Published online by Cambridge University Press: 26 February 2016
In 1992, the Climbing World Finals event in Birmingham attracted around 5,000 spectators to watch 24 males and 16 females compete in two separate competitions for prize money. In this entertainment spectacular, super-fit young athletes climbed walls using artificial hand and footholds, racing against the clock to determine who would claim the title of the world's ‘best’ climber. In the same year, climbing appeared as a demonstration sport at the Albertville Winter Olympics. And also in the same year, the first indoor climbing gymnasium in Australia opened its climbing wall. There are now around 80 operating around the country under the auspices of the Australian Indoor Climbing Gyms Association Incorporated.
1 Morgan, Dan, ‘It Began with the Piton: The Challenge to British Rock Climbing in a Post-Modernist Framework’, Leisure: Modernity, Postmodernity, and Lifestyles, ed. Henry, Ian (Brighton: Leisure Studies Association, 1994), 341–342.Google Scholar
2
See the association's website at <www.austclimbinggyms.com.au>..' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=See+the+association's+website+at+
3 Mermier, C.M., Robergs, R.A., McMinn, S.M., and Hayward, V.H., ‘Energy Expenditure and Physiological Responses During Indoor Rock Climbing’, British Journal of Sports Medicine 31.3 (1997): 224–228.Google Scholar
4 Bollen, S.R. and Wright, V., ‘Radiographic Changes in the Hands of Rock Climbers’, British Journal of Sports Medicine 28.3 (1994): 185–186.Google Scholar
5 Wyatt, J.P., McNaughton, G.W. and Grant, P.T., ‘A Prospective Study of Rock Climbing Injuries’, British Journal of Sports Medicine 30.2 (1996): 148–150; R. Schad, ‘Analysis of Climbing Accidents’, Accident Prevention and Analysis, 32 (2000): 391–396.Google Scholar
6 Jakus, Paul M. and Shaw, W. Douglass, ‘Empirical Analysis of Rock Climbers' Response to Hazard Warnings’, Risk Analysis 16.4 (1996): 581–586.Google Scholar
7 Jack, S.J. and Ronan, K.R., ‘Sensation Seeking Among High- and Low-Risk Sports Participants’, Personality and Individual Differences 25 (1998): 1063–1083.Google Scholar
8 Kelly, P.E. and Larson, D.W., ‘Effects of Rock Climbing on Populations of Presettlement Eastern White Cedar on Cliffs of the Niagara Escarpment, Canada’, Conservation Biology 11.5 (1997): 1125–1132; and R.J. Camp and R.L. Knight, ‘Effects of Rock Climbing on Cliff Plant Communities at Joshua Tree National Park, California’, Conservation Biology 12.6 (1998): 1302–1306.Google Scholar
9 Johnston, Barbara R. and Edwards, Ted, ‘The Commodification of Mountaineering’, Annals of Tourism Research 21.3 (1994): 450–473.Google Scholar
10 Donnelly, Peter ‘Social Climbing: A Case Study of the Changing Class Structure of Rock Climbing and Mountaineering in Britain’, in Studies in the Sociology of Sport, eds Dunleavy, A.O., Miracle, A.W., and Rees, C.R. (Fort Worth: Texas Christian University Press, 1982).Google Scholar
11 Withey, Lynne, Grand Tours and Cook's Tours: A History of Leisure Travel, 1750–1915 (London: Aurum Press, 1998), 214.Google Scholar
12 Tomlinson, Alan, ‘Consumer Culture and the Aura of the Commodity’, in Consumption, Identity and Style: Marketing, Meanings and the Packaging of Pleasure, ed. Tomlinson, Alan (London: Routledge, 1990), 31.Google Scholar
13 Nettlefold, Peter and Stratford, Elaine, ‘The Production of Climbing Landscapes-As-Texts’, Australian Geographical Studies 37.2 (1999): 132.Google Scholar
14 Bricknell, Louise, ‘Leisure? According to Who?’ in Leisure: Modernity, Postmodernity, and Lifestyles, ed. Henry, Ian (Brighton: Leisure Studies Association, 1994), 45.Google Scholar
15 Kiewa, Jacqueline, ‘Climbing to Enchantment: A Study of the Community of Traditional Climbers in Southeast Queensland’, unpublished PhD thesis, Faculty of Business and Commerce, Griffith University, Brisbane, 2000, 383.Google Scholar
16 Withey, 205.Google Scholar
17 Withey, 208; Nettlefold and Stratford, 131.Google Scholar
