Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-18T22:17:43.510Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Tibet forcing of mid-Pleistocene synchronous enhancement of East Asian winter and summer monsoons revealed by Chinese loess record

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 June 2012

Wenxia Han ,
Xiaomin Fang  and
André Berger
Wenxia Han
Affiliation:
Key Lab of Salt Lake Resources and Chemistry, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China Institute of Tibet Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
Xiaomin Fang*
Affiliation:
Institute of Tibet Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
André Berger
Affiliation:
Université Catholique de Louvain, Institut d'Astronomie et de Géophysique G. Lemaître and Center for Earth and Climate Research, 2 Chemin du Cyclotron, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
*
⁎Corresponding author. Fax: + 86 10 6284 9886. Email Address:[email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The mid-Pleistocene transition (MPT) of the global climate system, marked by a shift of previously dominant 41-ka cycles to lately dominant 100-ka cycles roughly in the mid-Pleistocene, is one of the fundamental enigma in the Quaternary climate evolution. The process and origin of the MPT remain of persistent interest and conjecture. Here we present high-resolution astronomically tuned magnetic susceptibility (MS) and grain‐size records from a complete loess–paleosol sequence at Chaona on the central Chinese Loess Plateau. These two proxies are well-known sensitive indicators to the East Asian summer and winter monsoons, respectively. The records reveal a remarkable two-step simultaneous enhancement of the East Asian summer and winter monsoons at 0.9 Ma and 0.64 Ma, respectively, accompanied with an onset of a clear 100-ka cycle at 0.9 Ma and of a final, predominant 100-ka cycle starting at 0.64 Ma. The mid-Pleistocene stepwise rapid uplift of the Tibetan Plateau could be the mechanism driving the simultaneous enhancement of East Asian summer and winter monsoons and the shift of the periodicities during the MPT by complex positive feedbacks.

Keywords

Mid-Pleistocene climatic transitionAsian monsoon evolutionChinese Loess PlateauAstronomical tuningTibetan Plateau uplift forcing
Type
Articles
Information
Quaternary Research , Volume 78 , Issue 2 , September 2012 , pp. 174 - 184
Copyright
University of Washington

