Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-20T15:19:44.743Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Professional development in the transition to online teaching: The voice of entrant online instructors

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 July 2017

Müge Adnan*
Affiliation:
Department of Computer Education and Instructional Technology, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey ([email protected])

Abstract

Professional development (PD) is critical for instructors who are adopting new roles and competencies in online teaching environments. This mixed-method study examines an online faculty development programme in Turkey, reflecting upon participants’ expectations, readiness and satisfaction. The findings indicate a significant relationship between individual readiness and satisfaction, and reveal that readiness positively predicts satisfaction. Participants’ reflections demonstrate that, to enhance their traditional roles, they need competencies for online learning environments and active practice in real-life applications. PD is important for introducing the new pedagogies required and for integration of technology, while the adoption of new roles is key to developing competent online instructors who have a positive attitude to online learning.

Type
Regular papers
Copyright
Copyright © European Association for Computer Assisted Language Learning 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Albion, P. R., Tondeur, J., Forkosh-Baruch, A. and Peeraer, J. (2015) Teachers’ professional development for ICT integration: Towards a reciprocal relationship between research and practice. Education and Information Technologies, 20: 655673.Google Scholar
Ally, M. (2011) Foundations of educational theory for online learning. In: Anderson, T. and Fathi, E. (eds.), Theory and practice of online learning. Edmonton, Canada: Athabasca University Press, 331.Google Scholar
Anderson, T., Rourke, L., Garrison, D. and Archer, W. (2001) Assessing teaching presence in a computer conferencing context. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 5(2): 117.Google Scholar
Arinto, P. (2013) A framework for developing competencies in open and distance e-learning. IRRODL, 14(1): 167185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baran, E. and Correia, A. (2014) A professional development framework for online teaching. TechTrends, 58(5): 95101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baran, E., Correia, A. and Thompson, A. (2011) Transforming online teaching practice: critical analysis of the literature on the roles and competencies of online teachers. Distance Education, 32(3): 421439.Google Scholar
Bates, A. and Sangrà, A. (2011) Managing technology in higher education: Strategies for transforming teaching and learning. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass/John Wiley & Co.Google Scholar
Bates, A.W. (2000) Managing technological change: Strategies for college and university leaders. Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Baumann, U., Shelley, M., Murphy, L. and White, C. (2008) New challenges: The role of the tutor in the teaching of languages at a distance. Distances et savoirs, 3(6): 365392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beqiri, M. S., Chase, N. M. and Bishka, A. (2009) Online course delivery: An empirical investigation of factors affecting student satisfaction. Journal of Education for Business, 85(2): 95100.Google Scholar
Berge, Z. (1995) The role of the online instructor/facilitator. Educational Technology, 35(1): 2230.Google Scholar
Berge, Z. L. (2001) New roles for learners and teachers in online education. http://its.fvtc.edu/langan/BB6/BergeZane2000.pdf Google Scholar
Campbell, A. (2016) Talking point : Flexible targeted online staff development that works. Journal of Interactive Media in Education, 1(3): 110.Google Scholar
Comas-Quinn, A. (2011) Learning to teach online or learning to become an online teacher: An exploration of teachers’ experiences in a blended learning course. ReCALL, 23(3): 218232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Comas-Quinn, A., de los Arcos, B. and Mardomingo, R. (2012) Virtual learning environments (VLEs) for distance language learning: Shifting tutor roles in a contested space for interaction. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 25(2): 129143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Compton, L. (2009) Preparing language teachers to teach language online: A look at skills, roles, and responsibilities. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 22(1): 7399.Google Scholar
