Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T22:53:35.925Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Regional self-reliance of the Northeast food system

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 February 2014

Timothy Griffin ,
Zach Conrad ,
Christian Peters ,
Ronit Ridberg  and
Ellen Parry Tyler
Timothy Griffin*
Affiliation:
Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
Zach Conrad
Affiliation:
Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
Christian Peters
Affiliation:
Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
Ronit Ridberg
Affiliation:
Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
Ellen Parry Tyler
Affiliation:
Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
*
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Farms producing similar products have become increasingly concentrated geographically over the past century in the United States (US). Due to the concentration of food production, a disruption in key production areas may reduce the availability of certain foods nationwide. For example, climate change poses such a threat, with projections of altered precipitation patterns, increased temperature and pest outbreaks, which may result in reduced crop yields and geographic shifts in crop adaptation. Analyses of the degree to which US regions can satisfy the food needs of their resident populations—a concept we refer to as regional self-reliance (RSR)—are therefore warranted. We focus on the Northeast region because of its high population density and declining agricultural landbase. Our objectives are to: (1) determine how agricultural land is used in the Northeast region; (2) determine the variety and amount of foods produced; and (3) analyze the relationship between food consumption and agricultural output. Annual (2001–2010) data on land area, yield and output of all crops and major livestock categories, as well as seafood landings, were catalogued. National annual (2001–2009) data on food availability were used as a proxy for estimates of food consumption, and these data were downscaled to a regional level and compared with regional production data in order to estimate RSR. In the Northeast region, approximately 65% of land in farms contributed directly to the food supply from 2001 to 2010, although this varied significantly across states. Just over one-half of all land in farms in the region was devoted to the production of livestock feed. The region produced >100 food crops annually from 2001 to 2009, and vegetables represented the majority of food crop production by weight. Chicken accounted for the largest weight of meat products produced. Compared to the Northeast region's share (~6%) of total land in farms in the nation, it accounted for disproportionately higher amounts of the national production of dairy (16%), eggs (13%), chicken (9%), lamb (7%) and vegetables (7%). However, the region accounted for ~22% of the national population and therefore produced a disproportionately low share of food on a per capita basis. RSR for plant-based foods was lowest for pulses (7%) and highest for vegetables (26%). There are four specific factors in the RSR in our analysis, each of which could result in substantial shifts (upward or downward) of the RSR in the future: land used for agriculture, crop (or animal) productivity, population and dietary preferences.

Keywords

Northeastregional food systemsland useself-relianceagriculture
Type
Research Papers
Information
Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems , Volume 30 , Issue 4 , August 2015 , pp. 349 - 363
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 USDA Economic Research Service. 2011. The changing organization of US farming. Economic Information Bulletin Number 88. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. Available at Web site: http://www.ers.usda.gov/Publications/EIB88/ (verified April 23, 2012).Google Scholar
2 USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). 2007. Census of Agriculture. Tables 26, 30, 32, and 34. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. Available at Web site: http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2007/index.php (verified October 28, 2013).Google Scholar
3 Pollan, M. 2006. The Omnivore's Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. Penguin Press, New York.Google Scholar
4 Kingsolver, B., Hopp, S.L., and Kingsolver, C. 2008. Animal, Vegetable, Miracle: A Year of Food Life. Harper Perennial, New York.Google Scholar
5 Weber, C.L. and Mathews, H.S. 2008. Food-miles and the relative climate impacts of food choices in the United States. Environmental Science and Technology 42:3508–3513.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6 Canning, P., Ainsley, C., Huang, S., and Polenske, K.R. 2010. Enegy use in the US food system. Economic Research Report Number 94. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. Available at Web site: http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/err-economic-research-report/err94.aspx (verified October 19, 2012).Google Scholar
7 Rosenzweig, C., Phillips, J., Goldberg, R., Carroll, J., and Hodges, T. 1996. Potential impacts of climate change on citrus and potato production in the US. Agricultural Systems 52:455–479.Google Scholar
