Published online by Cambridge University Press: 07 June 2016
Extant studies suggest that criticism of state practices may create ontological crises in states, thus prompting emotional responses. This article examines what happens when target states reject external criticism, and the failure of outside attempts to shame and criticise. We show that recipients can view international criticism as opportunities to consolidate state identity rather than ontological crises. Using Turkey’s foreign policy towards Israel, we focus on the agency of weak states by expanding the range of emotions stemming from non-acceptance of criticism and by emphasising the role of leaders when crafting emotional responses to negative representations.
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32 Adler-Nissen, ‘Stigma management in International Relations’. As we have noted, stigma and criticism are different, yet, related concepts. Adler-Nissen explores how states may reject or counter-stigmatise stigma as strategies of ‘stigma-management’. This dynamic is akin to Subotic and Zarakol’s view of non-acceptance of criticism. More serious is the idea of ‘counter-stigmatisation’ where a state not only rejects stigma but turns it into an emblem of pride. This suggests a wider range of emotional reactions to criticism (which entails behaviour rather than attributes), even for weak states.
33 We thank one of our anonymous reviewers for bringing this point to our attention.
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115 Aydıntaşbaş, ‘Erdogan’s Davos outburst is nothing new’; Turgut, ‘Behind the Turkish prime minister’s outburst at Davos’.
116 Turgut, ‘Behind the Turkish prime minister’s outburst at Davos’.
117 Türk, Muktedir (Authority).
118 Ibid., p. 359.
119 Aydıntaşbaş, ‘Erdogan’s Davos outburst is nothing new’.
120 Ibid.
121 Ibid.
122 Steinvorth, ‘A Turkey-Israel clash at Davos’.
123 Erdoğan, ‘Speech to the AK Party parliamentary group meeting’.
124 ‘History will be Israel’s judge, Erdoğan says’, Today’s Zaman (7 January 2009), available at: {http://www.todayszaman.com/national_history-will-be-israels-judge-erdogan-says_163428.html} accessed 23 November 2015.
125 Ozcan, Gencer, ‘The hall of mirrors: Reflections, illusions and realities in Turkish Israeli relations’, Ortadogu Analiz, 2:18 (2010), pp. 36–44 Google Scholar.
126 Ibid.
127 Walt, Stephen, ‘The real significance of Erdogan’s Davos outburst’, Foreign Policy (2 February 2009)Google Scholar; Arbell, ‘The US-Turkey-Israel triangle’.
128 Turgut, ‘Behind the Turkish prime minister’s outburst at Davos’.
129 Arbell, ‘The US-Turkey-Israel triangle’, p. 25.
130 Ibid., p. 27.
131 Meiritz, ‘Erdogan’s “dangerous macho posturing”’.
132 Recep Erdoğan, T., ‘Speech at the Ambassadors’ Dinner Party’ (15 July 2014)Google Scholar, available at: {http://www.akparti.org.tr/site/haberler/basbakan-erdoganin-geleneksel-buyukelciler-iftari-konusmasi/65233#1} accessed 27 April 2016.
133 Munyar, Vahap and Özer, Verda, ‘Erdoğan “saddened” over Obama’s press freedom rebuke’, Hürriyet Daily News (3 April 2016)Google Scholar, available at: {http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/erdogan-saddened-over-obamas-press-freedom-rebuke.aspx?PageID=238&NID=97234&NewsCatID=510} accessed 7 May 2016.
134 We thank Lerna Yanık for her suggestion on this point.
135 Subotic and Zarakol, ‘Cultural intimacy in International Relations’, p. 916.
136 Zarakol, ‘Ontological (in)security’.
137 Subotic and Zarakol, ‘Cultural intimacy in International Relations’, p. 915.