Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T17:00:23.529Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Healing the Body Politic: French Royal Doctors, History, and the Birth of a Nation 1560-1634

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2018

Jacob Soll*
Affiliation:
Rutgers University, Camden

Abstract

This article examines the role played by royal doctors in forming an empirical political science in France at the end of the sixteenth century. Bringing with them took from the Galenic tradition, doctors such as Rodolphe Le Maistre, Abraham-Nicolas de La Framboisière, and Jean Héroard doubled as political counselors. They not only looked for ways to heal the king's body, they also looked for ways to heal and regulate the body of the nation. Their new vision of the monarch as a practicing physician of the state is an essential yet unknown facet of the origins of political modernity.

Type
Studies
Copyright
Copyright © Renaissance Society of America 2002

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alston, Mary Niven. 1944-45. “The Attitude of the Church Towards Dissection before 1500.” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 16:221-38.Google Scholar
Ambroise Paré et son temps. 1990. Ed. Francois Francois, Lebrun and Bernard, Crenn. Mayenne.Google Scholar
Apostolidès, Jean-Marie. 1981. Le roi machine. Spectacle et politique au temps de Louis XIV. Paris.Google Scholar
Apostolidès, Jean-Marie. 1985. Le prince sacrifti. ThSatre et politique au temps de Louis XTV. paris.Google Scholar
Arasse, Daniel. 1987. La Guillotine et I'imaginaire de la Terreur. Paris.Google Scholar
Archambault, Paul. 1967. “The Analogy of the ‘Body’ in Renaissance Political Literature.” Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance 29:2153.Google Scholar
Aristotle, . 1934. The Nicomachean Ethics. Trans. Rackham, H.. Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Bacon, Francis. 2000. Novum Organum. Ed. Lisa, Jardine and Michael, Silverthorne. Cambridge and New York.Google Scholar
Baecque, Antoine de. 1993. Le corps de I'histoire: Métaphores et politique 1770- 1800. Paris.Google Scholar
Ball, James Moores. 1910. Andreus Vesalius: The Reformer of Anatomy. St. Louis.Google Scholar
Bertelli, Sergio. 1995. Ilcorpo delre: sacralità delpotere nell'Europa medievale e moderna. Florence.Google Scholar
Blair, Ann. 1997. The Theater of Nature: Jean Bodin and Renaissance Science. Princeton.Google Scholar
Boureau, Alain. 1988. Le simple corps du roi. L'impossible sacralité des souverains francais. Paris.Google Scholar
Bredekamp, Horst. 1995. The Lure of Antiquity and the Cult of the Machine: The Kunstkammer and the Evolution of Nature, Art and Technology. Trans. Alison, Brown. Princeton.Google Scholar
Burke, Peter. 1967. “A Survey of the Popularity of Ancient Historians.” History and Theory 5:135-52.10.2307/2504511Google Scholar
Burke, Peter. 1969. “Tacitism.” In Tacitus, ed. Dorey, T.A., 149-71. London.Google Scholar
Burke, Peter. 1969. The Renaissance Sense of the Past. New York.Google Scholar
Burke, Peter. 1991. “Tacitism, Scepticism and Reason of State.” In The Cambridge History of Political Thought 1450- 1700, ed. Burns, J.H. and Mark, Goldie, 479-98. Cambridge and New York.Google Scholar
Butterfield, Herbert. 1940. The Statecraft of Machiavelli. London.Google Scholar
Carlino, Andrea. 1999. Books of the Body: Anatomical Ritual and Renaissance Learning. Trans. John, Tedeschi and Anne C., Tedeschi. Chicago and London.Google Scholar
Charron, Pierre. 1968. De la Sagesse. Ed. Amaury, Duval. Rpt. of 1824 ed. 3 vols. Geneva.Google Scholar
Cook, Harold J. 1996. “Physicians and Natural History.” In Cultures of Natural History, ed. Jardine, N., Secord, J.A. and Sparry, E., 91105. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Couzinet, Marie-Dominique. 1996. Histoire etMéthode à la Renaissance: Une lecture de la Methodus dejean Bodin. Paris.Google Scholar
Craig, Harding. 1950. The Enchanted Glass: The Elizabethan Mind in Literature. Oxford.Google Scholar
CroU, Morris W. 1966. Style, Rhetoric and Rhythm. Princeton.Google Scholar