18 Real, Michael, Supermedia (Newbury Park: Sage, 1989); Nettlefold and Stratford, 131.Google Scholar
19 Stevens, N.C., Queensland Field Geology Guide (Brisbane: Geological Society of Australia, Queensland Division, 1984).Google Scholar
20 Grossberg, Lawrence, ‘Cultural Studies’, a keynote address at the International Communication Association annual conference, Sydney, 11–15 July, 1994.Google Scholar
21 Steele, John G., Aboriginal Pathways in Southeast Queensland and the Richmond River (Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1984).Google Scholar
22 Wise, Reginald, ‘A Climb Up Coonowrim [sic]’, Queenslander, 23 Sep. 1916: 21, 29; Steele, 174; Michelle Grossman and Denise Cuthbert, ‘Forgetting Redfern: Aboriginality in the New Age’, Meanjin 4 (1998): 770–778.Google Scholar
23 Groom, Arthur, ‘Mount Barney's Legend’, Brisbane Courier, 19 Nov. 1932: 19.Google Scholar
24 Lang, J. D., Queensland Australia, 1861.Google Scholar
25 Lang 1861; Mary E. Murray-Prior, ‘An Ascent of Mount Lindsay [sic]’, Queenslander, 1 Nov. 1902; William Gaylard, ‘Mount Lindsay [sic]: Story of a Successful Climb – Some Tense Moments', Brisbane Courier, 2 Aug. 1913: 12; N. C. Hewitt, ‘Mt Lindesay Fatality: Former Ascents Recalled’, Beaudesert Times, 25 Jan. 1929.Google Scholar
26 Murray-Prior, 1902; ‘Traveller’, ‘Mt Lindesay’, Brisbane Courier, 3 Oct. 1923.Google Scholar
27 See Whitehouse, F.W., ‘Early Ascents of the Glasshouses’, Heybob 8 (1966): 74; Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1984).Google Scholar
28 This idea of discourse is drawn from Michel Foucault, The Archaeology of Knowledge (London Tavistock, 1972).Google Scholar
29 Cleare, John, Mountains of the World (New York: Crown, 1975), 16–17.Google Scholar
30 Tomlinson, Alan and Walker, Helen, ‘Holidays for All: Popular Movements, Collective Leisure, and the Pleasure Industry’, in Consumption, Identity and Style, ed. Tomlinson, A. (London: Routledge, 1990), 233.Google Scholar
31 ‘The Mania for Alpine Climbing’, Queenslander, 29 Dec. 1866.Google Scholar
32 ‘The Southern Border’, Queenslander, 1 Apr. 1871.Google Scholar
33 ‘Ascent of Mount Lindsay [sic]’, Brisbane Courier, 18 May 1872.Google Scholar
34 ‘A Trip Up Mount Barney’, Queenslander, 6 Nov. 1886.Google Scholar
35 ‘To the Top of the Glass Mountains’, Queenslander, 12 Jun. 1886.Google Scholar
36 ‘Ascent of Mount Lindsay [sic]’, Queenslander, 26 Jul. 1890. A brief initial report appeared in Brisbane Courier, 14 July 1890.Google Scholar
37 ‘Ascent of Mount Lindsay [sic]’, Brisbane Courier, 15 Jul. 1890; Brisbane Courier, 19 Jul. 1890; Brisbane Observer (the evening ‘Courier’), 26 Jul. 1890.Google Scholar
38 ‘A Day Amongst the Clouds’, Queenslander, 12 May 1894.Google Scholar
39 ‘Where Three Rivers Rise’, Queenslander, 28 Feb. 1895.Google Scholar
40 ‘Mount Bellenden-Ker’, Queenslander, 9 Jul. 1887.Google Scholar
41 ‘A Climb on Hinchinbrook’, Queenslander, 30 Dec. 1893.Google Scholar
42 ‘Bellenden-Ker – A Successful Ascent’, Queenslander, 27 Nov. 1897.Google Scholar
43 ‘The Ascent of Peter Botte’, Queenslander, 1 May 1897.Google Scholar
44 ‘The Bellenden-Ker Expedition’, Queenslander, 12 Oct. 1889.Google Scholar
45 ‘Revisiting Bellenden-Ker’, Queenslander, 27 Feb. 1892.Google Scholar
46 ‘Wild Country and Wild Tribes XIV’, Queenslander, 10 Apr. 1897.Google Scholar
47 ‘Kilima-Njaro Conquered at Last’, Queenslander, 14 Jan. 1888.Google Scholar
48 ‘Ascent of Mount Owen Stanley’, Queenslander, 20 Jul. 1889.Google Scholar
49 ‘Climbing in the New Zealand Alps’, Queenslander, 31 Oct. 1896.Google Scholar
50 ‘Mountaineering in Africa’, Queenslander, 3 Apr. 1897.Google Scholar
51 ‘Ascent of Mt Elias’, Queenslander, 4 Dec. 1897.Google Scholar
52 ‘An Ascent of Mount Lindsay [sic]’, Queenslander, 1 Nov. 1902; ‘Climbing Mount Lindsay [sic]’, Queenslander, 23 Jan. 1904; ‘Successful Ascent of Mt Lindsay [sic]’, Brisbane Courier, 19 May 1910; ‘Mount Lindsay [sic] – Story of a Successful Climb’, Brisbane Courier, 2 Aug. 1913.Google Scholar