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

An, Z.S., Liu, T.S., Lu, Y.C., Porter, S.C., Kukla, G., Wu, X.H., and Hua, Y.M. The long term paleomonsoon variation recorded by the loess–paleosol sequence in Central China. Quaternary International 7, 8 (1990). 91–95.Google Scholar
An, Z.S., Kukla, G., Porter, S.C., and Xiao, J.L. Magnetic susceptibility evidence of monsoon variation on the loess plateau of China over last 130, 000 years. Quaternary Research 36, (1991). 29–36.Google Scholar
An, Z.S., Kukla, G., Porter, S.C., and Xiao, J.L. Late Quaternary dust flow on the Chinese Loess Plateau. Catena 18, (1991). 125–132.Google Scholar
An, Z.S., Huang, Y.S., Liu, W.G., Guo, Z.T., Clemens, S., Li, L., Prell, W., Ning, Y.F., Cai, Y.J., Zhou, W.J., Lin, B.H., Zhang, Q.L., Cao, Y.N., Qiang, X.K., Chang, H., and Wu, Z.K. Multiple expansions of C-4 plant biomass in East Asia since 7 Ma coupled with strengthened monsoon circulation. Geology 33, (2005). 705–708.Google Scholar
Banerjee, S.K., Hunt, C.P., and Liu, X.M. Separation of local signals from the regional paleomonsoon record of the Chinese loess plateau: a rock-magnetic approach. Geophysical Research Letters 20, (1993). 843–846.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berger, A. Long-term variations of daily insolation and Quaternary climatic changes. Journal of Atmospheric Science 35, 12 (1978). 2362–2367.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berger, A. Pleistocene climatic variability at astronomical frequencies. Quaternary International 2, (1989). 1–14.Google Scholar
Berger, W.H., Bickert, T., Schmidt, H., and Wefer, G. Quaternary oxygen isotope record of pelagic foraminiferas: Site 806, Ontong Java Plateau. Berger, MPR and the ‘eccentricity myth’. Proceedings ODP, Scientific Results 130, (1993). Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX. 381–395.Google Scholar
Burg, J.P., Davy, P., Nievergelt, P., Oberli, F., Seward, D., Diao, Z.Z., and Meier, M. Exhumation during crustal folding in the Namche–Barwa syntaxis. Terra Nova 9, (1997). 53–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, P.U., and Pollard, D. Origin of the middle Pleistocene transition by ice sheet erosion of regolith. Paleoceanography 13, (1998). 1–9.Google Scholar
Clemens, S.C. An astronomical tuning strategy for Pliocene sections: implications for global-scale correlation and phase relationships. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 357, (1999). 1949–1973.Google Scholar
Craddock, W.H., Kirby, H., Harkins, N.W., Zhang, H.P., Shi, X.H., and Liu, J.H. Rapid fluvial incision along the Yellow River during headward basin integration. Nature Geoscience 21, (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/NGEO777 Google Scholar
Cui, Z.J., Liu, G.N., and Wu, Y.Q. Discovery and property of the Kunlun-Huanghe Movement. Chinese Science Bulletin 18, (1997). 1986–1989. (in Chinese) Google Scholar
Cui, Z.J., Wu, Y.Q., Liu, G.N., Ge, D.K., Pang, Q.Q., and Xu, Q.H. Research on Kunlun Yellow River tectonic movement. Science in China (Series D) 41, (1998). 592–600.Google Scholar
Ding, Z.L., Yu, Z.W., and Liu, T.S. Progresses of loess research (part III, orbital time scale). Quaternary Science 3, (1991). 336–348. (in Chinese) Google Scholar
Ding, Z.L., Rutter, N.W., Han, J., and Liu, T.S. A coupled environmental system formed at about 2.5 Ma over eastern Asia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 94, (1992). 223–242.Google Scholar
Ding, Z.L., Yu, Z.W., Rutter, N.W., and Liu, T.S. Towards an orbital time scale for Chinese loess deposits. Quaternary Science Reviews 13, (1994). 39–70.Google Scholar
Ding, Z.L., Liu, T.S., Rutter, N.W., Yu, Z.W., Guo, Z.T., and Zhu, R.X. Ice-volume forcing of the East Asia winter monsoon variations in the past 800,000 years. Quaternary Research 44, (1995). 149–159.Google Scholar
Ding, Z.L., Sun, J.M., Rutter, N.W., Rokosh, D., and Liu, T.S. Changes in sand content of loess deposits along a north–south transect of the Chinese Loess Plateau and the implications for desert variations. Quaternary Research 52, (1999). 56–62.Google Scholar
Fang, X.M., Ono, Y., Fukusawa, H., Pan, B.T., Li, J.J., Guan, D.H., Oi, K., Tsukamoto, S., and Torii, T. Asian summer monsoon instability during the past 60,000 years: magnetic susceptibility and pedogenic evidence from the western Chinese Loess Plateau. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 168, (1999). 219–232.Google Scholar
Fang, X.M., Li, J.J., and Van der Voo, R. Rock magnetic and grain size evidence for intensified Asian atmospheric circulation since 800,000 years B.P. related to Tibetan uplift. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 165, (1999). 129–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fang, X.M., Garzione, C., Van der Voo, R., Li, J.J., and Fan, M.J. Flexural subsidence by 29 Ma on the NE edge of Tibet from the magnetostratigraphy of Linxia Basin, China. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 210, (2003). 545–560.Google Scholar
Fang, X.M., Yan, M.D., Van der Voo, R., Rea, D.K., Song, C.H., Pares, J.M., Gao, J.P., Nie, J.S., and Dai, S. Late Cenozoic deformation and uplift of the NE Tibetan plateau: evidence from high-resolution magneto stratigraphy of the Guide Basin, Qinghai Province, China. Geological Society of America Bulletin 117, (2005). 1208–1225.Google Scholar
Flohn, H. Large scale aspects of the summer monsoon in south and East Asia. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan 75, (1957). 180–186.Google Scholar
Harkins, N., Kirby, E., Heimsath, A., Robinson, R., and Reiser, U. Transient fluvial incision in the headwaters of the Yellow River, northeastern Tibet, China. Journal of Geophysical Research 112, (2007). F03S04 http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JF000570 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hays, J.D., Imbrie, J., and Shackleton, N.J. Variations in the earth's orbit: pacemaker of the ice ages. Science 194, (1976). 1121–1132.Google Scholar
Hetzel, R., Niedermann, S., Tao, M., Kubik, P.W., and Strecker, M.R. Climatic versus tectonic control on river incision at the margin of NE Tibet: 10Be exposure dating of river terraces at the mountain front of the Qilian Shan. Journal of Geophysical Research 111, (2006). F03012 http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JF000352 Google Scholar
Huybers, P., and Wunsch, C. Obliquity pacing of the late Pleistocene glacial terminations. Nature 434, (2005). 491–494.Google Scholar
Jin, H.Y., and Jian, Z.M. Paleoclimatic instability during the mid-Pleistocene transition: implications from foraminiferal stable isotope at ODP Site 1144, Northern South China Sea. Advances in Earth Science 22, 9 (2007). 914–921.Google Scholar
Kissel, C., Laj, C., Clemens, S., and Solheid, P. Magnetic signature of environmental changes in the last 1.2 Myr at ODP site 1146, South China Sea. Marine Geology 201, (2003). 119–132.Google Scholar
Kitamura, A., and Kawagoe, T. Eustatic sea-level change at the Mid Pleistocene climate transition: new evidence from the shallow-marine sediment record of Japan. Quaternary Science Reviews 25, (2006). 323–335.Google Scholar
Kukla, G., and An, Z.S. Loess stratigraphy in central China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 72, (1989). 203–225.Google Scholar
Kukla, G., Heller, F., Liu, X., Xu, T.C., Liu, T.S., and An, Z.S. Pleistocene climate in China dated by magnetic susceptibility. Geology 16, (1988). 811–814.Google Scholar
Kutzbach, J.E., Guetter, P.J., Ruddiman, W.F., and Prell, W.L. Sensitivity of climate to Late Cenozoic Uplift in Southern Asia and the American West: numerical experiments. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 94, (1989). 18393–18407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laskar, J., Robutel, P., Joutel, F., Gastineau, M., Correia, A.C.M., and Levrard, B. A long-term numerical solution for the insolation quantities of the Earth. Astronomy and Astrophysics 428, (2004). 261–285.Google Scholar
Lawrence, K.T., Liu, Z.H., and Herbert, T.D. Evolution of the eastern tropical Pacific through Plio–Pleistocene glaciation. Science 312, (2006). 79–83.Google Scholar
Lei, Y.L., Zhong, D.K., and Ji, J.Q. Fission track evidence for two Pleistocene uplift exhumation events in the Eastern Himalayan syntaxis. Quaternary Sciences 28, (2008). 584–590. (in Chinese) