633–34, Aug. 28, 1935, ibid., 639–40, Sept. 16, 1935, ibid., 649–50; Rome to Washington, Sept. 30, 1935, ibid., 661–62; Geneva to Washington, 03. 11, 1936, Foreign Relations, 1936, I, 231–32Google Scholar; Oslo to Washington, Mar. 18, 1936, ibid., 254;Geneva to Washington, Apr. 11, 1936, Foreign Relations, 1936, III, 119–20Google Scholar; Memorandum, 06 24, 1939, German Documents, Ser. D, VI, 783Google Scholar; Adam, Colin Forbes, Life of Lord Lloyd (London, 1948), pp. 268–69Google Scholar; Feiling, Keith, The Life of Neville Chamberlain (London, 1947), pp. 265, 268Google Scholar; Toscano, , “Eden's Mission to Rome,” p. 146Google Scholar; Amery, , My Political Life, III, 173–74, 176Google Scholar; Templewood, , Nine Troubled Years, pp. 164–66Google Scholar; Vansittart, , The Mist Procession, p. 532Google Scholar; Guariglia, , Ricordi, p. 219Google Scholar. Iain Macleod contests Amery's opinion that Chamberlain's attitude toward sanctions was ”frankly cynical.” However, the evidence he gives is not convincing. It is taken from Chamberlain's diary which was obviously written with an eye on the public record. Apparently Chamberlain, even late in the crisis, expected Mussolini to back down, while others did not. Macleod, , Neville Chamberlain, pp. 187–88Google Scholar. Washington was warned that British public policy might change after the elections. London to Washington, Aug. 8, 1935, 765.84/771, Oct. 18, 1935, 765.84/1955; Rome to Washington, Oct. 24, 1935, 765.84/2104, Nov. 6, 1935, 765.84/2391, Nov. 12, 1935, 765.84/2507; Washington to Paris, 10. 12, 1935, Foreign Relations, 1935, I, 845Google Scholar.

24 Rome to Washington, Sept. 6, 1935, 765.84/1058; Geneva to Washington, Sept. 9, 1935, 765.84/1083; Paris to Washington, Sept. 9, 1935, 765.84/1084; Aloisi, , Journal, pp. 304, 306–07Google Scholar; Heald, Stephen (ed.), Documents on International Affairs, 1935, II, 106–110Google Scholar; Toynbee, , Survey of International Affairs, 1935, II, 192–95Google Scholar.

25 Geneva to Washington, Sept. 5, 1935, 765.84/1070;Mansergh, Nicholas, Survey of British Commonwealth Affairs, Problems of External Policy, 1931–1939 (London, 1952), pp. 116–17Google Scholar; Templewood, , Nine Troubled Years, p. 177Google Scholar; Carter, Gwendolen M., The British Commonwealth and International Security, The Role of the Dominions, 1919–1939 (Toronto, 1947), pp. 216–25Google Scholar; Vansittart, , Lessons of My Life. p. 44Google Scholar.

26 London to Washington, Aug. 19, 1935/ 765.84/874, Nov. 26, 1935, 765.84/2749; Geneva to Washington, 12. 12, 1935, Foreign Relations, 1935, I, 709Google Scholar; Rome to Washington, Aug. 19, 1935; ibid., 742, Sept. 17, 1935, ibid., 757; Paris to Washington, Oct. 29, 1935, ibid., 676; London to Washington, 01. 29, 1936, Foreign Relations, 1936, III, 100Google Scholar; Memorandum, 10. 2, 1937, German Documents, Ser. D., Vol. I, 3Google Scholar; Peterson, Maurice, Both Sides of the Curtain (London, 1950), pp. 118, 122Google Scholar; Templewood, , Nine Troubled Years, pp. 163, 177–79Google Scholar; Vansittart, , The Mist Procession, p. 533Google Scholar; Amery, , My Political Life, III, 186Google Scholar; Toynbee, , Survey of International Affairs, 1935, II, 280Google Scholar; Rowse, A. L., All Souls and Appeasement (London, 1961), p. 26Google Scholar.

27 Washington to Rome, Oct. 3, 1935, 765.84/1562A; Memoranda, Aug. 28, 1935; Foreign Relations, 1935, I, 789, 09. 11 and 12, 1935, ibid., 746; Statements to the press by Secretary of State Hull, Sept. 12 and Nov. 15, 1935; Letter, Ambassador Dodd to President Roosevelt, Apr. 1, 1936, President's Secretary's Files, William E. Dodd, 1933–37 Folder, Roosevelt Library; Aloisi, , Journal, p. 312Google Scholar.