53 ‘An Ascent of Mount Barney’, Queenslander, 15 Oct. 1904; ‘A Climb Up Mount Barney’, Queenslander, 20 Jun. 1914.Google Scholar
54 ‘Alpine Climbers’, Blue Mountain Echo, 17 Jan. 1919.Google Scholar
55 ‘Crookneck Climbed By Two Sturdy Queenslanders’, Queenslander, 18 Mar. 1911.Google Scholar
56 ‘A Week-end at Glass-House Mountains’, Queenslander, 1 Jun. 1912.Google Scholar
57 ‘Fresh Worlds to Conquer’, Fassifern Guardian, 14 Jun. 1912.Google Scholar
58 ‘Ascent of Mount Lindesay’, Brisbane Courier, 19 Jul. 1890; ‘Ascent of Mt Lindsay [sic]’, Queenslander, 1 Nov. 1902; ‘Mount Lindsay [sic] – Records of Ascents’, Brisbane Courier, 6 Oct. 1923.Google Scholar
59 ‘Climbing Mount Lindsay [sic]’, Queenslander, 23 Jan. 1904.Google Scholar
60 ‘Ascent of Mount Lindsay [sic]’, Brisbane Courier, Queenslander, 1 Jun. 1910; ‘The Ascent of Mt Lindsay [sic]’, Queenslander, 4 Jun. 1910.Google Scholar
61 ‘A Week-End at Glass-House Mountains’, Brisbane Courier, 1 Jun. 1912.Google Scholar
62 ‘The Mania for Alpine Climbing’, Queenslander, 29 Dec. 1866.Google Scholar
63 ‘Wild Country and Wild Tribes’, Queenslander, 10 Apr. 1897.Google Scholar
64 See ‘To the Top of the Glass Mountains’, Queenslander, 12 Jun. 1886 and the various Wayfarers' reports, including ‘Ascent of Wilson's Peak’, Fassifern Guardian, 8 Aug. 1910.Google Scholar
65 Examples include ‘A Cruise Round Moreton Bay’, Queenslander, 29 Mar. 1873, and ‘Cycling Trip – Warwick to Cunnamulla’, Queenslander, 17 Jul. 1909.Google Scholar
66 Examples include ‘Mountain Climbing is Great Fun’, Sunday Mail, 29 May 1932, ‘Up Among the Peaks – Joys of Mountaineering’, Telegraph, 29 Mar. 1934, and ‘Let's Go Mountaineering’, Queenslander Annual, 4 Nov. 1935.Google Scholar
67 Lack, Clem, ‘Mountain Climbers of Queensland’, Sunday Mail Magazine Section, 10 Jul. 1938.Google Scholar
68 Lack, 1938.Google Scholar
69 Brammall, C. C. D., ‘Australia's Strangest Mountains: The Glass House Mountains of Queensland’, Walkabout, 1 Feb. 1939: 38–41.Google Scholar
70 Kiewa, 398.Google Scholar
71 Bourdieu, Pierre, ‘Sport and Social Class’, Social Science Information 17, 6 (1978); and ‘How Can One Be a Sports Fan?’, in The Cultural Studies Reader, ed. During, S. (London Routledge, 1993).Google Scholar
72 Nina Lowe, ‘Rock-climbing: A Health-Giving Sport for Women’, The Australian Woman's Mirror, 22 Dec. 1931: 22.Google Scholar
73 Nettlefold and Stratford, 137.Google Scholar
74 Demeritt, D., ‘The Nature of Metaphors in Cultural Geography and Environmental History’, Progress in Human Geography 18.2 (1994): 163–185.Google Scholar
75 Waring, Bob, ‘First Ascents of the Steamers’, Heybob 5 (1963): 3–6; Alan Frost, ‘Some Less Frequently Tried Scrambles in the Glasshouses’, Heybob 5 (1964): 49–51.Google Scholar
76 Miller, Keith J, ‘Return to the Himalayas’, Heybob 5 (1964): 16–19.Google Scholar
77 James, David John, Climb When Ready (Victoria Park: Hesperian Press, 1996); Chris Baxter, Editorial in Rock 40 (1999): 3.Google Scholar
78 Hardy, Graham, ‘A Long Abseil’, Heybob 5 (1963): 79–72.Google Scholar
79 Cleare, 96.Google Scholar
80 Kong, L., ‘Popular Music in Geographic Analysis’, Progress in Human Geography 19.2 (1995): 183–198; S. J. Smith, ‘Beyond geography's visible worlds: a cultural politics of music’, Progress in Human Geography 21.4 (1997): 502–529.Google Scholar
81 Withey, , 205.Google Scholar
82 Morgan, , 341–342.Google Scholar
83 Kiewa, , 412–413.Google Scholar
84 See Withey, , 205 and Bricknell, 45.Google Scholar
85 Kiewa, , 383; Shoham, Aviv, Rose, Gregory M. and Kahle, Lynn R., ‘Practitioners of Risky Sports: A Quantitative Examination’, Journal of Business Research 47 (2000): 248.Google Scholar
86 Hebdige, Dick, Subculture: The Meaning of Style (London, Methuen 1979).Google Scholar
87 Gramsci, Antonio, A Gramsci Reader: Selected Writings 1916–1935, ed. Forgacs, David (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1988); Renate Holub, Antonio Gramsci: Beyond Marxism and Postmodernism (London: Routledge, 1992).Google Scholar