Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T20:12:24.542Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Raphael's Portrait Leo X with Cardinals Giulio de' Medici and Luigi de' Rossi: A Religious Interpretation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2018

Nelson H. Minnich
Nelson H. Minnich*
Affiliation:
The Catholic University of America
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

A recent cleaning of the painting, scientific examinations of it, the publication of new letters related to it, and studies of the prophetic culture in which it was produced all call for a reevaluation of the traditional interpretations of Raphael's portrait Leo X with Cardinals Giulio de' Medici and Luigi de' Rossi. After a close analysis of the major iconographic details in the painting, the strengths and weaknesses of the various secular and religious interpretations of the painting are reviewed. That the painting is primarily religious in theme with prophetic and devotional overtones is argued as the most reasonable interpretation, given the iconographic details and context.

Type
Studies
Information
Renaissance Quarterly , Volume 56 , Issue 4 , Winter 2003 , pp. 1005 - 1052
Copyright
Copyright © Renaissance Society of America 2003

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

The author is deeply grateful to Kenneth Gouwens, Sheryl Reiss, Heinrich Pfeiffer, S.J., Frank A.C. Mantello, the late John Shearman, Marcia B. Hall, Barbara Lockhart, and the anonymous reviewers of RQ for their extraordinary patience, careful reading of this paper, and helpful comments, and for generously supplying me with materials I found difficult to locate. A grant from the Faculty Research Fund of the Catholic University of America underwrote the cost of the illustrations. The following abbreviations are used in this article: ASF = Archivio di Stato, Firenze; BAV = Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana; MaP = Fondo Mediceo avanti il Principato.

References

Albertotti, Giuseppe. 1929-30. “A proposito della lente biconvessa di Papa Leone X°.” Atti delReale Istituto Veneto di scienze, lettere edarti 89:539-42.Google Scholar
Allegri, Ettore. 1984. “Nr. 17. Raffaello: Ritxatto di Leone con i cardinali Giulio de’ Medici e Luigi de’ Rossi.” In Raffaello a Firenze: Dipinti e disegni delle collezioni fiorentine, ed. M. Gregori, Carlo Pirovano et al., 189-98. Milan.Google Scholar
Ames-Lewis, Francis. 1979. “Early Medicean Devices,” Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 42:122-43.Google Scholar
Batiffol, Pierre. 1912. History of the Roman Breviary. Trans. Atwell M. Y. Baylay. New York and London.Google Scholar
Bäumer, Suibert. 1895. Geschichte des Breviers. Freiburg im Breisgau.Google Scholar
Beck, James H.. 1975. “Raphael and Medici ‘State Portraits.’” Zeitschrift fur Kunstgeschichte 38:127-44.Google Scholar
Black, Christopher. 2001. Early Modern Italy: A Social History. New York.Google Scholar
Boese, Helmut. 1966. Die lateinischen Handschriften der Sammlung Hamilton zu Berlin. Wiesbaden.Google Scholar
Boffito, Giuseppe. 1926-27. “L'occhiale e il cannocchiale del papa Leone X.” Atti della Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino 62:555-61.Google Scholar
Bohatta, Hanns. 1937. Bibliographic der Breviere 1501-1850. Leipzig.Google Scholar
Breviarium Aberdonense. 1854. 2 vols. 1510. Reprint, London.Google Scholar
Breviarium Romanum sub maiori forma expulsis summo labore difformitatum scopulis lipidissime efformatum extat. 1519. Paris.Google Scholar
Butters, Humphrey C.. 1985. Governors and Government in Early Sixteenth-Century Florence 1502-1519. Oxford.Google Scholar
Cappelli, Adriano. 1969. Cronologia, cronografia e calendario perpetuo dal principio dell’ era cristiana ai nostri giorni. Rev. 3rd ed. Milan.Google Scholar
Castellano, Alberto. 1579. Sacerdotale ad consuetudinem S. Romanae Ecclesiae aliarum ecclesiarum ex Apostolicae Bibliothecae ac Sanctorum Patrum iurium sanctionibus et ecclesiasticorum doctorum scriptis…. Venice.Google Scholar
Castiglione, Baldassare. 1978. Le lettere. Vol. 1. Ed. Guido La Rocca. Milan.Google Scholar
Caviglia, Alberto. 1928. Claudio di Seyssel (1450-1520): La vita nella storia de’ suoi tempi. Miscellanea di Storia Italiana, terza serie, tomo XXIII (LVI della Raccolta). Turin.Google Scholar
Cesareo, Gioivanni Alfredo. 1938. Pasquino e pasquinate nella Roma di Leone X. Rome.Google Scholar
Chastel, Andre. 1983. The Sack of Rome, 1527. Trans. Beth Archer. Princeton.Google Scholar
Clement, VII. 1524. Meditatio cordis nostri assidue. Rome.Google Scholar
Creighton, Mandell. 1897. A History of the Papacy from the Great Schism to the Sack of Rome. 6 vols. London.Google Scholar
Crowe, Joseph Archer, and Cavalcaselle, Giovanni Battista. 1885. Raphael: His Life and Works. 2 vols. London.Google Scholar
Davidson, Bernice F.. 1985. Raphael's Bible: A Study of the Vatican Logge. University Park, PA.Google Scholar
de Grassi, Paride. 1884. Ildiario di Leone X. Ed. P. Delicati and M. Armellini. Rome.Google Scholar
Del Serra, Alfio. 1996. “Nota di restauro.” In Raffaello e il ritratto di papa Leone: Per il restauro del “Leone X con due cardinali “ nella Galleria degli Uffizi, 67-88. Milan.Google Scholar
de Roo, Peter. 1924. Material for a History of Pope Alexander VI, his Relatives and his Time. 5 vols. New York.Google Scholar
Di Teodoro, Francesco Paolo. 1998. Ritratto di Leone di Raffaello Sanzio. Milan.Google Scholar
Durandus, Guglielmus. 1584. Rationale divinorum offtciorum … Adnotationibus illustratum. Vol. 1. Lyons.Google Scholar
Dykmans, Marc. 1982. “Le cinquieme Concile du Latran d'apres le Diarire de Paris de Grassi.” Annuarium Historiae Conciliorum 14:271–369.Google Scholar
Erasmus, Desiderius. 1924. “Epistle 1333: Dedicatory Preface to the Paraphrasis in Evangelium secundum Ioannem in the Form of a Letter to Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, Basel, 5 January 1523.” In Opus Epistolarum, ed. Percy S. Allen et al., 5:163-72. Oxford.Google Scholar
Erasmus, Desiderius. 1972. “Exorcismus, sive Spectrum.” In Opera omnia Desiderii Erasmi Roterodami, ed. L'Academie Royale Neerlandaise des Sciences et des Sciences Humaines, 1:3, ed. Leon E. Halkin, F. Bierlaire, and R. Hoven, 417-23. Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Erasmus, Desiderius. 1989. “Epistle 1333.” Trans. R. A. B. Mynors. In The Correspondence of Erasmus, ed. R. A. B. Mynors, D.F.S. Thomson et al., 9:231-45. Toronto.Google Scholar
Erasmus, Desiderius. 1997. “Exorcism, or The Spectre.” Trans. Craig R. Thompson. In Colloquies, 531-44. Toronto.Google Scholar
Eubel, Konrad. 1914. Hierarchia catholica medii aevi. Vol. 2, Ab anno 1431 usque ad annum 1503 perducta. 2nd ed. Münster.Google Scholar
Falconi, Carlo. 1987. Leone X: Giovanni de’ Medici. Milan.Google Scholar
Farge, James K., ed. 1990. Registre desprocesverbaux de la Faculte de Theologie de l'Universite de Paris de Janvier 1524 a novembre 1533. Paris.Google Scholar
Ferguson, George. 1976. Signs and Symbols in Christian Art with Illustrations from Paintings of the Renaissance. 1954. Pbk. reprint, New York and Oxford.Google Scholar
Ferrajoli, Alessandro. 1984. “Nr. XXV. Zaccaria Ferreri abate di S. Amabile.” In Il ruolo della corte di Leone (1514-1516), ed. Vincenzo de Caprio, 531-44. Rome.Google Scholar
Ferreri, Zaccaria. 1525. Hymni novi ecclesiastici iuxta veram metri et latinitatis normam … Brevarium ecclesiasticum…. Rome.Google Scholar
Ficino, Marsilio. 1959. Opera omnia. 1576. 4 vols. Reprint, Turin.Google Scholar
Fischel, Oskar. 1948. Raphael. Trans. Bernard Rackham. 2 vols. London.Google Scholar
Freedberg, Sidney. 1961. Painting of the High Renaissance in Rome and Florence. 2 vols. New York.Google Scholar
Frenz, Thomas. 1986. Die Kanzlei der Papste der Hochrenaissance (1471-1527). Tubingen.Google Scholar
Giovio, Paolo. 1561. Le vite di dicenove huomini illustrati. Venice.Google Scholar
Gould, Cecil. 1983. “Raphael's Papal Patrons.” Apollo 117:358-61.Google Scholar
Grafton, Anthony. ed. 1993. Rome Reborn: The Vatican Library and Renaissance Culture. New Haven and London.Google Scholar
Guarini, Elna Fasano. 2002. “'Rome, Workshop of All the Practices of the World': From the Letters of Cardinal Ferdinando de’ Medici to Cosimo I and Francesco I.” In Court and Politics in Papal Rome, 1492-1700, ed. Gianvittorio Signorotto and Maria Antonietta Visceglia, 53-77. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Guazzoni, Valerio. 1996. “La tradizione della ritrattistica papale nel Rinascimento e il Leone X di Raffaello.” In Raffaello e il ritratto di papa Leone: Per il restauro del “Leone X con due cardinali “ nella Galleria degli Uffizi, 89–133. Milan.Google Scholar
Haidacher, Anton. 1965. Geschichte der Papste in Bildern. Heidelberg.Google Scholar
Hamburgh, Harvey. 1996. “Naldini's Allegory of Dreams’ in the Studiolo of Francesco de’ Medici.” The Sixteenth Century Journal 27:674–704.Google Scholar
Henry, Tom. 2001. “Reflections on II Marcillat's Work in the Vatican Palace.” Apollo 152:18–27.Google Scholar
Hergenroether, Joseph. 1884-91. Leonis X: Pontificis Maximi Regesta. 8 fascicles. Freiburg im Breisgau.Google Scholar
Hergenroether, Joseph. 1887. Conciliengeschichte nach den Quellen bearbeitet. Vol. 8. Freiburg im Breisgau.Google Scholar
Heritier, Jean. 1963. Catherine de Medici. Trans. Charlotte Haldane. New York.Google Scholar
Hunter, John. 1993. “Who Is Jan van Eyck's ‘Cardinal Nicolo Albergati?’” The Art Bulletin 75:207-18.Google Scholar
Ilardi, Vincent. 1976. “Eyeglasses and Concave Lenses in Fifteenth-Century Florence and Milan: New Documents.” Renaissance Quarterly 29:341-60.Google Scholar
Jenkins, Marianna. 1947. The State Portrait: Its Origin and Evolution. New York.Google Scholar
Jones, Roger, and Penny, Nicolas. 1983. Raphael. New Haven.Google Scholar
Jungić, Josephine. 1992a. “Joachimist Prophecies in Sebastiano del Piombo's ‘Borgherini Chapel’ and Raphael's ‘Transfiguration.'” In Prophetic Rome in the High Renaissance Period: Essays, ed. Marjorie Reeves, 321-43. Oxford.Google Scholar
Jungić, Josephine. 1992b. “Prophecies of the Angelic Pastor in Sebastiano del Piombo's Portrait of Cardinal Bandinello Sauli and Three Companions.” In Prophetic Rome in the High Renaissance Period: Essays, ed. Marjorie Reeves, 345-70. Oxford.Google Scholar
Jungmann, Joseph A.. 1955. The Mass of the Roman Rite: Its Origins and Development (Missarum Sollemnia). Trans. Francis A. Brunner. 2 vols. St. Louis.Google Scholar
Kelly, John N.D. 1986. The Oxford Dictionary of the Popes. Oxford.Google Scholar
