Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T22:29:03.227Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Bell on Trial: The Struggle for Sound after Savonarola

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 March 2019

Daniel M. Zolli  and
Christopher Brown
Daniel M. Zolli
Affiliation:
Pennsylvania State University
Christopher Brown
Affiliation:
Harvard University
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In June 1498, the Florentine government publicly punished and exiled the Piagnona, the lone bell of the church of San Marco, for its role in defending Girolamo Savonarola during the April siege that led to the preacher's execution. Drawing on new evidence, this essay offers the most complete account of this still poorly understood chapter in Renaissance history, examining its complex and conflicting motives. At the same time, the punishment of the Piagnona, and struggle for its return, affords uncommon insight into the culture's deepest structures of thinking about what bells were, and who had the legal authority to adjudicate their fate.

Type
Articles
Information
Renaissance Quarterly , Volume 72 , Issue 1 , Spring 2019 , pp. 54 - 96
Copyright
Copyright © Renaissance Society of America 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Versions of this article were presented at the Frick-IFA Symposium on the History of Art (2014), the Renaissance Society of America (2014) and Association for Art History (2018) annual meetings, and in several forums at Harvard University. Our gratitude to those who participated in these events, in particular Niall Atkinson, Michael Cole, Jack Hartnell, Kevin Lotery, and Jennifer Roberts. For insightful comments on drafts of the manuscript, we thank Lauren Jacobi, John Paoletti, Aaron Wile, and the two anonymous readers for Renaissance Quarterly.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Archivio di Stato di Firenze (ASF), Signori e Collegi (Sig. e Coll.), Deliberazioni in forza di ordinaria autorità dal 1494 al 1502 (Deliberazioni Ord. Aut.), 100.Google Scholar
ASF, Filza di lettere originali, Cl. X, dist. II, 34.Google Scholar
ASF, Registro di Lettere della Signoria (Registro di Lettere), Cl. X, dist. I, 102.Google Scholar
ASF, Archivio dell'Opera di S. Maria del Fiore, Registri di Deliberazioni, 1491–98.Google Scholar
Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Firenze (BMLF), Carte del Convento di San Marco (SM) 903, Libro di Ricordanze B, 1493–1558.Google Scholar
Alibhai, Ali Asgar. “The Reverberations of Santiago's Bells in Reconquista Spain.” La Corónica: A Journal of Medieval Hispanic Languages, Literatures, and Cultures 36.2 (2008): 145–64.Google Scholar
Arnold, John H., and Goodson, Caroline. “Resounding Community: The History and Meaning of Medieval Church Bells.” Viator 43.1 (2012): 99–130.Google Scholar
Atkinson, Niall. “The Republic of Sound: Listening to Florence at the Threshold of the Renaissance.” I Tatti Studies in the Italian Renaissance 16.1 (2013): 57–84.Google Scholar
Atkinson, Niall. The Noisy Renaissance: Sound, Architecture, and Florentine Urban Life. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Bakhtin, Mikhail. Rabelais and His World. Trans. Helene Iswolsky. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984.Google Scholar
Baluze, Etienne. Tutelensis Miscellanea: Novo ordine digesta et non paucis ineditis monumentis opportunisque animadversionibus aucta. 4 vols. Lucae, 1761–64.Google Scholar
Bennett, Bonnie A., and Wilkins, David G.. Donatello. Oxford: Phaidon, 1984.Google Scholar
Burlamacchi, Pseudo. La vita del beato Ieronimo Savonarola scritta da un anonimo del sec. XVI e già attribuita a fra Pacifico Burlamacchi. Ed. Conti., Piero Ginori Florence: Olschki, 1937.Google Scholar
Butterfield, Andrew. The Sculptures of Andrea del Verrocchio. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Caglioti, Francesco. Donatello e I Medici: Storia del “David” e della “Giuditta.” 2 vols. Florence: Olschki, 2000.Google Scholar
Cambi, Giovanni. Istorie di Giovanni Cambi. 4 vols. Vols. 20–23 of Delizie degli eruditi toscani. Florence, 1785–86.Google Scholar
Caplow, Harriet McNeal. Michelozzo: His Life, Sculpture and Workshops. PhD diss., Columbia University, 1970.Google Scholar
Carocci, Guido. “La campana di S. Marco di Firenze.” Bollettino d'arte 2 (1908): 256–64.Google Scholar
Cerretani, Bartolomeo. Storia fiorentina. Ed. Berti, Giuliana. Florence: Olschki, 1994.Google Scholar
Cole, Michael W. Cellini and the Principles of Sculpture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Conti, Giuseppe. Firenze dopo i Medici: Francesco di Lorena, Pietro Leopoldo, inizio del regno di Ferdinando III. Florence: Bemporad, 1921.Google Scholar
Conti, Massimo. Delitti e castighi: Itinerari nella Firenze dei crimine e della giustizia tra il XIII e il XVIII secolo. Florence: Centro Di, 2007.Google Scholar
Ćurčic, Slobodan. “Byzantine Legacy in Ecclesiastical Architecture of the Balkans After 1453.” In The Byzantine Legacy in Eastern Europe, ed. Clucas, Lowell, 59–81. Boulder, CO: East European Monographs, 1988.Google Scholar
Davanzati, Bernardo. Opere. Ed. Bindi, Enrico. 2 vols. Florence: F. Le Monnier, 1852–53.Google Scholar
Davidsohn, Robert. Storia di Firenze. Trans. Giovanni Battista Klein. 7 vols. Reprint, Florence: Sansoni, 1956.Google Scholar
Dennis, Flora. “Sound and Domestic Boundaries in Fifteenth- and Sixteenth-Century Italy.” Studies in the Decorative Arts 16.1 (2008): 7–19.Google Scholar
Dodds, Jerrilynn D. “The Great Mosque of Córdoba.” In Al-Andalus: The Arts of Islamic Spain, ed. Dodds, J. D., 11–25. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1992.Google Scholar
Edgerton, Samuel. Pictures and Punishment: Art and Criminal Prosecution during the Florentine Renaissance. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Ferretti, Ludovico. “Per la ‘Piagnona’ di San Marco.” Il Rosario: Memorie Domenicane, n.s., 25 (1908): 375–78.Google Scholar
Filipepi, Simone. Cronaca. In Scelta di prediche e scritti di fra’ Girolamo Savonarola, con nuovi documenti intorno alla sua vita, ed. Villari, Pasquale and Casanova, Ernesto, 453–518. Florence, 1898.Google Scholar
Fischer, Chris. Fra Bartolomeo: Master Draughtsman of the High Renaissance: A Selection from the Rotterdam Albums and Landscape Drawings from Various Collections. Rotterdam: Museum Boymans-van Beuningen, 1990.Google Scholar
Fredona, Robert. “Baldus de Ubaldis on Conspiracy and Laesa Maiestas in Late Trecento Florence.” In The Politics of Law in Late Medieval and Renaissance Italy: Essays in Honour of Lauro Martines, ed. Armstrong, Lawrin and Kirshner, Julius, 141–160. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Garrioch, David. “Sounds of the City: The Soundscape of Early Modern European Towns.” Urban History 30.1 (2003): 5–25.Google Scholar
Gherardi, Alessandro. Nuovi documenti e studi intorno a Girolamo Savonarola. 2nd ed. Florence, 1887.Google Scholar
Giorgetti, Renzo. Campane e Fonditori in Toscana. Poggibonsi: Arti Grafiche Nencini, 2005.Google Scholar
Guicciardini, Francesco. “Del modo di ordinare il governo popolare” (Logrogno, 27 August 1512). In Dialogo e discorsi del reggimento di Firenze, ed. Palmarocchi, Roberto, 218–59. Bari: G. Laterza, 1932.Google Scholar
Guicciardini, Francesco. Storie fiorentine dal 1378 al 1509. Ed. Montevecchi, Alessandro. Milan: Biblioteca Universale Rizzoli, 1998.Google Scholar
Hatfield, Rab. “The Compagnia de’ Magi.” Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 33 (1970): 107–61.Google Scholar
Landucci, Luca. Diario fiorentino dal 1450 al 1516, continuato da un anonimo fino al 1542. Florence, 1883.Google Scholar
Lungo, Isidoro del. Dino Compagni e la sua cronica. 3 vols. Florence: F. Le Monnier, 1879.Google Scholar