8 Malcolm, S., Marshall, E., Aillery, M., Heisey, P., Livingston, M., and Day-Rubenstein, K. 2012. Agricultural adaptation to a changing climate. USDA, Economic Research Service. Economic Research Report Number 136. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. Available at Web site: http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/err-economic-research-report/err136.aspx (verified August 24, 2012).Google Scholar
9 USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). 2007. Census of Agriculture. Table 9. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. Available at Web site: http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2007/index.php (verified October 28, 2013).Google Scholar
10 USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). 2007. Farm and Ranch Irrigation Survey, Census of Agriculture. Table 33. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. Available at Web site: http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2007/Online_Highlights/Farm_and_Ranch_Irrigation_Survey/index.php (verified October 19, 2012).Google Scholar
11 Clancy, K. and Ruhf, K. 2010. Is local enough? Some arguments for regional food systems. Choices: The Magazine of Food, Farm, and Resources Issues. Available at Website: http://www.choicesmagazine.org/magazine/article.php?article=114 (verified February 6, 2014).Google Scholar
12 Kremer, P. and DeLiberty, T.L. 2011. Local food practices and growing potential: mapping the case of Philadelphia. Applied Geography 31:1252–1261.Google Scholar
13 Kremer, P. and Schreuder, Y. 2012. The feasibility of regional food systems in metropolitan areas: an investigation of Philadelphia's foodshed. Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development 2:171–191.Google Scholar
14 Colasanti, K.J.A. and Hamm, M.W. 2010. Assessing the local food supply capacity of Detroit, Michigan. Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development 1:41–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15 Peters, C.J., Wilkins, J.L., and Fick, G.W. 2007. Testing a complete-diet model for estimating the land resource requirements of food consumption and agricultural carrying capacity: the New York State example. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 22:145–153.Google Scholar
16 Peters, C.J., Bills, N.L., Lembo, A.J., Wilkins, J.L., and Fick, G.W. 2009. Mapping potential foodsheds in New York State: a spatial model for evaluating the capacity to localize food production. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 24:72–84.Google Scholar
17 Hu, G., Wang, L., Arendt, S., and Boeckenstedt, R. 2011. An optimization approach to assessing the self-sustainability potential of food demand in the Midwestern United States. Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development 2:195–207.Google Scholar
18 Buzby, J.C., Wells, H.F., and Vocke, G. 2006. Possible implications for US agriculture from adoption of select Dietary Guidelines. USDA Economic Research Service (ERS). Economic Research Report Number 31. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. Available at Web site: http://www.ers.usda.gov/Publications/ERR31/ (verified April 17, 2012).Google Scholar
19 Giombolini, K.J., Chambers, K.J., Schlegel, S.A., and Dunne, J.B. 2011. Testing the local reality: does the Willamette Valley growing region produce enough to meet the needs of the local population? A comparison of agriculture production and recommended dietary requirements. Agriculture and Human Values 28:247–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20 Risku-Norja, H., Hietala, R., Virtanen, H., Ketomaki, H., and Helenius, J. 2008. Localisation of primary food production in Finland: production potential and environmental impacts of food consumption patterns. Agricultural and Food Science 17:127–145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21 Cowell, S.J. and Parkinson, S. 2003. Localisation of UK food production: an analysis using land area and energy as indicators. Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Environment 94:221–236.Google Scholar
22 Desjardins, E., MacRae, R., and Schumilas, T. 2010. Linking future population food requirements for health with local production in Waterloo Region, Canada. Agriculture & Human Values 27:129–140.Google Scholar
23 MacRae, R., Gallant, E., Patel, S., Michalak, M., Bunch, M., and Schaffner, S. 2010. Could Toronto provide 10% of its fresh vegetable requirements from within its own boundaries? Matching consumption requirements with growing spaces. Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development 1:105–127.Google Scholar
24 Arnoult, M.H., Jones, P.J., Tranter, R.B., Tiffin, R., Traill, W.B., and Tzanopoulos, J. 2010. Modelling the likely impact of healthy eating guidelines on agricultural production and land use in England and Wales. Land Use Policy 27:1046–1055.Google Scholar
25 USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture. Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) Four Regions. Available at Web site: http://www.sare.org/About-SARE/SARE-s-Four-Regions (verified May 3, 2013).Google Scholar
26 USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). 1930–2007. Census of Agriculture. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. Available at Web site: http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/ (verified March 13, 2013).Google Scholar
27 Drummond, M.A. and Loveland, T.R. 2010. Land-use pressure and a transition to forest-cover loss in the eastern United States. BioScience 60:286–298.Google Scholar
28 Mockrin, M., Stewart, S., Radeloff, V., Hammer, R., and Johnson, K. 2013. Spatial and temporal residential density patterns from 1940 to 2000 in and around the Northern Forest of the Northeastern United States. Population and Environment 34:400–419.Google Scholar