Kemper, Max-Eugen. 1999. “[23] Sogennante Hamilton-Bibel, Mitte 14. Jahrhundert.” In Hoch Renaissance im Vatikan: Kunst und Kultur im Rome der Papste I: 1503-1534, 1:443. Ostfildern.Google Scholar
Lange, Anselm. 1981. Europäische Tischglocken: Klingende Kostbarkeiten vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart mit Beiträgen aus der Kulturgeschichte der Glock. Kornwestheim.Google Scholar
Langedijk, Karla. 1981. The Portraits of the Medici, 15th-18th Centuries. Trans. Patricia Wardle, David G. Allen, David W. Hiscoe, and Katheryn Lynn Reiss. 3 vols. Florence.Google Scholar
Leclercq, Henri. 1907-53. “Cloche, Clochette.” In Dictionnaire d'arch Mogie chrhienne et de liturgie, ed. Fernand Cabrol and Henri Leclercq, Tome Ill-ii: cols. 1954-77. Paris.Google Scholar
Legg, John Wickham. ed. 1970. Breviarium Romanum a Francisco Cardinali Quignonio editum et recognitum iuxta editionem Venetiis afnno] Dfomini] 1535 impressam. 1888. Reprint, Westmead, Farnborough, Hants, England.Google Scholar
Mansi, Giovanni Domenico et al., eds. 1898-1927. Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio. 60 vols. Paris and Leipzig.Google Scholar
Marcel, Raymond. 1958. Marsile Ficin (1433-1499). Paris.Google Scholar
Masson, Georgina. 1975. Courtesans of the Italian Renaissance. New York.Google Scholar
Matthiae, Gugielmo. n.d. S. Maria in Domnica. Rome.Google Scholar
Minnich, Nelson H.. 1988a. “Alexios Celadenus: A Disciple of Bessarion in Renaissance Italy.” Historical Reflections/ Reflexions Historiques 15:47–64.Google Scholar
Minnich, Nelson H.. 1988b. “The Proposal for an Episcopal College at Lateran V.” In Ecclesia Militans: Studien zur Konzilien- und Reformationsgeschichte, Remigius Baumer zum 70. Ceburtstag gewidmet, ed. Walter Brandmiiller, Herbert Immenkotter, and Erwin Iserloh, 1:213-32. Paderborn.Google Scholar
Minnich, Nelson H.. 1992. “Prophecy and the Fifth Lateran Council (1512-17).” In Prophetic Rome in the High Renaissance Period: Essays, ed. Marjorie Reeves, 63–87. Oxford.Google Scholar
Minnich, Nelson H. 1995-96. “The Reform Proposals (1513) of Stefano Taleazzi for the Fifth Lateran Council (1512-17).” Annuarium Historiae Conciliorum 27-28:543-70.Google Scholar
Morisi, Anna. 1970. Apocalypsis Nova: Ricerche sull’ origine e la formazione del testo dello pseudo-Amadeo. Rome.Google Scholar
Morisi-Guerra, Anna. 1992. “The Apocalypsis Nova: A Plan for Reform.” In Prophetic Rome in the High Renaissance Period: Essays, ed. Marjorie Reeves, 27–50. Oxford.Google Scholar
Natali, Antonio. 1996. “Leone come Giulio? Tracce per un’ indagine sull’ invenzione del ritratto di Leone X con due cardinally In Raffaello e il Ritratto di Papa Leone: Per il restauro del ‘Leone con due cardinali’ nella Galleria degli Uffizi, 51–66. Milan.Google Scholar
Nesselrath, Arnold. 1999. “Nr. 22. Giorgio Vasari (1511-74), Papst Leo X. mit den Kardinalen Giulio de’ Medici undLuigi de’ Rossi (Kopie nach Raphael) 1537.” In Hoch Renaissance im Vatikan: Kunst und Kultur im Rome der Pdpste I: 1503-1534, 1:441-43. Ostfildern.Google Scholar
Niccoli, Ottavia. 1990. Prophecy and People in Renaissance Italy. Trans. Lydia G. Cochrane. Princeton.Google Scholar
Niccoli, Ottavia. 1992. “High and Low Prophetic Culture in Rome at the Beginning of the Sixteenth Century.” In Prophetic Rome in the High Renaissance Period: Essays, trans. Marjorie Reeves, Dr. Coke-Enquidados, Richard Jeffery, and Christina Roaf, and ed. Marjorie Reeves, 203-22. Oxford.Google Scholar
Oberhuber, Konrad. 1971. “Raphael and the State Portrait, I: The Portrait of Julius II.” The Burlington Magazine 113:124-32.Google Scholar
Oberhuber, Konrad. 1982. Raffaello. Trans. Maria Magrini. Ed. Mariella de Battisti, Annamaria Biffi, Paola Lovato, Marisa Melis, Mietta Molon, and Donatella Volpi. Milan.Google Scholar
The Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha: Revised Standard Version. 1965. Ed. Herbert May and Bruce M. Metzger. New York.Google Scholar
Parsch, Pius. 1952. The Breviary Explained. Trans. William Nayden and Carl Hoegerl. St. Louis.Google Scholar
Partridge, Loren and Starn, Randolph. 1980. A Renaissance Likeness: Art and Culture in Raphael's ‘Julius II.’ Berkeley.Google Scholar
Pastor, Ludwig. 1923-53. History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages. Trans. Frederick Ignatius Antrobus, Ralph Francis Kerr et al. 40 vols. St. Louis.Google Scholar
Patrizi Piccolomini, Agostino. 1965. Caeremoniale Romanum. Ed. Cristoforo Marcello. 1516. Reprint, Ridgewood Park, NJ.Google Scholar
Picotti, Giovanni Battista. 1981. La giovinezza di LeoneX. 1928. Reprint, Rome.Google Scholar
Pierozzi, Antonino. 1959. Summa Theologica. Ed. Tommaso Maria Mamachi, Dionisio Remedelli, and Antonio Ceccherelli. 4 vols. 1740. Reprint, Graz.Google Scholar
Pio, Alberto. 1531. Praeterpraefationem et operis conclusionem, tres et viginti libri in locos lucubrationum variarum D. Erasmi Roterodami, quos censet ab eo recognoscendos et retractandos. Paris.Google Scholar
Polizzotto, Lorenzo. 1994. The Elect Nation: The Savonarolan Movement in Florence 1494-1545- Oxford.Google Scholar
Pope-Hennessy, John. 1970. Raphael. New York.Google Scholar
Prosperi, Adriano. 1982. “Clemente VII, papa.” In Dizionario biographico degli italiani, 26:237-59. Rome.Google Scholar
Redig de Campos, Deoclecio. 1973. Raphael in the Stanze. Trans. John Guthrie. Milan.Google Scholar
Reeves, Marjorie. 1969. The Influence of Prophecy in the Later Middle Ages: A Study in Joachimism. Notre Dame and London.Google Scholar
Reeves, Marjorie. 1976. Joachim of Fiore and the Prophetic Future. New York and London.Google Scholar
Reiss, Sheryl E.. 2001. “Widow, Mother, Patron of Art: Alfonsina Orsini de’ Medici.” In Beyond Isabella: Secular Women Patrons of Art in Renaissance Italy, ed. Sheryl E. Reiss and David G. Wilkins, 125-56. Kirksville, MO.Google Scholar
Rodocanachi, Emmanuel P.. 1912. Le premiere Renaissance: Rome au temps de Jules II et de Lion X. Paris.Google Scholar
Rohlmann, Michael. 2002. “Kunst und Politik zwischen Leo X. und Franz I.” In Der Medici-Papst Leo X. und Frankreich, ed. Gotz-Riidiger Tewes and Michael Rohlmann, 199-240. Tubingen.Google Scholar
Roscoe, William. 1846. Life and Pontificate of Leo X. Ed. Thomas Roscoe. Rev. ed. 2 vols. London.Google Scholar
Rupert von Deutz, . 1526. De divinis officiis libri XII. Ed. Johannes Dobneck (Cochaelus). Cologne.Google Scholar
Salmon, Pierre. 1962. The Breviary through the Centuries. Trans. Sister David Mary Hanley. Collegeville, MN.Google Scholar
Sanuto, Marino. 1879-1903. I Diarii 1496-1535, ed. Federico Stefani, Guglielmo Berchet, and Nicolo Barozzi. 58 vols. Venice.Google Scholar
Schillebeeckx, Edward. 1965. Marriage: Human Reality and Saving Mystery. Trans. N. D. Smith. 2 vols. New York.Google Scholar
Schwager, Klaus. [1970?]. “Uber Jean Foguet in Italien und sein verlorenes Portrat Papst Eugen IV.” In Argo: Festschrift fur Kurt Badt zu seinem 80. Geburtstag am 3. Mdrz 1970, ed. Martin Gosebruch and Lorenz Dittmann, 206-34. Cologne.Google Scholar