28 Ambassador Dodd to Secretary Hull, Aug. 22, 1935, 765.84/916;Amery, , My Political Life, III, 173Google Scholar; Templewood, , Nine Troubled Years, pp. 189–90Google Scholar; Goering testimony, International Military Tribunal, Trial of the Major War Criminals (Nuremberg, 1947), IX, 295Google Scholar.

29 Aloisi, , Journal, p. 315Google Scholar; Vansittart, , Lessons of My Life, p. 46Google Scholar; Templewood, , Nine Troubled Years, pp. 167Google Scholar.

30 Geneva to Washington, 10. 8, 1935, Foreign Relations, 1935, I, 641Google Scholar; Martelli, , Italy Against the World, p. 114Google Scholar; Aloisi, , Journal, pp. 294, 312Google Scholar.

31 Ibid. pp. 310, 315, 318–19; Toynbee, , Survey of International Affairs, 1935, I, 277–79Google Scholar. Mussolini was perfectly willing to make a negotiated settlement, provided, of course, that he got most of Ethiopia: Rome to Washington, Sept. 6, 1935, 765.84/1058, Sept. 12, 1935, 765.84/1338, Oct. 24, 1935, 765.84/2104; London to Washington, Nov. 26, 1935, 765.84/2749.

32 London to Washington, 12. 16, 1935, Foreign Relations, 1935, I, 713Google Scholar, 01. 29, 1936, Foreign Relations, 1936, IIIGoogle Scholar, 02. 13, 1936, Foreign Relations, 1936, I, 198Google Scholar; Geneva to Washington, Dec. 13, 1935, 765.84/3069; Letter, Hugh R. Wilson to Secretary Hull, Dec. 5, 1935, copy to Mr. Roosevelt, President's Secretary's Files, Diplomatic Correspondence, Great Britain, 1933–38, Roosevelt Library;Laval, , Unpublished Diary, p. 13Google Scholar; Vansittart, , The Mist Procession, pp. 533, 538Google Scholar; Templewood, , Nine Troubled Years, pp. 164, 171, 179Google Scholar; Aloisi, , Journal, p. 317Google Scholar; Feiling, , Neville Chamberlain, p. 267Google Scholar; Toynbee, , Survey of International Affairs, 1935, II, 257–67Google Scholar.

33 London to Washington, Nov. 26, 1935, 765.84/2749;Geneva to Washington, 12. 12, 1935, Foreign Relations, 1935, I, 709Google Scholar; Peterson, , Both Sides of the Curtain, pp. 118, 122Google Scholar; Aloisi, , Journal, pp. 292, 315, 317, 325Google Scholar; Vansittart, , The Mist Procession, p. 533Google Scholar.

34 Aloisi, , Journal, pp. 316–17Google Scholar; Toynbee, , Survey of International Affairs, 1935, II, 265–66Google Scholar.

35 Vansittart, , The Mist Procession, pp. 537–38Google Scholar.

36 Templewood, , Nine Troubled Years, pp. 177, 181–82Google Scholar; Peterson, , Both Sides of the Curtain, p. 117Google Scholar; Vansittart, , The Mist Procession, p. 544Google Scholar.

37 ibid., p. 538;Templewood, , Nine Troubled Years, p. 169Google Scholar; Aloisi, , Journal, pp. 318–19, 326–27Google Scholar; Vansittart, , Lessons of My Life, pp. 47, 49Google Scholar.

38 Pp. 295–300. See also Peterson, , Both Sides of the Curtain, pp. 116–17Google Scholar.

39 Vansittart, , The Mist Procession, pp. 539–40Google Scholar; Hoare, , Nine Troubled Years, pp. 179–82Google Scholar.

40 London to Washington, 01. 29, 1936, Foreign Relations, 1936, III, 101–102Google Scholar; Aloisi, , Journal, pp. 329, 331Google Scholar; Guariglia, , Ricordi, p. 294 ffGoogle Scholar; Jones, , Diary with Letters, p. 159Google Scholar; Amery, , My Political Life, III, 184Google Scholar; Peterson, , Both Sides of the Curtain, p. 119Google Scholar; Vansittart, , The Mist ProcessionGoogle Scholar; Templewood, , Mne Troubled YearsGoogle Scholar.

41 Vansittart, , Lessons of My Life, pp. 50–51Google Scholar.

42 Jones, , Diary with Letters, p. 161Google Scholar; Templewood, , Nine Troubled Years, pp. 184–85, 291Google Scholar. Cf. Simon, , Retrospect, p. 214Google Scholar.