Marchese, Vincenzo Fortunato. “Sunto storico del convento di San Marco di Firenze.” In Scritti vari del P. Vincenzo Marchese, 1–287. Florence: Felice Le Monnier, 1855.Google Scholar
Martines, Lauro. Lawyers and Statecraft in Renaissance Florence. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1968.Google Scholar
Martines, Lauro. Fire in the City: Savonarola and the Struggle for the Soul of Renaissance Florence. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Meier, Ulrich. “Die Sicht- und Hörbarkeit der Macht: Der Florentiner Palazzo Vecchio im Spätmittelalter.” In Zwischen Gotteshaus und Taverne: Öffentliche Räume in Spätmittelalter und früher Neuzeit, ed. Rau, Susanne and Schwerhoff, Gerd, 229–71. Cologne: Böhlau, 2004.Google Scholar
Milner, Stephen J. “‘Fanno bandire, notificare, et expressamente comandare’: Town Criers and the Information Economy of Renaissance Florence.” I Tatti Studies in the Italian Renaissance 16.1/2 (2013): 107–51.Google Scholar
Moisè, Filippo. Santa Croce di Firenze, illustrazione storico-artistica con note e copiosi documenti inediti. Florence, 1845.Google Scholar
Motture, Peta. Bells and Mortars: Catalogue of Italian Bronzes in the Victoria and Albert Museum. London: Harry N. Abrams, 2001.Google Scholar
Nagel, Alexander. The Controversy of Renaissance Art. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Nardi, Iacopo. Istorie della città di Firenze. 2 vols. Florence, 1858.Google Scholar
Necipoglu, Gülru. The Age of Sinan: Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire. London: Reaktion Books, 2005.Google Scholar
Nerli, Filippo. Commentarj dei fatti civili occorsi dentro la città di Firenze dall'anno 1215 al 1537. 2 vols. Trieste: Colombo Coen, 1859.Google Scholar
Paatz, Walter, and Paatz, Elisabeth. Die Kirchen von Florenz. Ein kunstgeschichtliches Handbuch. 6 vols. Frankfurt am Main: V. Klostermann, 1940–54.Google Scholar
Pacciani, Riccardo. “Attività professionali di Simone del Pollaiolo detto ‘il Cronaca’ (1490–1508).” Quaderni di Palazzo Te 1 (1994): 13–36.Google Scholar
Parenti, Piero di Marco. Storia Fiorentina (1476–78, 1492–96, 1496–1502). Ed. Matucci, Andrea. 2 vols. Florence: Olschki, 1994–2005.Google Scholar
Pico della Mirandola, Giovanfrancesco. Vita di Hieronimo Savonarola. Ed. Castagnola, Raffaella. Florence: SISMEL, Edizioni del Galluzzo, 1998.Google Scholar
Plaisance, Michel. Florence in the Time of the Medici: Public Celebrations, Politics, and Literature in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries. Ed. and trans. Carew-Reid, Nicole. Toronto: Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies, 2008.Google Scholar
Polizzotto, Lorenzo. The Elect Nation: The Savonarolan Movement in Florence 1494–1545. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Price, Percival. Bells and Man. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983.Google Scholar
Rastrelli, Modesto. Vita del padre Girolamo Savonarola dell'Ordine de’ Predicatori. Florence, 1781.Google Scholar
Ridolfi, Roberto. Life of Savonarola. Trans. Cecil Grayson. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1976.Google Scholar
Rocke, Michael. Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Rodolico, Niccolò. La Democrazia fiorentina nel suo tramonto (1378–1382). Rome: Multigrafica Editrice, 1905.Google Scholar
Savonarola, Girolamo. Prediche sopra Ruth e Michea. Ed. Romano, Vincenzo. 2 vols. Rome: Angelo Bellardetti, 1962.Google Scholar
Savonarola, Girolamo. Compendio di Rivelazioni: Testo volgare e latino, e Dialogus de veritate prophetica. Ed. Crucitti, Angela. Rome: Angelo Belardetti, 1974.Google Scholar
Savonarola, Girolamo. Selected Writings of Girolamo Savonarola: Religion and Politics, 1490–1498. Ed. and trans. Borelli, Anne and Passaro, Maria Pastore. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Schafer, R. Murray. The Soundscape: Our Sonic Environment and the Tuning of the World. Rochester, VT: Destiny Books, 1993.Google Scholar