Creswell, J. (2002) Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Creswell, J. W., Klassen, A. C., Plano Clark, V. L. and Smith, K. C. (2011) Best practices for mixed methods research in the health sciences. National Institutes of Health. http://obssr.od.nih.gov/mixed_methods_research CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Creswell, J. W. and Plano Clark, L. (2011) Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Cutrim-Schmid, E. (2010) Developing competencies for using the interactive whiteboard to implement communicative language teaching in the English as a Foreign Language classroom. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 19(2): 159172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cutrim-Schmid, E. (2011) Video-stimulated reflection as a professional development tool in interactive whiteboard research. ReCALL, 23(3): 252270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dooly, M. (2009) New competences in a new era? Examining the impact of a teacher training project. ReCALL, 21(3): 352369.Google Scholar
Ernest, P. and Hopkins, J. (2006) Coordination and teacher development in an online learning environment. CALICO Journal, 23(3): 551568.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feasley, C. and Olgren, C. (1998) Evaluation for distance education. University of Wisconsin-Madison.Google Scholar
Feist, L. (2003) Removing barriers to professional development. THE Journal, 30(11).Google Scholar
Felix, U. (2003) An orchestrated vision of language learning online. In: Felix U. (ed.), Language learning online: Towards best practice. Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger, 718.Google Scholar
Garrison, D. R. and Anderson, T. (2003) E-learning in the 21st century: A framework for research and practice. New York: Routledge Falmer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodyear, P., Salmon, G., Spector, J., Steeples, C. and Tickner, S. (2001) Competences for online teaching: A special report. Educational Technology Research and Development, 49(1): 6572.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guasch, T., Alvarez, I. and Espasa, A. (2010) University teacher competencies in a virtual teaching/learning environment: Analysis of a teacher training experience. Teaching and Teacher Education, 26(2): 199206.Google Scholar
Guichon, N. (2009) Training future language teachers to develop online tutors’ competence through reflective analysis. ReCALL, 21(2): 166185.Google Scholar
Guichon, N. and Hauck, M. (2011) Teacher education research in CALL and CMC: More in demand than ever. ReCALL, 23: 187199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gunawardena, C. N. and Duphorne, P. L. (2001) Which learner readiness factors, online features, and CMC related learning approaches are associated with learner satisfaction in computer conferences? Seattle, WA: American Educational Research Association.Google Scholar
Gülbahar, Y. (2012) Study of developing scales for assessment of the levels of readiness and satisfaction of participants in e-learning environments. Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences, Ankara University , 45(2): 119137.Google Scholar
Hampel, R. (2006) Rethinking task design for the digital age: A framework for language teaching and learning in a synchronous online environment. ReCALL, 18(1): 105121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hampel, R. and Stickler, U. (2005) New skills for new classrooms: Training tutors to teach languages online. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 18(4): 311326.Google Scholar
Hanson, W. E., Creswell, J. W., Plano Clark, V. L., Petska, K. S. and Creswell, J. D. (2005) Mixed methods research designs in counseling psychology. [Special Issue] Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52: 224235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hauck, M. and Stickler, U. (2006) What does it take to teach online? CALICO Journal, 23(3): 463475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hesse-Biber, S. N. (2010) Mixed method research; Merging theory with practice. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Hoppe, D. W. Jr. (2015) Addressing faculty readiness for online teaching. D2L. https://www.d2l.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Addressing-Faculty-Readiness_BestPracticesPaper_Final.pdf Google Scholar
Hubbard, P. and Levy, M. (eds.) (2006) Teacher education in CALL. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Ilgaz, H. and Gülbahar, Y. (2015) A snapshot of online learners: e-Readiness, e-Satisfaction and expectations. IRRODL, 16(2).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koehler, M. J. and Mishra, P. (2009) What is technological pedagogical content knowledge? Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education, 9(1): 6070.Google Scholar
Kopcha, T. J. (2012) Teachers’ perceptions of the barriers to technology integration and practices with technology under situated professional development. Computers & Education, 59(4): 11091121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kubanyiova, M. (2009) Possible selves in language teacher development. In: Dörnyei, Z. and Ushioda, E. (eds.), Motivation, language identity and the L2 self. Bristol: Multilingual Matters, 314332.Google Scholar
