Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-03T01:15:47.322Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Solar Modulation Effects in Terrestrial Production of Carbon-14

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 July 2016

Giuliana Castagnoli
Affiliation:
Laboratorio de Cosmo-geophysica, Torino 10133, Italy
Devendra Lal
Affiliation:
Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380 009, India
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

This paper is concerned with the expected deviations in the production rate of natural 14C on the earth due to changes in solar activity. We review the published estimates of the global production rates of 14C due to galactic and solar cosmic ray particles, and present new estimates of the expected secular variations in 14C production, taking into account the latest information available on galactic cosmic ray modulation and long-term variations in solar activity.

Type
Natural 14C Variations
Copyright
Copyright © The American Journal of Science 

References

Agrawal, S P, Ananth, A G, Bemalkhedkar, M M, Kargathra, L V, and Rao, U R, 1974, High energy cosmic ray intensity increases of non-solar origin and the unusual forbush decrease of August 1972: Jour Geophys Research, v 79, no. 16, p 22692280.Google Scholar
Arnold, J R and Anderson, E C, 1957, The distribution of carbon-14 in nature: Tellus, v 9, p 2832.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnold, J R, Honda, M, and Lal, Devendra, 1961, Record of cosmic-ray intensity in the meteorites: Jour Geophys Research, v 66, p 35193532.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Audouze, J, Epherre, M, and Reeves, H, 1967, Survey of experimental cross sections for proton-induced spallation reactions in He, C, N and O, in Shen, B S P, ed, High energy nuclear reactions in astrophysics: New York, W A Benjamin Inc, p 255271.Google Scholar
Axford, W I, 1972, The interaction of the solar-wind with the interstellar medium, in Sonett, C P, Coleman, Jr, P J, and Wilcox, J M, eds, Conference ‘Solar Wind’, Proc: Washington, DC, NASA-SP-308, p 609.Google Scholar
Badhwar, G D and Golden, R L, 1979, Solar modulation of protons and alpha particles at rigidities of 4-10 GV/C, in Internatl cosmic ray conf, 16th, Proc: MG3-11, v 3, p 249253.Google Scholar
Bastian, T S, McKibben, R B, Pyle, K R, and Simpson, J A, 1979, The radial dependence of the mean scattering length of energetic particles in interplanetary space, in Internatl cosmic ray conf, 16th, Proc: SP 7-9, v 5, p 338343.Google Scholar
Begemann, F, 1972, Argon 37/Argon 39 activity ratios in meteorites and the spatial constancy of the cosmic radiation: Jour Geophys Research, v 77, no. 20, p 36503659.Google Scholar
Bhandari, N, Bhattacharya, S K, and Padia, J T, 1976, Solar proton fluxes during the last million years: Lunar sci conf, 7th, Proc, p 513523.Google Scholar
Bucha, V, 1970, Influence of earth's magnetic field on radio-carbon dating, in Olsson, I U, ed, Radiocarbon variations and absolute chronology, Nobel symposium, 12th, Proc: New York, John Wiley and Sons, p 501511.Google Scholar
Craig, Harmon, 1957, The natural distribution of radiocarbon and the exchange time of carbon dioxide between atmosphere and sea: Tellus, v 9, p 117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cox, A, 1968, Lengths of geomagnetic polarity reversals: Jour Geophys Research, v 73, p 32473260.Google Scholar
Damon, P E, Lerman, J C, and Long, Austin, 1978, Temporal fluctuations of atmospheric 14C: Causal factors and implications: Ann Rev Earth Planetary Sci, v 6, p 457494.Google Scholar
Damon, P E, Long, Austin, and Grey, D C, 1970, Arizona radiocarbon dates for dendochronologically dated samples, in Olsson, I U, ed, Radiocarbon variations and absolute chronology, Nobel Symposium, 12th, Proc: New York, John Wiley and Sons, 615618.Google Scholar
Dicke, R H, 1978, Is there a chronometer hidden deep in the sun?: Nature, v 276, no. 5869, p 676680.Google Scholar