Schnitzer, Joseph. Savonarola. Trans. Rutili., Ernesto 2 vols. Milan: Fratelli Treves, 1931.Google Scholar
Scotti, Ubaldo. “S. Marco—La Piagnona.” In L'Illustratore fiorentino: Calendario storico per l'anno 1908, ed. Carocci, Guido, 51–56. Florence: Tipografia Domenicana, 1907.Google Scholar
Scudieri, Magnolia, and Rasario, Giovanna, eds. Savonarola e le sue “reliquie” a San Marco: Itinerario per un percorso savonaroliano nel Museo. Florence: Giunti, 1998.Google Scholar
Shaw, Christine. The Politics of Exile in Renaissance Italy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Shearman, Richard. “The Florentine Entrata of Leo X, 1515.” Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 38 (1975): 136–54.Google Scholar
Staley, Edgcumbe. The Guilds of Florence. London: Methuen & Co., 1906.Google Scholar
Starn, Randolph. Contrary Commonwealth: The Theme of Exile in Medieval and Renaissance Italy. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982.Google Scholar
Stern, Laura Ilkins. Criminal Law System of Medieval and Renaissance Florence. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Tamen, Miguel. Friends of Interpretable Objects. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Terpstra, Nicholas. “Theory into Practice: Executing, Comforting, and Comforters in Renaissance Italy.” In The Art of Executing Well: Rituals of Execution in Renaissance Italy, ed. Terpstra, Nicholas, 118–58. Kirksville, MO: Truman State University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Terpstra, Nicholas. “Body Politics: The Criminal Body between Public and Private.” Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 45.1 (2015): 7–52.Google Scholar
Trachtenberg, Marvin. The Campanile of Florence Cathedral: Giotto's Tower. New York: New York University Press, 1971.Google Scholar
Trexler, Richard C. “Lorenzo de’ Medici and Savonarola, Martyrs for Florence.” Renaissance Quarterly 31.3 (1978): 293–308.Google Scholar
Trexler, Richard C. Public Life in Renaissance Florence. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Varchi, Benedetto. Storia fiorentina. Ed. Arbib, Lelio and Razzi, Silvano. 3 vols. Florence: Società editrice delle storie del Nardi e del Varchi, 1838.Google Scholar
Vasarri, Vittorio Ernesto. “Il Cronaca e San Salvatore al Monte.” Antichità viva 20.4 (1981): 47–50.Google Scholar
Villani, Giovanni. Nuova cronica. Ed. Porta, Giuseppe. 3 vols. Parma: Fondazione Bembo, 1990–91.Google Scholar
Villari, Pasquale. La storia di Girolamo Savonarola e de’ suoi tempi. 2 vols. Florence: Successori Le Monnier, 1887–88.Google Scholar
Weinryb, Ittai. The Bronze Object in the Middle Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Weinstein, Donald. Savonarola: The Rise and Fall of a Renaissance Prophet. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Archivio di Stato di Firenze (ASF), Signori e Collegi (Sig. e Coll.), Deliberazioni in forza di ordinaria autorità dal 1494 al 1502 (Deliberazioni Ord. Aut.), 100.Google Scholar
ASF, Filza di lettere originali, Cl. X, dist. II, 34.Google Scholar
ASF, Registro di Lettere della Signoria (Registro di Lettere), Cl. X, dist. I, 102.Google Scholar
ASF, Archivio dell'Opera di S. Maria del Fiore, Registri di Deliberazioni, 1491–98.Google Scholar
Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Firenze (BMLF), Carte del Convento di San Marco (SM) 903, Libro di Ricordanze B, 1493–1558.Google Scholar
Alibhai, Ali Asgar. “The Reverberations of Santiago's Bells in Reconquista Spain.” La Corónica: A Journal of Medieval Hispanic Languages, Literatures, and Cultures 36.2 (2008): 145–64.Google Scholar
Arnold, John H., and Goodson, Caroline. “Resounding Community: The History and Meaning of Medieval Church Bells.” Viator 43.1 (2012): 99–130.Google Scholar
