Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 August 2009
Popular elections are generally assumed to be the crucial element of democratic governments, but the significance of elections is so widely assumed that it is rarely examined. Although studies of voting behavior abound, there are relatively few theoretical or empirical investigations of the effects of voting on the total political system. To clarify our thinking, and as a preliminary to contemporary discussion, it may prove helpful to reexamine some major works of premodern European and American political thought.
1 Rousseau, J.The Social Contract and Discourses (Everyman ed., New York: Dutton, 1950), 27.Google Scholar
2 Locke, JohnOf Civil Governement (Everyman ed., New york, 1943), Book II, p. 127Google Scholar
3 Aristotle, , Politics (Modern Library ed., New York, 1943), Book VI, 1318b.Google Scholar
4 Rutledge, John, in Max Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 (New Haven, 1911), Vol. II, p. 205.Google Scholar
5 Locke, op. cit., p. 125Google Scholar
6 Mill, John Stuart, Considerations on Representative Government (New York, 1958), p. 53.Google Scholar
7 Ibid., p. 144
8 Machiavelli, Niccolo, Discourses (Modern Library ed., New York, 1940), p. 117.Google Scholar
9 Madison, JamesThe Federalist, No. 51 (Modern Library ed., New York, 1941), p. 337.Google Scholar
10 Mill, ,op. cit., pp. 43, 131.Google Scholar
11 The Federalist, No. 52, p. 343.Google Scholar
12 General Thompson of Massachusetts, in Jonathan Elliot, ed., Debates on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution, 2nd ed. (1888) (New York, 109), Vol. II, p. 16.Google Scholar
13 Aristotle, , Politics, Book IV, 1300a-b.Google Scholar
14 In the New York convention, Elliot, op. cit., II, pp. 246–247.Google Scholar
15 Plato, , The Republic, trans. Francis Cornford (New York, 1945), Book VI, 488.Google Scholar
16 Plato, , Laws, trans. Jowett, B. (New York, 1937), 753–768.Google Scholar
17 Mill, , op. cit., p. 114.Google Scholar
18 The Federalist, No. 10, pp. 53–54.Google Scholar
19 Calhoun, John C.A Disquisition on Government in Works, Vol. I (New York, 1854), p. 23.Google Scholar
20 Rousseau, , op. cit., p. 291.Google Scholar
21 Plato, , The Republic, Book VIII, 569.Google Scholar
22 Massachusetts Senator Hoar, in the classic defense of indirect Senate elections, Congressional Record, Vol. 25, 53rd Cong., special sess. (1893), p. 103.Google Scholar
23 Popper, Karl R., “Plato as Enemy of the Open Society, in Thorson, Thomas L., ed., Plato: Totalitarian or Democrat? (Englewood Cliffs, 1963), p. 71.Google Scholar
24 See Dahl's, Robert analysis of the logic and illogic of Madison's position in A Preface to Democratic Theory (Chicago, 1963), chap. 1.Google Scholar
25 deTocqueville, Alexis, Democracy in America, ed. Phillips Bradley (New York, 1954), Vol. I, p. 271Google Scholar
26 Rousseau, , op. cit,, p. 94Google Scholar
27 Dahl, , op. cit., p. 31.Google Scholar
28 See Prothro, James W. and Grigg, Charles M., “Fundamental Principles of Democracy,” Journal of Politics, Vol. 22 (05, 1960), pp. 276–94;CrossRefGoogle ScholarMcClosky, Herbert, “Consensus and Ideology in American Politics,” American Political Science Review, Vol. 58 (06, 1964), pp. 361–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29 The best studies are Angus Campbell, et al., The American Voter (New York, 1960)Google Scholar and Key, V.O., jr., The Responsible Electorate (Cambridge, 1965).Google Scholar
30 Key, V.O., jr., Politics, Parties and Pressure Groups, 5th ed. (New York, 1964), p. 544.Google Scholar
31 Burdick, Eugene, “Political Theory and the Voting Studies,” in Burdick and Arthur Brodbeck, American Voting Behavior (Glencoe, 1959), p. 141.Google Scholar
32 Notable is Bernard Berelson, Voting (Chicago, 1954), chap. 14.Google Scholar
33 See Berns, Walter, “Voting Studies,” in Herbert Storing, ed., Essays on the Scientific Study of Politics (New York, 1962)Google Scholar; Walker, Jack L., “A Critique of the Elitist Theory of Democracy,” American Political Science Review, Vol. 60 (06 1966), pp. 285”95,Google Scholar and the rebuttal by Robert Dahl, ibid., pp. 296–305. A Particularly peevish and inaccurate attack on the voting studies is Berns' “Defending Politics,” Commentary, Vol. 42 (08, 1966), pp. 62–64.Google Scholar
34 Graeme Duncan and Steven Lukes, “The New Democracy,” Political Studies, Vol. 11 (06, 1963), p. 161.Google Scholar
35 See Campbell, , et al., The American Voter, chaps. 8, 10.Google Scholar
36 Aristotle, , Politics, Book III, 1282a.Google Scholar
37 See Dahl, , op. cit.. pp. 132–33Google Scholar
38 The New York Times, 04 4, 1966, p. 27Google Scholar
39 Among the works emphasizing democracy as a system of controlling governors are Lindsay, A. D., The Modern Democratic State (London, 1943),Google Scholar and Mayo, Henry B., An Introduction to Democratic Theory (New York, 1960).Google Scholar