Crouzet, Denis. 1990. “Imaginaire du corps et violence aux temps des troubles de religion.” In Le corps à la Renaissance, ed. Jean, Céard, Marie-Madelaine, Fontaine and Jean-Claude, Margolin, 115-27. Paris.Google Scholar
Cultures of Natural History. 1996. Ed. Jardine, N., Secord, J.A. and Sparry, E.. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Curtius, Ernst Robert. 1967. European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages. Trans. Willard R., Trask. Princeton.Google Scholar
Descartes, René 1970. Discours de la Mithode. Intro, Alain and Paul, Valéry, ed. Samuel S., de Sacy. Paris.Google Scholar
Descimon, Robert and Guery, Alain. 2000. “Un Etat des temps modernes?” In La longue durée de l'Etat (Seuil Histoire de la France, vol. I), ed. Jacques, LeGoff, 209513. Paris.Google Scholar
La disputa delta arti nel Quattrocento. 1947. Ed. Eugenio Garin. Florence.Google Scholar
Dumaître, Paule. 1986. Ambroise Pare“: Chirurgien de quatre rois de France. Paris.Google Scholar
Edelstein, Ludwig. 1967'. Ancient Medicine. Baltimore.Google Scholar
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. 1997. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change: Communication and Cultural Transformations in Early Modern Europe. Pbk. reprint of 1979 ed. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Erasmus, Desiderius. 1997. The Education of a Christian Prince. Trans, and ed. Lisa, Jardine. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Flandrois, Isabelle. 1992. L'Institution du Prince au dibut du XVIIe siècle. Paris.Google Scholar
Franklin, Julian. 1977. Jean Bodin and the Sixteenth-Century Revolution in the Methodology of Law and History. Reprint of 1963 ed. Westport, CN.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 1994. The Order of Things: An Archeology of the Human Sciences. New York.Google Scholar
Fournol, Etienne. 1972. Bodin pridecesseur de Montesquieu. New York.Google Scholar
Fumaroli, Marc. 1980. L'âge de l'éloquence: Rhitorique et “res literaria“de la Renaissance au seuil de I'époque classique. Geneva.Google Scholar
Galen, . 1979. On Prognosis. Ed. and trans. Vivian, Nutton. Berlin.Google Scholar
Galen, . 1985. Three Treatises on the Nature of Science, On the Sect for the Beginners, An Outline of Empiricism, On Medical Experience. Trans. Richard, Walzer and Michael, Frede. Indianapolis.Google Scholar
Galen, . 1988. On Examinations by Which the Best Physicians are Recognized. Edition of the Arabic Version with English Translation and Commentary. Ed. Albert Z., Iskander. Berlin.Google Scholar
Gauchet, Marcel. 1985. Le disenchantement du monde. Une histoire politique de la religion. Paris.Google Scholar
Gesner, Conrad. 1542. Catalogus plantorum. Zürich.Google Scholar
Gesner, Conrad. 1551-54. Historic animalium. 4 vols. Zürich.Google Scholar
Geyer-Kordesch, Johanna. “Court Physicians and State Regulation in Eighteen th-century Prussia: TheEmergence of Medical Science and the Demystification of the Body.” in Medicine at the Courts, 155-81.Google Scholar
Giesey, Ralph E. 1960. The Royal Funeral Ceremony in Renaissance France. Geneva.Google Scholar
Glacken, Clarence J. 1967. Traces on the Rhodian Shore: Nature and Culture in Western Thought from Ancient Times to the End of the Eighteenth Century. Berkeley.Google Scholar
Grafton, Anthony T. 1999. Cardano's Cosmos: The Worlds and Works of a Renaissance Astrologer. Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Greenleaf, W.H. 1964. Order, Empiricism and Politics: Two Traditions of English Political Thought 1500-1700. Oxford and London.Google Scholar
Hanley, Sarah. 1983. The Lit de Justice of the Kings of France: Constitutional Ideology in Legend, Ritual, and Discourse. Princeton.Google Scholar
Heninger, S.K. 1974. Touches of Sweet Harmony: Pythagorian Cosmology and Renaissance Poetics. San Marino, CA.Google Scholar
Héroard, Jean. 1609. De ['institution du prince. Paris.Google Scholar
Héroard, Jean. 1989. Journal. 2 vols. Ed. Madeleine, Foisil. Paris.Google Scholar
Histoire de la midecine et du livre médical. 1962. Ed. André, Hahn and Paule, Dumaitre. Paris.Google Scholar
Hobbes, Thomas. 1997. Leviathan. Ed. Richard, Tuck. Cambridge and New York.Google Scholar