Atkinson, Niall. “The Republic of Sound: Listening to Florence at the Threshold of the Renaissance.” I Tatti Studies in the Italian Renaissance 16.1 (2013): 57–84.Google Scholar
Atkinson, Niall. The Noisy Renaissance: Sound, Architecture, and Florentine Urban Life. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Bakhtin, Mikhail. Rabelais and His World. Trans. Helene Iswolsky. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984.Google Scholar
Baluze, Etienne. Tutelensis Miscellanea: Novo ordine digesta et non paucis ineditis monumentis opportunisque animadversionibus aucta. 4 vols. Lucae, 1761–64.Google Scholar
Bennett, Bonnie A., and Wilkins, David G.. Donatello. Oxford: Phaidon, 1984.Google Scholar
Burlamacchi, Pseudo. La vita del beato Ieronimo Savonarola scritta da un anonimo del sec. XVI e già attribuita a fra Pacifico Burlamacchi. Ed. Conti., Piero Ginori Florence: Olschki, 1937.Google Scholar
Butterfield, Andrew. The Sculptures of Andrea del Verrocchio. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Caglioti, Francesco. Donatello e I Medici: Storia del “David” e della “Giuditta.” 2 vols. Florence: Olschki, 2000.Google Scholar
Cambi, Giovanni. Istorie di Giovanni Cambi. 4 vols. Vols. 20–23 of Delizie degli eruditi toscani. Florence, 1785–86.Google Scholar
Caplow, Harriet McNeal. Michelozzo: His Life, Sculpture and Workshops. PhD diss., Columbia University, 1970.Google Scholar
Carocci, Guido. “La campana di S. Marco di Firenze.” Bollettino d'arte 2 (1908): 256–64.Google Scholar
Cerretani, Bartolomeo. Storia fiorentina. Ed. Berti, Giuliana. Florence: Olschki, 1994.Google Scholar
Cole, Michael W. Cellini and the Principles of Sculpture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Conti, Giuseppe. Firenze dopo i Medici: Francesco di Lorena, Pietro Leopoldo, inizio del regno di Ferdinando III. Florence: Bemporad, 1921.Google Scholar
Conti, Massimo. Delitti e castighi: Itinerari nella Firenze dei crimine e della giustizia tra il XIII e il XVIII secolo. Florence: Centro Di, 2007.Google Scholar
Ćurčic, Slobodan. “Byzantine Legacy in Ecclesiastical Architecture of the Balkans After 1453.” In The Byzantine Legacy in Eastern Europe, ed. Clucas, Lowell, 59–81. Boulder, CO: East European Monographs, 1988.Google Scholar
Davanzati, Bernardo. Opere. Ed. Bindi, Enrico. 2 vols. Florence: F. Le Monnier, 1852–53.Google Scholar
Davidsohn, Robert. Storia di Firenze. Trans. Giovanni Battista Klein. 7 vols. Reprint, Florence: Sansoni, 1956.Google Scholar
Dennis, Flora. “Sound and Domestic Boundaries in Fifteenth- and Sixteenth-Century Italy.” Studies in the Decorative Arts 16.1 (2008): 7–19.Google Scholar
Dodds, Jerrilynn D. “The Great Mosque of Córdoba.” In Al-Andalus: The Arts of Islamic Spain, ed. Dodds, J. D., 11–25. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1992.Google Scholar
Edgerton, Samuel. Pictures and Punishment: Art and Criminal Prosecution during the Florentine Renaissance. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Ferretti, Ludovico. “Per la ‘Piagnona’ di San Marco.” Il Rosario: Memorie Domenicane, n.s., 25 (1908): 375–78.Google Scholar
Filipepi, Simone. Cronaca. In Scelta di prediche e scritti di fra’ Girolamo Savonarola, con nuovi documenti intorno alla sua vita, ed. Villari, Pasquale and Casanova, Ernesto, 453–518. Florence, 1898.Google Scholar
Fischer, Chris. Fra Bartolomeo: Master Draughtsman of the High Renaissance: A Selection from the Rotterdam Albums and Landscape Drawings from Various Collections. Rotterdam: Museum Boymans-van Beuningen, 1990.Google Scholar
Fredona, Robert. “Baldus de Ubaldis on Conspiracy and Laesa Maiestas in Late Trecento Florence.” In The Politics of Law in Late Medieval and Renaissance Italy: Essays in Honour of Lauro Martines, ed. Armstrong, Lawrin and Kirshner, Julius, 141–160. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Garrioch, David. “Sounds of the City: The Soundscape of Early Modern European Towns.” Urban History 30.1 (2003): 5–25.Google Scholar