Duggal, S P, 1979, Relativistic solar cosmic rays: Rev Geophys Space Physics, v 17, no. 5, p 10211058.Google Scholar
Eddy, J A, 1976, The Maunder Minimum: Science, v 192, p 11891202.Google Scholar
Eddy, J A 1977, Climate and the changing sun: Climatic Change, v 1, p 173190.Google Scholar
Feynman, J and Crooker, N U, 1978, The solar wind at the turn of the century: Nature, v 275, p 626627.Google Scholar
Filipowsky, R F and Muehldorf, E I, 1970, Space communications systems: Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice-Hall Inc. Google Scholar
Fireman, E L, DeFelice, J, and D'Amico, J, 1976, Solarwind 3H and 14C abundances and solar surface processes: Lunar sci conf, 7th, Proc, p 525531.Google Scholar
Fireman, E L, DeFelice, J, and D'Amico, J 1977, 14C in lunar soil: Temperature-release and grain-size dependence: Lunar sci conf, 8th, Proc, p 37493754.Google Scholar
Forman, M A and Schaeffer, O A, 1979, Cosmic ray intensity over long time scales: Rev Geophys Space Physics, v 17, no. 4, p 552560.Google Scholar
Forman, M A, Schaeffer, O A, and Schaeffer, G A, 1978, Meteoritic evidence for the Maunder Minimum in solar activity: Geophys Research Letters, v 5, no. 3, p 219222.Google Scholar
Garcia-Munoz, M, Mason, G M, and Simpson, J A, 1975, The anomalous 4He component in the cosmic-ray spectrum at 50 MeV per nucleon during 1972-1974: Astrophys Jour, v 202, p 265275.Google Scholar
Garcia-Munoz, M, Mason, G M, and Simpson, J A 1977, New aspects of the cosmic-ray modulation in 1974-1975 near solar minimum: Astrophys Jour, v 213, p 263268.Google Scholar
Hildner, E, 1977, Mass ejections from the solar corona into interplanetary space, in Shea, M A, Smart, D F, and Wu, S T, eds, Study of travelling interplanetary phenomena: Dordrecht, Holland, D Reidel Pub Co, p 321.Google Scholar
Houtermans, J C, Suess, H E, and Oeschger, Hans, 1973, Reservoir models and production rate variations of natural radiocarbon: Jour Geophys Research, v 78, no. 12, p 18971908.Google Scholar
de Jong, A F M, and Mook, W G, 1979, Confirmation of the Suess wiggles 3200-3700 bc: Nature, v 280, p 4849.Google Scholar
King, J H, 1974, Solar proton fluences for 1977-1983 space missions: Jour Spacecraft Rockets, v 11, p 401408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Korff, S A and Mendell, R B, 1970, Variations in radiocarbon production in the earth's atmosphere, in Stuiver, Minze and Kra, Renee, eds, International radiocarbon conf, 10th, Proc: Radiocarbon, v 22, no. 2, p 159165.Google Scholar
Lal, Devendra, 1965, Some aspects of astrophysical studies based on observations of isotopic changes: Internatl conf cosmic rays, Proc: London, p 81.Google Scholar
Lal, Devendra 1972, Hard rock cosmic ray archaeology: Space Sci Rev, v 14, p 3102.Google Scholar
Lal, Devendra 1974, Long term variations in the cosmic ray flux: Royal Soc [London] Philos Trans, ser A, v 277, p 395411.Google Scholar
Lal, Devendra and Peters, B, 1962, Cosmic ray produced isotopes and their application to problems in geophysics, in Wilson, J G and Wouthuysen, S A, eds, Progress in elementary particle and cosmic ray physics, v 4: Amsterdam, North-Holland, p 174.Google Scholar
Lal, Devendra and Peters, B 1967, Cosmic ray produced radioactivity on the earth, in Sitte, K, ed, Encyclopaedia of Physics, v 46/2: New York, Springer, p 551612.Google Scholar
Lal, Devendra and Suess, H E, 1968, The radioactivity of the atmosphere and hydrosphere: Ann Rev Nuclear Sci, v 18, p 407434.Google Scholar
Lal, Devendra and Venkatavaradan, V S, 1967, Activation of cosmic dust by cosmic-ray particles: Earth Planetary Sci Letters, v 3, p 299310.Google Scholar
Lal, Devendra and Venkatavaradan, V S 1970, Analysis of the causes of C14 variations in the atmosphere, in Olsson, I U, ed, Radiocarbon variations and absolute chronology, Nobel symposium, 12th, Proc: New York, John Wiley and Sons, p 549569.Google Scholar
Lanzerotti, L J, 1972, Solar flare particle radiation, in Warman, E A, ed, National symposium on natural and manmade radiation in space, Proc: NASA-TM-X-2440, p 193208.Google Scholar