29 Lubowski, R.N., Bucholtz, S., Claassen, R., Roberts, M., Cooper, J., Gueorguieva, A., and Johansson, R. 2006. Environmental characteristics of economically marginal cropland. In Environmental effects of agricultural land-use change: the role of economics and policy. USDA Economic Research Service. Economic Research Report No. ERR-25. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. Available at Web site: http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/err-economic-research-report/err25.aspx (verified May 1, 2013).Google Scholar
30 USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). 2007. Census of Agriculture. Appendix B. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. Available at Web site: http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2007/index.php (verified October 28, 2013).Google Scholar
31 USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). 2007. Census of Agriculture. Table 8. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. Available at Web site: http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2007/index.php (verified October 28, 2013).Google Scholar
32 USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). 2001–2010. Quick Stats 1: Agricultural Surveys. Available at Web site: http://www.nass.usda.gov/Quick_Stats/ (verified April 25, 2012).Google Scholar
33 USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). 2002. Census of Agriculture. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. Available at Web site: http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2002/index.php (verified April 17, 2012).Google Scholar
34 USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). 2007. Census of Agriculture. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. Available at Web site: http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2007/index.php (verified April 17, 2012).Google Scholar
35 USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). 2009. Census of Horticultural Specialties. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. Available at Web site: http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/Census_of_Horticulture_Specialties/ (verified April 17, 2012).Google Scholar
36 USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). 2003–2010. Annual Summary Bulletin. Delaware Department of Agriculture. Available at Web site: http://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Delaware/Publications/Annual_Statistical_Bulletin/index.asp (verified April 25, 2012).Google Scholar
37 USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). 2003–2010. Maryland Agricultural Statistics. Maryland Department of Agriculture. Available at Web site: http://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Maryland/Publications/Annual_Statistical_Bulletin/index.asp (verified April 25, 2012).Google Scholar
38 USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). 2001–2010. Annual Statistics Bulletin. New York Department of Agriculture. Available at Web site: http://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/New_York/Publications/Annual_Statistical_Bulletin/index.asp (verified April 25, 2012).Google Scholar
39 USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). 2003–2010. Annual Statistical Bulletin. Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture. Available at Web site: http://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Pennsylvania/Publications/Annual_Statistical_Bulletin/index.asp (verified April 25, 2012).Google Scholar
40 USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). 2010. Annual Statistical Bulletin. West Virginia Department of Agriculture. Available at Web site: http://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/West_Virginia/Publications/Annual_Statistical_Bulletin/index.asp (verified April 25, 2012).Google Scholar
41 USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). 2001–2010. New England Agricultural Statistics. Available at Web site: http://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/New_England/Publications/Annual_Statistical_Bulletin/index.asp (verified April 25, 2012).Google Scholar
42 USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). 2001–2010. Cranberry Highlights. New Jersey Department of Agriculture. Available at Web site: http://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/New_Jersey/Publications/ (verified April 25, 2012).Google Scholar
43 USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). 2005–2010. Blueberry Statistics. New Jersey Department of Agriculture. Available at Web site: http://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/New_Jersey/Publications/ (verified April 25, 2012).Google Scholar
44 USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). 2006–2010. Fruit and Vegetable Crops: Statistics and National Rankings. New Jersey Department of Agriculture. Available at Web site: http://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/New_Jersey/Publications/Fruit_Vegetables_Rankings/index.asp (accessed February 15, 2014).Google Scholar
45 USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). 2004. Orchard and Vineyard Survey. West Virginia Department of Agriculture. Available at Web site: http://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/West_Virginia/Publications/Orchard_&_Vineyard_Survey/index.asp (verified April 25, 2012).Google Scholar