Gherardi, Alessandro. Nuovi documenti e studi intorno a Girolamo Savonarola. 2nd ed. Florence, 1887.Google Scholar
Giorgetti, Renzo. Campane e Fonditori in Toscana. Poggibonsi: Arti Grafiche Nencini, 2005.Google Scholar
Guicciardini, Francesco. “Del modo di ordinare il governo popolare” (Logrogno, 27 August 1512). In Dialogo e discorsi del reggimento di Firenze, ed. Palmarocchi, Roberto, 218–59. Bari: G. Laterza, 1932.Google Scholar
Guicciardini, Francesco. Storie fiorentine dal 1378 al 1509. Ed. Montevecchi, Alessandro. Milan: Biblioteca Universale Rizzoli, 1998.Google Scholar
Hatfield, Rab. “The Compagnia de’ Magi.” Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 33 (1970): 107–61.Google Scholar
Landucci, Luca. Diario fiorentino dal 1450 al 1516, continuato da un anonimo fino al 1542. Florence, 1883.Google Scholar
Lungo, Isidoro del. Dino Compagni e la sua cronica. 3 vols. Florence: F. Le Monnier, 1879.Google Scholar
Marchese, Vincenzo Fortunato. “Sunto storico del convento di San Marco di Firenze.” In Scritti vari del P. Vincenzo Marchese, 1–287. Florence: Felice Le Monnier, 1855.Google Scholar
Martines, Lauro. Lawyers and Statecraft in Renaissance Florence. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1968.Google Scholar
Martines, Lauro. Fire in the City: Savonarola and the Struggle for the Soul of Renaissance Florence. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Meier, Ulrich. “Die Sicht- und Hörbarkeit der Macht: Der Florentiner Palazzo Vecchio im Spätmittelalter.” In Zwischen Gotteshaus und Taverne: Öffentliche Räume in Spätmittelalter und früher Neuzeit, ed. Rau, Susanne and Schwerhoff, Gerd, 229–71. Cologne: Böhlau, 2004.Google Scholar
Milner, Stephen J. “‘Fanno bandire, notificare, et expressamente comandare’: Town Criers and the Information Economy of Renaissance Florence.” I Tatti Studies in the Italian Renaissance 16.1/2 (2013): 107–51.Google Scholar
Moisè, Filippo. Santa Croce di Firenze, illustrazione storico-artistica con note e copiosi documenti inediti. Florence, 1845.Google Scholar
Motture, Peta. Bells and Mortars: Catalogue of Italian Bronzes in the Victoria and Albert Museum. London: Harry N. Abrams, 2001.Google Scholar
Nagel, Alexander. The Controversy of Renaissance Art. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Nardi, Iacopo. Istorie della città di Firenze. 2 vols. Florence, 1858.Google Scholar
Necipoglu, Gülru. The Age of Sinan: Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire. London: Reaktion Books, 2005.Google Scholar
Nerli, Filippo. Commentarj dei fatti civili occorsi dentro la città di Firenze dall'anno 1215 al 1537. 2 vols. Trieste: Colombo Coen, 1859.Google Scholar
Paatz, Walter, and Paatz, Elisabeth. Die Kirchen von Florenz. Ein kunstgeschichtliches Handbuch. 6 vols. Frankfurt am Main: V. Klostermann, 1940–54.Google Scholar
Pacciani, Riccardo. “Attività professionali di Simone del Pollaiolo detto ‘il Cronaca’ (1490–1508).” Quaderni di Palazzo Te 1 (1994): 13–36.Google Scholar
Parenti, Piero di Marco. Storia Fiorentina (1476–78, 1492–96, 1496–1502). Ed. Matucci, Andrea. 2 vols. Florence: Olschki, 1994–2005.Google Scholar
Pico della Mirandola, Giovanfrancesco. Vita di Hieronimo Savonarola. Ed. Castagnola, Raffaella. Florence: SISMEL, Edizioni del Galluzzo, 1998.Google Scholar
Plaisance, Michel. Florence in the Time of the Medici: Public Celebrations, Politics, and Literature in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries. Ed. and trans. Carew-Reid, Nicole. Toronto: Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies, 2008.Google Scholar
Polizzotto, Lorenzo. The Elect Nation: The Savonarolan Movement in Florence 1494–1545. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Price, Percival. Bells and Man. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983.Google Scholar