Lanzerotti, L J 1977, Measures of energetic particles from the sun, in White, O R, ed, The solar output and its variation: Boulder, Colo., Colorado Assoc Univ Press, p 383403.Google Scholar
Lassus, de, St-Genies, C, and Tobailem, J, 1972, Sections efficaces des reactions nucléaires induites par protons, deutons, particules alpha. II. Fluor, neon, sodium and magnesium: Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires de Saclay Rept CEA-N-1466 (2).Google Scholar
Lassus, de, St-Genies, C, and Tobailem, J 1977, Sections efficaces des reactions nucléaires induites par protons, deutons, particules alpha. IV: Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires de Saclay Report CEA-N-1466 (4).Google Scholar
Lerman, J C, Mook, W G, and Vogel, J C, 1970, 14C in tree rings from different localities, in Olsson, I U, ed, Radiocarbon variations and absolute chronology, Nobel symposium, 12th, Proc: New York, John Wiley and Sons, p 275301.Google Scholar
Libby, W F, 1955, Radiocarbon dating, 2nd ed: Chicago, Univ Chicago Press, ix, 175 p.Google Scholar
Light, E S, Merker, M, Verschell, H J, Mendell, R B, and Korff, S A, 1973, Time dependent worldworld distribution of atmospheric neutrons and of their products. 2. Calculation: Jour Geophys Research, v 78, p 27412762.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lingenfelter, R E, 1963, Production of carbon 14 by cosmic-ray neutrons: Rev Geophys, v 1, no. p 3555.Google Scholar
Lingenfelter, R E, and Flamm, E J, 1964, Production of carbon 14 by solar protons: Jour Atmospheric Sci, v 21, no. 2, p 134140.Google Scholar
Lingenfelter, R E and Ramaty, R, 1970, Astrophysical and geophysical variations in 14C production, in Olsson, I U, ed, Radiocarbon variations and absolute chronology, Nobel symposium, 12th, New York, John Wiley and Sons, p 513537.Google Scholar
Lorenzen, J and Brune, D, 1974, Excitation functions for charged particle induced nuclear reactions in light elements at low projectile energies, in Handbook on nuclear activation cross sections: IAEA Tech Rept ser no. 156, p 325474.Google Scholar
Mendell, R B, Verschell, H J, Merker, M, Light, E S, and Korff, S A, 1973, Time dependent worldwide distribution of atmospheric neutrons and or their products. 3. Neutrons from solar protons: Jour Geophys Research, v 78, p 27632778.Google Scholar
Merker, M, Light, E S, Verschell, H J, Mendell, R B, and Korff, S A, 1973, Time dependent worldwide distribution of atmospheric neutrons and of their products I. Fast neutron observations: Jour Geophys Research, v 78, no. 16, p 27272740.Google Scholar
Morfill, G E, Volk, H J, and Lee, M A, 1976, On the effect of directional medium-scale interplanetary variations on the diffusion of galactic cosmic rays and their solar cycle variation: Jour Geophys Research, v 81, no. 34, p 58415852.Google Scholar
Oeschger, Hans, Siegenthaler, Ulrich, Schotterer, Ulrich, and Gugelmann, A, 1975, A box diffusion model to study the carbon dioxide exchange in nature: Tellus, v 27, p 168192.Google Scholar
O'Gallagher, J J, 1975, A time dependent diffusion-convection model for the long–term modulation of cosmic rays: Astrophys Jour, v 197, p 495507.Google Scholar
Pomerantz, M A and Duggal, S P, 1974, The sun and cosmic rays: Rev Geophys Space Physics, v 12, p 343.Google Scholar
Pyle, K R, Simpson, J A, Mihalov, J D, and Wolfe, J H, 1979, Large-scale modulation of galactic cosmic rays and anomalous He observed at 16 A U with Pioneer 10, in Internatl cosmic ray conf, 16th, Proc: SP 7-12, v 5, p 345350.Google Scholar
Raisbeck, G M and Yiou, Françoise. 1980, Temporal variations in cosmogenic 10Be production: Implications for radiocarbon dating, in Stuiver, Minze and Kra, Renee, eds, Internatl radiocarbon conf, 10th, Proc: Radiocarbon, v 22, no. 2, p 245249.Google Scholar
Ramaty, R, Kozlovsky, B, and Lingenfelter, R E, 1975, Solar gamma rays: Space Sci Rev, v 18, p 341388.Google Scholar
Rao, U R, 1976, High energy cosmic ray observations during August 1972: Space Sci Rev, v 19, p 533.Google Scholar