43 Letter, Ambassador Wilson to Secretary Hull, Dec. 15, 1935, copy to Mr. Roosevelt, President's Secretary's Files, Diplomatic Correspondence, Great Britain, 1933–38 Folder, Roosevelt Library; Geneva to Washington, 12. 11, 1935, Foreign Relations, 1935, I, 701–702Google Scholar, Dec. 12, 1935, ibid., pp. 707–708;Paris to Washington, 01. 9, 1936, Foreign Relations, 1936, III, 86Google Scholar; Rome to Washington, Jan. 17, 1936, ibid.,90; London to Washington, Jan. 18, 1936, ibid...,92–93; Geneva to Washington, Jan. 23, 1936, ibid., 97–100, Apr. 11, 1936, ibid., 119–20; Paris to Washington, Apr. 15, 1936, ibid., 120–21; London to Washington, 02. 13, 1936, Foreign Relations, 1936, I, 196–98Google Scholar; Geneva to Washington, Mar. 11, 1936, ibid., 231; Oslo to Washington, Mar. 18, 1936, ibid., 254; Brussels to Washington, 11. 10, 1937, Foreign Relations, 1937, IV, 176Google Scholar. See my article, “A New Look at American Policy during the Italo-Ethiopian Crisis, 1935–36,” The Journal of Modern History, XXXIV (03, 1962), 64–73Google Scholar.

44 Vansittart, , The Mist Procession, p. 515Google Scholar; Vansittart, , Lessons of My Life, p. 48Google Scholar. The British policy makers showed little disposition to compromise with Mussolini until the end of October, when the Ethiopian military position had deteriorated. Peterson, , Both Sides of the Curtain, p. 115Google Scholar.

45 Vansittart, , The Mist Procession, p. 519Google Scholar.

46 Lagardelle, , Mission à Rome: Mussolini, p. 124Google Scholar; Churchill, , The Gathering Storm, p. 221Google Scholar; Templewood, , Nine Troubled Years, pp. 35, 135, 163–64, 167, 291Google Scholar; Vansittart, , The Mist Procession, p. 517Google Scholar; Amery, , My Political Life, III, 176Google Scholar; Rowse, , All Souls and Appeasement, p. 55Google Scholar. As early as the spring of 1935, Italian Ambassador Grandi in London wrote Mussolini that for the English Government European politics counted primarily as instruments in election tactics. Guariglia, , Ricordi, p. 219Google Scholar.

47 Geneva to Washington, Dec. 12, 1935, Foreign Relations, 1935, I, 709Google Scholar; Peterson, , Both Sides of the Curtain, p. 118Google Scholar; Vansittart, , The Mist Procession, pp. 538–39;Google ScholarJones, , Diary with Letters, p. 159Google Scholar; Wilson, , Diplomat Between Wars, pp. 160, 317–20Google Scholar. Cf. Simon, , Retrospect, pp. 213–14Google Scholar.

48 Jones, , Diary with Letters, p. 158Google Scholar; Templewood, , Nine Troubled Years, pp. 108–109, 177–78Google Scholar; Feiling, , Life of Neville Chamberlain, p. 273Google Scholar.

49 Templewood, , Nine Troubled Years, pp. 176–77Google Scholar.

50 Peterson, , Both Sides of the Curtain, p. 118Google Scholar; Vansittart, , The Mist Procession, pp. 522, 530, 550Google Scholar.

51 Ambassador Bingham in London to President Roosevelt, Dec. 24, 1935, President's Personal Files, Robert W. Bingham, 1933–38, Roosevelt Library; Paris to Washington, 12. 9, 1935, Foreign Relations, 1935, I, 699–700Google Scholar; London to Washington, Dec. 16, 1935, ibid., 711–12; Rome to Washington, Feb. 2, 1935, ibid., 188; July 17, 1935, 765.84/556, May 25, 1935, 765.84/71;Jones, , Diary with Letters, p. 159Google Scholar; Vansittart, , The Mist Procession, pp. 518, 522, 540Google Scholar; Vansittart, , Lessons of My Life, p. 42Google Scholar; Peterson, , Both Sides of the Curtain, p. 121Google Scholar; Memorandum, Apr. 7, Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1919–39 (London, 1957), Second Series, VI, 975–90Google Scholar.

52 Letter, Ambassador Wilson to Secretary Hull, Dec. 15, 1935, copy to Mr. Roosevelt, President's Secretary's Files, Diplomatic Correspondence, Great Britain, 1933–38 Folder, Roosevelt Library; London to Washington, 12. 11, 1935, Foreign Relations, 1935, I, 700Google Scholar; Oral Communication, British Embassy to the State Department, Dec. 5, 1935, ibid., 871–72; Select Committee on Small Business, United States Senate, The International Petroleum Cartel (Washington, 1952), p. 345Google Scholar; Templewood, , Nine Troubled Years, p. 196Google Scholar; Peterson, , Both Sides of the Curtain, p. 117Google Scholar.