Scribner, Robert W. 1984. “Ritual and Popular Religion in Catholic Germany at the Time of the Reformation.” Journal of Ecclesiastical History 35:47–77.Google Scholar
Shearman, John K. G. 1971. “The Vatican Stanze: Function and Decoration.” In Proceedings of the British Academy 57:3–58. London.Google Scholar
Shearman, John K. G. 1992. Only Connect… Art and the Spectator in the Italian Renaissance. Princeton and Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Sherr, Richard. 1983. “A New Document Concerning Raphael's Portrait of Leo X.” The Burlington Magazine 125:31–32.Google Scholar
Silva, Luis Augusto Rebello da. 1862. Corpo diplomatico Portuguez contendo os actos e relagoes politicas e diplomaticas de Portugal com as diversas potencias do mundo deside o seculo XVI ate” os nostras dias. Vol. 1, Relacoes com a Curia Romana. London.Google Scholar
Stove, E. 1996. “Ferreri, Zaccaria.” In Dizionario biografico degli Haliani, 46:808-11. Rome.Google Scholar
Tanner, Norman P., ed. 1990. Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils. Trans. William Pearsall et al. 2 vols. Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Tewes, Gotz-Riidiger. 2002. “Die Medici und Frankreich in Pontificat Leos X. Ursachen, Formen und Folgen einer Europa polarisierenden Allianz.” In Der Medici-Papst Leo X. und Frankreich: Politik und Familiengeschdfte in der europdischen Renaissance, ed. Gotz-Riidiger Tewes and Michael Rohlmann, 11-116. Tubingen.Google Scholar
Thurston, Herbert. 1907. “Bells.” The Catholic Encyclopedia 2:418-24. New York.Google Scholar
Trexler, Richard. 1971. Synodal Law in Florence and Fiesole, 1306-1518. Vatican City.Google Scholar
Trotti de Ferrariis de Placentia, Albertus. 1480. Tractatus de horis canonicis. Rome.Google Scholar
van Buren, Anne H.. 1975. “The Canonical Office in Renaissance Painting: Raphael's Madonna at Nones.” The Art Bulletin 57:41–52.Google Scholar
van Gulik, Willem, and Eubel, Konrad. 1923. Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi. Vol. 3, Saeculum XVI ab anno 1503 complectens. 2nd ed. rev. by Ludwig Schmitz-Kallenberg. Münster.Google Scholar
Vasari, Giorgio. 1878-82. Le opere. Ed. Gaetano Milanesi. 9 vols. Florence.Google Scholar
Vasari, Giorgio. 1979. The Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects. Trans. Gaston Du C. de Vere. 3 vols. New York.Google Scholar
Vaughan, Herbert M.. 1971. The Medici Popes (LeoX. and Clement VII). 1908. Reprint, Port Washington, NY.Google Scholar
Weinstein, Donald. 1970. Savonarola and Florence: Prophecy and Patriotism in the Renaissance. Princeton.Google Scholar
Wescher, Paul Reinhold. 1931. Beschreibendes Verzeichnis der Minaturen Handschriften und Einzelbldtter des Kupferstichkabinetts der Staatlichen Museen Berlin. Leipzig.Google Scholar
Wescher, Paul Reinhold. 1945. Jean Fouquet and His Time. Trans. Eveline Winkworth. Basel.Google Scholar
Wicks, Jared. 1983. “Roman Reactions to Luther: The First Year (1518).” The Catholic Historical Review 69:521-62.Google Scholar
Yriarte, Charles. 1947. Cesare Borgia. Trans. William Stirling. London.Google Scholar
Zimelien: Abemdldndische Handschriften des Mittelalters aus den Sammlungen der Stiftungpreussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin. Ausstellung: 13. Dezember 1975 — 1. Februar 1976 Sonderausstellungshalle der Staatlichen Museen Berlin-Dahlem, Lansstrasse 8. [1975]. Wiesbaden.Google Scholar
Zimmermann, T. C. Price. 1995. Paolo Giovio: The Historian and the Crisis of Sixteenth-Century Italy. Princeton.Google Scholar

A correction has been issued for this article:

Corrigenda