Reedy, R C, 1977, Solar proton fluxes since 1956; Lunar sci conf, 8th, Proc, p 825839.Google Scholar
Revelle, R and Suess, H E, 1957, Carbon dioxide exchange between atmosphere and the ocean and the question of an increase of atmospheric CO2 during the past decades: Tellus, v 8, p 1827.Google Scholar
Schaeffer, O A, 1975, Constancy of galactic cosmic rays in time and space: Internatl cosmic ray conf, 14th, Proc: Munich, v 11, p 35083520.Google Scholar
Simpson, J A, 1978, Charged-particle astronomy in the outer solar system: Astronautics and Aeronautics, v 16, no. 7/8, ASEA 4 16 (7/8), p 96105.Google Scholar
Stuiver, Minze, 1961, Variations in radiocarbon concentration and sunspot activity: Jour Geophys Research, v 66, p 273276.Google Scholar
Stuiver, Minze 1978, Radiocarbon timescale tested against magnetic and other dating methods: Nature, v 273, no. 5660, p 271274.Google Scholar
Stuiver, Minze and Quay, P D, 1980a, Patterns of atmospheric 14C changes, in Stuiver, Minze and Kra, Renee, eds, Internatl radiocarbon conf, 10th Proc: Radiocarbon, v 22, no. 2, p 166176.Google Scholar
Stuiver, Minze and Quay, P D 1980b, Changes in atmospheric carbon-14 attributed to a variable sun: Science, v 207, p 1119.Google Scholar
Suess, H E, 1970a, Bristlecone-pine calibration of the radiocarbon time-scale 5200 bc to the present, in Olsson, I U, ed, Radiocarbon variations and absolute chronology, Nobel symposium, 12th, Proc: New York, John Wiley and Sons, p 303311.Google Scholar
Suess, H E 1970b, The three causes of the secular 14C fluctuations, their amplitudes and time constants, in Olsson, I U, ed, Radiocarbon variations and absolute chronology, Nobel symposium, 12th, Proc: New York, John Wiley and Sons, p 595612.Google Scholar
Suess, H E 1980, The radiocarbon record in tree rings of the last 8000 years, in Stuiver, Minze and Kra, Renee, eds, Internatl radiocarbon conf, 10th, Proc: Radiocarbon, v 22, no. 2, p 200209.Google Scholar
Tanskanen, P J, Kananen, H, and Blomster, K A, 1973, Observations relevant to the August 1972 storm: UAG rept 28, pt II, p 415422.Google Scholar
Tobailem, J, Lassus, de, St Genies, C, and Levesque, L, 1971, Sections efficaces des reactions nucléaires induite par protons, deutons, particules alpha. I. Reactions nucléaires moniteurs: Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires de Saclay rept CEA-N-1466 (1).Google Scholar
Urch, I H and Gleeson, L J, 1972, Galactic cosmic ray modulation from 1965-1970: Astron Space Sci, v 17, p 426446.Google Scholar
Van Hollebeke, M A I, Ma Sung, L S, and McDonald, F B, 1975, The variation of solar proton energy spectra and size distribution with heliolongitude: Solar Physics, v 41, p 189.Google Scholar
de Vries, Hessel, 1958, Variation in concentration of radiocarbon with time and location on earth: Koninkl Ned Akad Wetenschap, Proc, v B61, p 19.Google Scholar
Wahlen, M, Honda, M, Imamura, M, Fruchter, J S, Finkel, R C, Kohl, C P, Arnold, J R, and Reedy, R C, 1972, Cosmogenic nuclides in football sized rocks: Lunar sci conf, 3d, Proc: p 17191732.Google Scholar
Webber, W R and Lezniak, J A, 1974, The comparative spectra of cosmic ray protons and helium nuclei: Astron Space Sci, v 30, p 361.Google Scholar
Webber, W R and Yushak, S M, 1979, Measurements of cosmic ray 2H and 3He nuclei above 100 MeV/nuc using a balloon borne telescope: Internatl cosmic ray conf, 16th, Proc: OG7-3, p 383388.Google Scholar
Wong, C, Anderson, J D, Bloom, S D, McClure, J W, and Walker, B D, 1961, Angular distribution of the ground-state neutrons from the 13C (p, n) 13N and 15N (p, n) 15O reactions: Phys Rev, v 123, p 598.Google Scholar
Wu, S T, Nakagawa, Y, and Dryer, M, 1977, Dynamic modelling of coronal and interplanetary responses to solar events, in Shea, M A, Smart, D F, and Wu, S T, eds, Study of travelling interplanetary phenomena: Dordrecht, Holland, D Riedel Pub Co, p 4362.Google Scholar
Yoshida, S, Akasofu, S I, and Kendall, P C, 1968, Ring current effects on cosmic rays: Jour Geophys Research, v 74, p 897.Google Scholar