Laurillard, D. (2002) Rethinking university teaching. London: Routledge Falmer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lu, M. Y., Todd, A. M. and Miller, M. T. (2011) Creating a supportive culture for online teaching: A case study of a faculty learning community. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 14(3).Google Scholar
Machado, C. (2007) Developing an e-readiness model for higher education institutions: Results of a focus group study. British Journal of Educational Technology, 38(1): 7282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miles, M. B. and Huberman, A. M. (1994) Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2nd edn.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.Google Scholar
Mishra, P. and Koehler, M. (2006) Technological pedagogical content knowledge: A framework for teacher knowledge. Teacher College Record, 108(6): 10171054.Google Scholar
Ottenbreit-Leftwich, A. T., Glazewski, K. D., Newby, T. J. and Ertmer, P. A. (2010) Teacher value beliefs associated with using technology: addressing professional and student needs. Computers and Education, 55: 13211335.Google Scholar
Palmer, S. R. and Holt, D. M. (2009) Examining student satisfaction with wholly online learning. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 25(2): 101113.Google Scholar
Patton, M. Q. (1987) How to use qualitative methods in evaluation. Newbury Park: Sage.Google Scholar
Pena, M. and Yeung, A. (2010) Satisfaction with online learning: Does students’ computer competence matter? International Journal of Technology, Knowledge & Society, 6(5): 97108.Google Scholar
Peters, M. (2006) Developing computer competencies for pre-service language teachers. Is one course enough? In: Hubbard, P. and Levy, M. (eds.), Teacher education in CALL. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 152165.Google Scholar
Rapp, C., Gülbahar, Y. and Adnan, M. (2016) e-Tutor: A multilingual open educational resource for faculty development to teach online. The International Review Of Research In Open And Distributed Learning, 17(5).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SLOAN-C (2012) SLOAN-C Online Teaching Certificate. http://sloanconsortium.org/certificate Google Scholar
Smith, T. C. (2005) Fifty-one competencies for online instruction. The Journal of Educators Online, 2(2).Google Scholar
Stein, S. J., Shephard, K. and Harris, I. (2011) Conceptions of e-learning and professional development for e-learning held by tertiary educators in New Zealand. British Journal of Educational Technology, 42: 145165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephen, M., Mutula, S. M. and Brakel, P. (2006) An evaluation of e-readiness assessment tools with respect to information access: Towards an integrated information rich tool. International Journal of Information Management, 26: 212223.Google Scholar
Stickler, U. and Hampel, R. (2007) Designing online tutor training for language courses: A case study. Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning, 22(1): 7585.Google Scholar
Swan, K. (2001) Virtual interaction: Design factors affecting student satisfaction and perceived learning in asynchronous online courses. Distance Education, 22(2): 306331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tait, A. (2000) Planning student support for open and distance learning. Open Learning, 15: 287299.Google Scholar
Thompson, W. F., Chuang, H. and Sahin, I. (2007) Faculty mentoring: The power of students in developing expertise. Charlotte, NC: IAP.Google Scholar
Volk, B. and Keller, S. A. (2010) The “Zurich E-Learning Certificate”: A role model for the acquirement of e-competence for academic staff and an example of a practical implementation. European Journal of Open, Distance and E-Learning, 1. http://www.eurodl.org/materials/contrib/2010/Volk_Keller.pdf Google Scholar
Watkins, R., Leigh, D. and Triner, D. (2004) Assessing readiness for e-learning. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 17(4): 6679.Google Scholar
Weber, R. P. (1990) Basic content analysis (2nd edn.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, C. (2003) New learners in new learning spaces: New challenges for distance language learning? Independent Language Learning Conference. Milton Keynes: Open University.Google Scholar
White, C. and Ding, A. (2009) Identity and self in e-language teaching. In: Dörnyei, Z. and Ushioda, E. (eds.), Motivation, language identity and the L2 self. Bristol: Multilingual Matters, 333349.Google Scholar
Whyte, S. (2011) Learning to teach with videoconferencing in primary foreign language classrooms. ReCALL, 23(3): 271293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yıldırım, A. and Şimşek, H. (1999) Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin.Google Scholar
Yurdugül, H. and Sırakaya, D.A. (2013) The scale of online learning readiness: A study of validity and reliability. Education and Science, 38(169): 391406.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Adnan supplementary material

Appendix

Download Adnan supplementary material(File)
File 52.1 KB