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La critique d’ad hocité en économie. L’exemple des théories de la croissance*
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 17 August 2016
Résumé
La critique d’ad hocité est courante en économie, mais elle reste confuse, reposant aussi bien sur des arguments d’ordre heuristique (fondements microéconomiques), que sur des arguments d’ordre empirique (ajustement d’une théorie aux faits). Si l’épistémologie d’inspiration poppérienne fourni des définitions utiles, quoique discutables, de l’ad hocité, une revue de quelques commentaires récents révèle un autre sens attribué par les économistes: une hypothèse qui manque de fondements empiriques tout en étant essentielle à la dérivation des certaines conclusions. Nous cherchons ensuite à déterminer dans quelle mesure les théories de la croissance endogène sont exposées à la critique d’ad hocité. Tout d’abord, s’il est impossible d’affirmer que certaines hypothèses communes à tous les modèles (rendements constants dans la production et forme des fonctions d’utilité) sont ad hoc d’un point de vue empirique ou heuristique, la véritable critique qui peut leur être adressée relève plutôt d’un manque de réalisme. Ensuite, la tentative d’ajustement du modèle néoclassique à l’absence de convergence internationale illustre la difficile application de l’ad hoc dans son acception empirique. Enfin, l’utilisation de l’agent représentatif dans les modèles de croissance en concurrence imparfaite est évaluée à la lumière d’une définition heuristique de l’ad hocité.
Summary
The criticism of adhocness is commonplace in economics, sometimes relying on heuristic arguments, sometimes on empirical arguments. If the Popperian epistemology provides useful, although debatable, concepts of ad hocness, a review of some recent comments reveals a different definition often used by economists: an assumption which lacks empirical content while essential to draw some conclusions. Then, we review criticisms recently addressed to endogenous growth theories. First, it appears that some important assumptions of these models (constant returns to scale in production, and the form of utility functions) are not ad hoc on the basis of the definition provided by the Popperian methodology. The underlying and only rationale of the criticisms stems rather from a lack of realism, which is typical of the general confusion in the debate between realism and adhocness. Second, the adjustment of the neoclassical growth model to the stylized fact of non-convergence exemplifies the difficulties in applying the most Popperian definitions to economics. At last, the heuristic approach to ad hocness proves once more to be useful in interpreting the status of the representative agents in endogenous growth models with monopolistic competition.
Keywords
- Type
- Research Article
- Information
- Recherches Économiques de Louvain/ Louvain Economic Review , Volume 67 , Issue 2 , 2001 , pp. 197 - 223
- Copyright
- Copyright © Université catholique de Louvain, Institut de recherches économiques et sociales 2001
Footnotes
**
MATISSE-SET, Université de Paris I / CNRS, 106-112 Bd de I’Hôpital, 75013 Paris. E-mail: [email protected]
***
C3ED, Université de Versailles - St Quentin, 28 rue du refuge, 78000 Versailles.
*
Les auteurs remercient Philippe Le Gall, Muriel Pucci ainsi que deux rapporteurs anonymes pour leurs remarques et suggestions dont cet article a vivement bénéficié. lis restent, toutefois, seuls responsables d’éventuelles erreurs et insuffisances.
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