Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T19:59:15.545Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Paul-Henri Spaak and a paradox in Belgian foreign policy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 October 2009

Stephen George
Affiliation:
Lecturer in Politics, University of Sheffield

Extract

A paradox haunts the career of Paul-Henri Spaak, and one that is characteristic of Belgian foreign policy in general. For Spaak, the man who was nicknamed ‘Mr. Europe’ for the contribution that he made to the post-war movement for European integration was also the man who, as Foreign Minister of the inter-war governments of van Zeeland and Pierlot, was associated with the policy of Belgian ‘independence’. That policy is usually seen as the direct antithesis of integration.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © British International Studies Association 1975

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

page 254 note 1. Huizinga, J. H., Mr. Europe: A. Political Biography of Paul-Henri Spaak (London, 1961), p. 235Google Scholar.

page 254 note 2. Ibid. p. 35.

page 254 note 3. Ibid. p. 27.

page 255 note 1. Spaak, P.-H., Combats Inachéves: vol. I, De l'Independence a l'Alliance (Paris, 1969), p. 42Google Scholar.

page 255 note 2. Ibid. p. 45.

page 255 note 3. Ibid.

page 255 note 4. Ibid. p. 43.

page 255 note 5. Capelle, Comte, Au service du roi, i (Brussels, 1949), pp. 4647Google Scholar.

page 256 note 1. Spaak, op. cit. i. p. 50.

page 256 note 2. Annales Parlementaires de Belgique (Chambre de Représentants), 1937-1938 (Brussels, 1938)Google Scholar. Séances du mercredi 16 mars 1938, p. 1044.

page 256 note 3. Academie royale de Belgique. Commission royale d'histoire. ‘Documents diplomatiques beiges, 1920-1940. La Politique de securité extérieur’, iv, no. 129 (Brussels, 1965).

page 256 note 4. Annales (Chambre), 1936-1937 (Brussels, 1937)Google Scholar. Séances du mercredi 2 decembre, 1936, p. 318.

page 257 note 1. Heald, Stephen (ed.), Documents on International Affairsy 1937 (R.I.I.A., London, 1939), pp. 190–1Google Scholar.

page 257 note 2. Ibid. pp. 192-3.

page 257 note 3. Annales (Chambre), 1936-1937, op. cit. Séance du jeudi 29 avril 1937, p. 1287.

page 257 note 4. Spaak, op. cit. i. p. 147.

page 258 note 1. Annales(Chambre), 1944-1945 (Brussels, 1947)Google Scholar. Séance du mercredi 6 decembre 1944, p. 91.

page 258 note 2. Annales (Sénat), 1941-1946 (Brussels, 1947)Google Scholar. Séance du jeudi 30 août 1945, p. 663.

page 258 note 3. United Nations, Journal of the General Assembly, First Session, Second Plenary Meeting, 1946 (London, 1947), p. 37Google Scholar.

page 259 note 1. British White Paper, Cmd. 9525 (London, 1955), p. 8.

page 259 note 2. Huizinga, op. cit. p. 242.

page 259 note 3. See Spaak, P.-H., Why N.A.T.O? (Harmondsworth, 1959)Google Scholar.

page 260 note 1. Kieft, D. O., Belgium's Return to Neutrality (London, 1972)Google Scholar

page 260 note 2. Mymans, Paul, Mémoires, ii (Brussels, 1958), p. 579Google Scholar.

page 261 note 1. van Zuylen, Baron Pierre, les Mains Libres. Politique extérieure de la Belgiqw, 1914-1940 (Paris and Brussels, 1950), p. xxiiiGoogle Scholar.

page 261 note 2. See Ruys, Manu, The Flemings (Utrecht, 1973)Google Scholar.

page 261 note 3. Smet, R. de, Evalenko, R. and Fraeys, W., Atlas des Elections Beiges (Annexe), (Brussels, 1958), p. 296Google Scholar.

page 262 note 1. See ‘L'Economie beige depuis 1960’, in Problèmes Economiques (Paris, 27 Sept. 1972), pp. 1925Google Scholar.

page 262 note 2. Anderson, Nels, ‘Opinion on Europe’, in The European Yearbook, v, 1957 (Strasbourg, 1958), p. 154Google Scholar.

page 262 note 3. Reports on this poll were published in two articles:

(i) Gallup International, ‘Public Opinion and the European Communities’ in The Journal of Common Market Studies, ii, pp. 101-26.

(ii) Levy, Paul M. G., ‘L'Opinion publique et l'Europe’ in The European Yearbook, x, 1962 (Strasbourg, 1963), pp. 176225Google Scholar.

In neither report are the figures broken down by district. The figures in the text are taken directly from a computerized set of results.

page 262 note 4. See Françhise de la Serre, ‘L'Attitude de la Belgique (à la demande brittanique d'adhésion au Marché Commun)’, in Revue Francaise de la Science Politique, xviii (Paris, 1968), pp. 966–76Google Scholar.

page 262 note 5. Ibid.

page 263 note 1. Marchal-Van Belle, G., Les socialistes beiges et l'intégration européenne (Brussels, 1968), p. 156Google Scholar.

page 263 note 2. See Françoise de la Serre, op. cit.

page 263 note 3. Spaak, Combats Inachevés, op. cit. i, p. 216.

page 264 note 1. Thus, in 1971 imports of textile raw materials exceeded exports by 7,755 million francs i n value, and by 134,873 metric tons in weight; but exports of textile products exceeded imports by 22,806 million francs, and by 207,281 metric tons: Belgium, Ministère des Affaires Economiques, L'Hconomie Beige en 1971 (Brussels, 1972), pp. 130–3Google Scholar. The same course has been followed in the steel industry as domestic supplies of iron ore have dwindled.

page 264 note 2. Baudhuim, F., Histoire Economique de la Belgique, 1914-1939, i (Brussels, 1946), p. 313Google Scholar.

page 265 note 1. Ibid, pp. 316-17.

page 265 note 2. Ibid. p. 313.

page 266 note 1. League of Nations, Economic, Financial and Transit Department, Commercial Policy in the Inter-War Period: International Proposals and National Policies (Geneva, 1942), pp. 1851Google Scholar.

page 266 note 2. de Man, H., Zur Psychologie des Sozialismus (Jena, 1926)Google Scholar. English translation by Eden, and Paul, Cedar as The Psychology of Socialism (London, 1928)Google Scholar.

page 266 note 3. de Man, H., Die Sozialistische Idee (Jena, 1933)Google Scholar.

page 266 note 4. Huizinga, op. cit. p. 38.

page 267 note 1. Dodge, Peter, Beyond Marxism: The Faith and Works of Hendrik de Man (The Hague, 1966), p. 68CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

page 267 note 2. de Man, The Psychology of Socialism, op. cit. pp. 11 and 14.

page 267 note 3. Dodge, op. cit. p. 129.

page 268 note 1. The text of the Plan du Travail is reproduced in Dodge, Ibid. pp. 232-6.

page 268 note 2. Huizinga, op. cit. p. 59.

page 269 note 1. The van Zeeland plan is discussed in detail in Anonymous (Marcel van Zeeland), The Van Zeeland Experiment (translated by Hélène van Gelder) (New York, 1943), pp. 4251Google Scholar.

page 269 note 2. Ibid. pp. 214-30.

page 269 note 3. Ibid. pp. 5-6.

page 269 note 4. Ibid. p. 218.

page 269 note 5. Ibid. p. 220.

page 269 note 6. Ibid. p. 215.

page 270 note 1. Ibid, p. 214.