Hotman, Francois. La Gaule francaise. 1991. Reprint of Cologne 1574 ed. Ed. Antione, Leca. Reprint of 1574 ed. Aix-en-Provence.Google Scholar
Hotman, Francois. 1972. Francogallia. Ed. Ralph E., Giesey and Salmon, J.H.M, trans. Salmon, J.H.M. Cambridge.Google Scholar
James, I of England. 1918. The Political Works of James I. Ed. Mcllwain, C.H.. Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Kantorowicz, Ernst H. 1957. The King's Two Bodies: A Study in Medieval Political Theology. Princeton.Google Scholar
Kelley, Donald. 1970. The Foundations of Modern Historical Scholarship: Language, Law, and History in the French Renaissance. New York.Google Scholar
Kelley, Donald. 1973. “The Development and Context of Bodin's Method.” In Jean Bodin: Verhandlungen der Internationalen Bodin Tagung, ed. H., Denzer, 123-50. Munich.Google Scholar
Kelley, Donald. 1984. History, Law and the Human Sciences. London.Google Scholar
Kelley, Donald. 1990. “Altera natura: The Idea of Custom in Historical Perspective.” In New Perspectives on Renaissance Thought: Essays on the History of Science, Education and Philosophy, John, Henry and Sarah, Hutton, eds., 83 100. London.Google Scholar
La, Framboisière, Abraham-Nicolas, Sieur de. 1624. Les CEuvresdeLaFramboisière où sont Méthodiquement descrites, THistoire du Monde, la Medecine, la Chirurgie, & la Pharmacie, pour la conservation de la Santi, laguerison des Maladies internes externes. Avec lesArs Liberaux, par le moyen desquels on acquiert les Graces d'entendre, de bien dire, & d'heureusementvivre. Paris.Google Scholar
La, Framboisière, Abraham-Nicolas, Sieur de. 1631. Qiuvres. Paris.Google Scholar
Le Maistre, Rodolphe. 1613a. La Sagesse des Anciens Philosophes. Paris.Google Scholar
Le Maistre, Rodolphe. 1613b. L'Institution du Prince. Ensemble La Sagesse des Anciens. Paris.Google Scholar
Le Maistre, Rodolphe. 1614. La Santé du Prince. Ou le soing qu'on y doibt observer. Paris.Google Scholar
Le Maistre, Rodolphe. 1616. Le Tibère Francais, ou les six Premiers livres des Annales de Cornelius Tacitus. Paris.Google Scholar
Le Maistre, Rodolphe. 1628. Les Divins Mystères de la Philosophic Platonique. Sommairement rapportez à la Sagesse de Pythagoras. Paris.Google Scholar
Lestringant, Frank. 1993. Ecrire le monde à la Renaissance. Caen.Google Scholar
Lewis, C.S. 1964. The Discarded Image: An Introduction to Medieval and Renaissance Literature. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Lloyd, G.E.R. 1996. “Theories and Practices of Demonstration in Galen.” In Rationality in Greek Thought, ed. Michael, Frede and Gisela, Striker, 254- 77. Oxford.Google Scholar
Lovejoy, Arthur O. 1971. The Great Chain of Being: The History of an Idea. Pbk. reprint of 1936 ed., Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Machiavelli, Niccolò. 1553. Le Prince. Trans. Guillaume, Cappel. Paris.Google Scholar
Machiavelli, Niccolò. 1983. The Discourses. London.Google Scholar
Marin, Louis. 1981. Le portrait du roi. Paris.Google Scholar
Mattioli, Andrea. 1572. Commentaires sur les six premiers livres de Dioscorides. Trans. Antoine du, Pinet. Lyon.Google Scholar
The Medical World of Early Modern France. 1997. Ed. Laurence Brockliss and Colin Jones. Oxford.Google Scholar
Medicine at the Courts of Europe 1500-1837- 1990. Ed. Vivian Nutton. London and New York.Google Scholar
Merlin-Kajman, Hélène. 2000. L'absolutisme dans les lettres et la théorie des deux corps. Passions et politique. Paris.Google Scholar
Mesnard, Pierre. 1977. Lessor de la philosophic politique au XVIe siècle. Pbk. reprint of 1928 ed. Paris.Google Scholar
Miller, Peter. 2000. Peiresc's Europe: Learning and Virtue in the Seventeenth Century. New Haven.Google Scholar
Momigliano, Arnaldo. 1947. “The First Political Commentary on Tacitus.” Journal of Roman Studies 37:91101.Google Scholar
Momigliano, Arnaldo. 1985. Tra Storia estoricismo. Pisa.Google Scholar
Momigliano, Arnaldo. 1990. The Classical Foundations of Modern Historiography. Berkeley.Google Scholar
Morineau, Dominique. 1988. “La Réception des historiens anciens dans l'historiographie francaise, fin XVIIe — ddbut XVIIIe siècle.” Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Paris- IV.Google Scholar