46 Kee, E. and Eernest, E. 2005–2007. Lima beans variety trial results. University of Delaware, Cooperative Extension. Available at Web site: http://ag.udel.edu/extension/vegprogram/trialresults.htm (verified April 25, 2012).Google Scholar
47 Ernest, E. 2008–2009. Lima beans variety trial results. University of Delaware, Cooperative Extension. Available at Web site: http://ag.udel.edu/extension/vegprogram/trialresults.htm (verified April 25, 2012).Google Scholar
48 Johnson, G. and Ernest, E. 2010. Lima beans variety trial results. University of Delaware, Cooperative Extension. Available at Web site: http://ag.udel.edu/extension/vegprogram/trialresults.htm (verified April 25, 2012).Google Scholar
49 Kee, E. and Ernest, E. 2005. Small plot pickling cucumber variety trial and pickling cucumber evaluations for traits affecting mechanical harvest. University of Delaware, Cooperative Extension. Available at Web site: http://ag.udel.edu/extension/vegprogram/trialresults.htm (verified April 25, 2012).Google Scholar
50 Kee, E. and Ernest, E. 2007. Small plot pickling cucumber variety trial and pickling cucumber evaluations for traits affecting mechanical harvest. University of Delaware, Cooperative Extension. Available at Web site: http://ag.udel.edu/extension/vegprogram/trialresults.htm (verified April 25, 2012).Google Scholar
51 Johnson, G. and Ernest, E. 2010. Small plot pickling cucumber variety trial and pickling cucumber evaluations for traits affecting mechanical harvest. University of Delaware, Cooperative Extension. Available at Web site: http://ag.udel.edu/extension/vegprogram/trialresults.htm (verified April 25, 2012).Google Scholar
52 Orzolek, M. 2006–2007. Sweet spanish onion variety trial. Pennsylvania State University, Department of Horticulture. Available at Web site: http://www.hort.purdue.edu/fruitveg/reports.shtml (verified April 25, 2012).Google Scholar
53 Jett, L.W. 2009. Pumpkin cultivar evaluations for west virginia. West Virginia University, Cooperative Extension. Available at Web site: http://www.hort.purdue.edu/fruitveg/reports.shtml (verified April 25, 2012).Google Scholar
54 USDA Economic Research Service. 2001–2009. Oil Crops Yearbook. Available at Web site: http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/MannUsda/viewDocumentInfo.do?documentID=1290 (verified June 6, 2013).Google Scholar
55 USDA Economic Research Service. 2001–2009. Feed Grains Database. Available at Web site: http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/feed-grains-database.aspx#.UdgsXUHVDDY (verified June 6, 2013).Google Scholar
56 USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). 2001–2010. Livestock Slaughter Annual Summary. Available at Web site: http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/MannUsda/viewDocumentInfo.do?documentID=1097 (verified April 25, 2012).Google Scholar
57 USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). 1997. Census of Agriculture. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. Available at Web site: http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/1997/index.php (verified August 24, 2012).Google Scholar
58 USDA Economic Research Service. 1992. Weights, measures, and conversion factors for agricultural commodities and their products. Agricultural Handbook Number 697. Available at Web site: http://www.ers.usda.gov/Publications/AH697/ (verified April 25, 2012).Google Scholar
59 Zinn, R.A., Barreras, A., Owens, F.N., and Plascencia, A. 2008. Performance by feedlot steers and heifers: daily gain, mature body weight, dry matter intake, and dietary energetics. Journal of Animal Science 86:2680–2689.Google Scholar
60 USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). 2001–2010. Chickens and Eggs Annual Summary. Available at Web site: http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/MannUsda/viewDocumentInfo.do?documentID=1509 (verified April 25, 2012).Google Scholar
61 USDA Economic Research Service. 2001–2010. Milk production, disposition, and income. Available at Web site: http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/MannUsda/viewDocumentInfo.do?documentID=1105 (verified April 25, 2012).Google Scholar
62 Hawthorn, C. 2009. Overview of the US Trout Industry. USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. Available at Web site: http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu (verified September 14, 2012).Google Scholar
63 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Office of Science and Technology. Annual commercial fish landings. Available at Web site: http://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/ (verified June 6, 2012).Google Scholar
64 USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). 2005. Census of Aquaculture. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. Available at Web site: http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/ (verified August 26, 2011).Google Scholar
65 Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Seafood Marketing and Aquaculture Division. Available at Web site: http://www.marylandseafood.org/ (verified September 2, 2011).Google Scholar
66 Nelson, M. 2011. Maine marine aquaculture harvest data. Maine Department of Marine Resources. Available at Web site: http://www.maine.gov/dmr/ (verified June 11, 2012).Google Scholar
67 Nelson, M. 2012. Maine marine aquaculture harvest data. Maine Department of Marine Resources. Available at Web site: http://www.maine,gov/dmr/ (verified June 11, 2012).Google Scholar
