Published online by Cambridge University Press: 30 September 2013
This introductory discussion establishes the notion of intervention as a ‘social practice’ and carves out the contextual and conceptual space for the Special Issue as a whole. The first move is to recontextualise intervention in terms of ‘modernity’ as distinct from the sovereign states system. This shift enables a better appreciation of the dynamic and evolutionary context that generates variation in the practice of intervention over time and space and which is analytically sensitive to the economic and cultural (as well as Great Power) hierarchies that generate rationales for intervention. The second move is to reconceptualise intervention as a specific modality of coercion relatively well-suited to the regulation or mediation of conflict between territorially bounded political communities and transnational social forces. Third is to ‘historicise’ the practice of intervention through showing how it has changed in relation to a range of international orders that have defined the modern world and which are each characterised by a different notion of the relationship between social and territorial space. Fourth and finally is a brief consideration of the possibility of intervention's demise as a social practice.
1 See, for example, ICISS (International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty), The Responsibility to Protect (Vancouver: University of British Columbia, 2001), p. 1Google Scholar; Paris, Roland, At War's End: Building Peace after Civil Conflict (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hameiri, Shahar, Regulating Statehood: State Building and the Transformation of the Global Order (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2010), pp. 20–4CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
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3 Bull, Hedley, ‘Preface’, in Bull, Hedley (ed.), Intervention in World Politics (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984)Google Scholar; Stanley Hoffmann, ‘The Problem of Intervention’, in Bull, Intervention in World Politics, p. 7. See also Hoffmann, Stanley, ‘The Politics and Ethics of Military Intervention’, in Hoffmann, , World Disorders: Troubled Peace in the Post-Cold War Era (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 1998), pp. 152–76Google Scholar.
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21 For the role of the Great Powers see in particular Keene, Little, and Woodward below.
22 Bull, ‘Introduction’, Intervention in World Politics, p. 1; Wight, Power Politics, p. 193. For Wight, intervention in a Great Power's external affairs would be at the risk of war. For a more recent influential English School work on intervention see Wheeler, Nicholas J., Saving Strangers: Humanitarian Intervention in International Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000)Google Scholar.
23 Bull, Anarchical Society, p. 207.
24 Lake, David A., ‘Escape from the State of Nature: Authority and Hierarchy in World Politics’, International Security, 32:1 (2007), p. 52CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
25 See Vincent, Nonintervention and Finnemore, The Purpose of Intervention; but see Bull, ‘Introduction’ to Intervention in World Politics.
26 For a recent discussion, see Buzan and Lawson, The Global Transformation, pp. 8–10; for the longer term see Wallerstein cited above and Chase-Dunn, Christopher and Grimes, Peter, ‘World-Systems Analysis’, Annual Review of Sociology, 21 (1995), pp. 387–417CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also MacMillan and Jones in this Special Issue.
27 See Finnemore, The Purpose of Intervention, pp. 24–51.
28 See, in particular, the contributions of Reus-Smit and Shilliam in this Special Issue.
29 See Grovogui, Siba, Sovereigns, Quasi sovereigns, and Africans: Race and Self-Determination in International Law (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996)Google Scholar.
30 Keene, Beyond the Anarchical Society; Koskenniemi, The Gentle Civilizer of Nations; Anghie, Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law.
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32 See Rodogno, Against Massacre; also Bass, Freedom's Battle; Simms & Trim, Humanitarian Intervention.
33 See MacMillan, Jones, Woodward, and Dodge in this Special Issue.
34 See Koskenniemi, The Gentle Civilizer of Nations, pp. 98–178; also Shilliam in this Special Issue.
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37 P. H. Winfield, ‘The History of Intervention in International Law’, British Yearbook of International Law (1922–3), p. 131.
38 Oppenheim, International Law, pp. 181–2.
39 Winfield, ‘The History of Intervention’, p. 146.
40 Winfield dates usage of ‘intervention’ as a ‘technical’ phrase to the period circa 1817–30, ‘A History of Intervention’, p. 134.
41 Winfield, ‘The History of Intervention in International Law’, p. 139; see also Finnemore, ibid., p. 10.
42 Oppenheim, International Law, vol. 1, pp. 154–7, 160, 161.
43 Indeed, well after the demise of a right of intervention to collect contract debts one finds in the eighth edition of Oppenheim's International Law (1955, edited by Lauterpacht) the claim that ‘the right of protection over citizens abroad, which a State holds, may cause an intervention by right to which the other party is legally bound to submit. And it matters not whether protection of life, security, honour, or property of a citizen abroad is concerned.’ See Oppenheim, International Law, eighth edition, p. 309. By the ninth edition, however, intervention by a state to protect the property of its citizens was no longer regarded as lawful, which was now restricted to the immediate danger of loss of life or injury in situations in which the local territorial authorities were unable to protect those at risk. See Oppenheim, Lassa, International Law, ninth edition, edited by Jennings, R. and Watts, A. (London: Longman, Green & Co., 1993) pp. 441–2Google Scholar.
44 See Finnemore, The Purpose of Intervention, p. 31.
45 Oppenheim, International Law, first edition, pp. 148–57.
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53 See Hameiri, Regulating Statehood, p. 6.
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