Rastrelli, Modesto. Vita del padre Girolamo Savonarola dell'Ordine de’ Predicatori. Florence, 1781.Google Scholar
Ridolfi, Roberto. Life of Savonarola. Trans. Cecil Grayson. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1976.Google Scholar
Rocke, Michael. Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Rodolico, Niccolò. La Democrazia fiorentina nel suo tramonto (1378–1382). Rome: Multigrafica Editrice, 1905.Google Scholar
Savonarola, Girolamo. Prediche sopra Ruth e Michea. Ed. Romano, Vincenzo. 2 vols. Rome: Angelo Bellardetti, 1962.Google Scholar
Savonarola, Girolamo. Compendio di Rivelazioni: Testo volgare e latino, e Dialogus de veritate prophetica. Ed. Crucitti, Angela. Rome: Angelo Belardetti, 1974.Google Scholar
Savonarola, Girolamo. Selected Writings of Girolamo Savonarola: Religion and Politics, 1490–1498. Ed. and trans. Borelli, Anne and Passaro, Maria Pastore. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Schafer, R. Murray. The Soundscape: Our Sonic Environment and the Tuning of the World. Rochester, VT: Destiny Books, 1993.Google Scholar
Schnitzer, Joseph. Savonarola. Trans. Rutili., Ernesto 2 vols. Milan: Fratelli Treves, 1931.Google Scholar
Scotti, Ubaldo. “S. Marco—La Piagnona.” In L'Illustratore fiorentino: Calendario storico per l'anno 1908, ed. Carocci, Guido, 51–56. Florence: Tipografia Domenicana, 1907.Google Scholar
Scudieri, Magnolia, and Rasario, Giovanna, eds. Savonarola e le sue “reliquie” a San Marco: Itinerario per un percorso savonaroliano nel Museo. Florence: Giunti, 1998.Google Scholar
Shaw, Christine. The Politics of Exile in Renaissance Italy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Shearman, Richard. “The Florentine Entrata of Leo X, 1515.” Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 38 (1975): 136–54.Google Scholar
Staley, Edgcumbe. The Guilds of Florence. London: Methuen & Co., 1906.Google Scholar
Starn, Randolph. Contrary Commonwealth: The Theme of Exile in Medieval and Renaissance Italy. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982.Google Scholar
Stern, Laura Ilkins. Criminal Law System of Medieval and Renaissance Florence. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Tamen, Miguel. Friends of Interpretable Objects. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Terpstra, Nicholas. “Theory into Practice: Executing, Comforting, and Comforters in Renaissance Italy.” In The Art of Executing Well: Rituals of Execution in Renaissance Italy, ed. Terpstra, Nicholas, 118–58. Kirksville, MO: Truman State University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Terpstra, Nicholas. “Body Politics: The Criminal Body between Public and Private.” Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 45.1 (2015): 7–52.Google Scholar
Trachtenberg, Marvin. The Campanile of Florence Cathedral: Giotto's Tower. New York: New York University Press, 1971.Google Scholar
Trexler, Richard C. “Lorenzo de’ Medici and Savonarola, Martyrs for Florence.” Renaissance Quarterly 31.3 (1978): 293–308.Google Scholar
Trexler, Richard C. Public Life in Renaissance Florence. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Varchi, Benedetto. Storia fiorentina. Ed. Arbib, Lelio and Razzi, Silvano. 3 vols. Florence: Società editrice delle storie del Nardi e del Varchi, 1838.Google Scholar
Vasarri, Vittorio Ernesto. “Il Cronaca e San Salvatore al Monte.” Antichità viva 20.4 (1981): 47–50.Google Scholar
Villani, Giovanni. Nuova cronica. Ed. Porta, Giuseppe. 3 vols. Parma: Fondazione Bembo, 1990–91.Google Scholar
Villari, Pasquale. La storia di Girolamo Savonarola e de’ suoi tempi. 2 vols. Florence: Successori Le Monnier, 1887–88.Google Scholar
Weinryb, Ittai. The Bronze Object in the Middle Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Weinstein, Donald. Savonarola: The Rise and Fall of a Renaissance Prophet. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2011.Google Scholar