68 Beutel, D. 2009. Aquaculture in Rhode Island: Annual status report. Rhode Island Coastal Resources and Management Council. Available at Web site: http://www.crmc.ri.gov/ (verified September 6, 2012).Google Scholar
69 United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization. Fishery statistical collections: Global aquaculture production. Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. Available at Web site: http://www.fao.org/ (verified June 7, 2012).Google Scholar
70 Keith, C. 2006. Status of fishery resources off the Northeastern US. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Northeast Fisheries Science Center. Available at Web site: http://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/ (verified June 7, 2012).Google Scholar
71 USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). 2010. Catfish Production Report. Available at Web site: http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/ (verified June 8, 2012).Google Scholar
72 United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization. 1992. Conversion factors: landed weight to live weight. FAO Fisheries Circular. Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. No. 847. Available at Web site: http://fao.org/ (verified June 8, 2012).Google Scholar
73 Froese, R. and Daniel, P. 2012. FishBase. Available at Web site: http://www.fishbase.org (verified June 8, 2012).Google Scholar
74 United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization. 2002. Coordinated Working Party handbook of fishery statistical standards. Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. Available at Web site: http://www.fao.org (verified June 8, 2012).Google Scholar
75 USDA Economic Research Service (ERS). 2001–2009. Food Availability (per Capita) Data System. Available at Web site: http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/FoodConsumption/ (verified April 25, 2012).Google Scholar
76 US Department of Commerce, US Census Bureau, Population Division. 2001–2010. Intercensal estimates of the resident population for the United States, regions, states, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2010. Available at Web site: www.census.gov (verified April 25, 2012).Google Scholar
77 US Department of Commerce, US Census Bureau, Population Division. 2001–2010. State area measurements and internal point coordinates. Available at Web site: www.census.gov (verified June 25, 2012).Google Scholar
78 USDA Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion (CNPP). 2010. ChooseMyPlate.gov. Available at Web site: http://www.choosemyplate.gov/food-groups/ (verified May 1, 2013).Google Scholar
79 USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). 2002. Census of Agriculture. Table 8. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. Available at Web site: http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2002/index.php (verified October 28, 2013).Google Scholar
80 US HHS and USDA. 2010. Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010. 7th ed. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. Available at Web site: http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/ (verified March 25, 2013).Google Scholar
81 US Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, Population Division. 2005. Population pyramids and demographic summary indicators for the United States, regions, and divisions. Available at Web site: http://www.census.gov/population/projections/data/regdivpyramid.html (verified February 4, 2013).Google Scholar
82 USDA Economic Research Service (ERS). Food Availability (per Capita) Data System. Available at Web site: http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/FoodConsumption/ (verified March 25, 2013).Google Scholar
83 USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). 1924–2010. Quick Stats 2: Agricultural Surveys. Available at Web site: http://www.nass.usda.gov/Quick_Stats/ (verified March 17, 2013).Google Scholar
84 USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). 1982–2007. Census of Agriculture. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. Available at Web site: http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/ (verified March 13, 2013).Google Scholar
85 USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). 1981–2010. Quick Stats 2: Agricultural Surveys. Available at Web site: http://www.nass.usda.gov/Quick_Stats/ (verified March 13, 2013).Google Scholar
86 Adelaja, A.O., Nayga, R.M., Schilling, B.J., and Tank, K.R. 2000. Understanding the challenges facing the food manufacturing industry. Journal of Food Products Marketing 6:35–55.Google Scholar
87 Hatfield, J.L., Boote, K.J., Kimball, B.A., Ziska, L.H., Izaurralde, R.C., Ort, D., Thomson, A.M., and Wolfe, D. 2011. Climate impacts on agriculture: Implications for crop production. Agronomy Journal 103:351–370.Google Scholar
88 Hayhoe, K., Cayan, D., Field, C.B., Frumhoff, P.C., Maurer, E.P., Miller, N.L., Moser, S.C., Schneider, S.H., Cahill, K.N., Cleland, E.E., Dale, L., Drapek, R., Hanemann, R.M., Kalkstein, L.S., Lenihan, J., Lunch, C.K., Neilson, R.P., Sheridan, S.C., and Verville, J.H. 2004. Emissions pathways, climate change, and impacts on California. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101:12422–12427.Google Scholar
89 VanRheenen, N., Wood, A., Palmer, R., and Lettenmaier, D. 2004. Potential implications of PCM climate change scenarios for Sacramento–San Joaquin River Basin hydrology and water resources. Climatic Change 62:257–281.Google Scholar