Mousnier, Roland. 1955. “L'opposition politique bourgeoise à la fin du XVIe siècle et au début du XVIIe siècle: L'oeuvre de Louis Turquet de Mayerne.” Revue Historique. 79:1-20. Reprinted in Mousnier, Roland. 1990. La plume, la faucille et le marteau. 57 75. Paris.Google Scholar
Nutton, Vivian. 1972. “Galen and Medical Autobiography.” Proceeedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 198:50 62. Reprint in Nutton, Vivian. 1988. From Democedes to Harvey: Studies in the History of Medicine, Chapter I. London.Google Scholar
Oestreich, Gerhard. 1982. Neostoicism and the Early Modern State. Ed. Brigitta, Oestreich and Koenigsberger, H.G., trans. David, McLintock. Cambridge.Google Scholar
O'Malley, C. D. 1964. Andreus Vesalius of Brussels 1514-1564. Berkeley and Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Paré, Ambroise. 1614. CEuvres. Paris.Google Scholar
Paracelsus, . 1941. Paracelsus. Die Geheimnise. Ein Lesebuck aus seinen Schriften. Ed. Will Erich, Peuckert. Leipzig.Google Scholar
Pintard, René. 1983. Le libertinage irudit dans la première moitii du XVIIe siècle. Geneva-Paris.Google Scholar
Richelieu, Armand du Plessis, Cardinal. 1995. Testament Politique. Ed. Francoise Hildesheimer Paris.Google Scholar
Rowland, Ingrid D. 2001. “Star Trek.” New York Review of Books 158:2936.Google Scholar
Salmon, J.H.M. 1973. “Bodin and the Monarchomachs.” In Verhandlungen der internationalen Bodin Tagung, ed Horst Denzer. 359-78. Beck, C.H..Google Scholar
Salmon, J.H.M. 1980. “Cicero and Tacitus in Sixteenth Century France.” American Historical Review 85:307-31.10.2307/1860558Google Scholar
Salmon, J.H.M. 1987. Renaissance and Revolt: Essays in the Intellectual and Social History of Early Modern France. Cambridge.10.1017/CBO9780511562792Google Scholar
Salutati, Coluccio. 1947. De nobilitate legum et medicina de verecundia. Trans and ed. Eugenio Garin Florence.Google Scholar
Schellhase, Kenneth. 1976. Tacitus in Renaissance Political Thought. Chicago and London.Google Scholar
Siraisi, Nancy. 1990. Medieval and Early Renaissance Medicine: An Introduction to Knowledge and Practice. Chicago and London.Google Scholar
Siraisi, Nancy. 1991. “Girolamo Cardano and the Art of Medical Narrative.” Journal of the History of Ideas 52:581602.Google Scholar
Siraisi, Nancy. 2000. “Anatomizing the Past.” Renaissance Quarterly 53:130.10.2307/2901531Google Scholar
Soil, Jacob. 1997. “Amelot de La Houssaye and the Tacitean Tradition in France.” Translation and Literature 6:186202.Google Scholar
Soil, Jacob. 1998. “The Scholarship of the Saeculum: Tacitism, History and Prudence in Early Modern France.” Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Cambridg University.Google Scholar
Soil, Jacob. 2000. “Amelot de La Houssaie (1634-1706) Annotates Tacitus.” Journal of the History of Ideas 61:167- 87.Google Scholar
Sparry, Emma. 1996. “Political, Natural and Bodily Economies.” In Cultures of Natural History, 178-96.Google Scholar
Spini, Giorgio. 1948. “I trattatisti dell’ arte storica nella Controriforma italiana.” In Contributi alia storia del Concilio di Trento e della Controriforma (Quaderni di “Belfagor,” I), ed. Eugenio Garin, 109-44 Florence.Google Scholar
Stackelburg, Jürgen von. 1960. Tacitus in der Romania: Studien zur literarischen Rezeption des Tacitus in Italien und Frankreich. Tübingen.Google Scholar
Tacitus, Cornelius. 1581. C. Cornelii Taciti opera omnia. Ed. Justus Lipsius Antwerp.Google Scholar
Theveneau, Adam. 1607. Morales. L'institution du jeuneprince. Paris.Google Scholar
Toffanin, Giuseppe. 1972. Machiavelli e il “Tacitismo “: la “politica storica “ al tempo della Controriforma. Naples.Google Scholar
Tooley, Marian J. 1953. “Bodin and the Mediaeval Theory of Climate.” Speculum 28:6481.Google Scholar
Trevor-Roper, Hugh. 1990. “The Court Physician and Paracelsianism.” In Medicine at the Courts, 79-94.Google Scholar
Tuck, Richard. 1993. Philosophy and Government. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Turquet de Mayerne, Theodore. 1701. Opera medica. London.Google Scholar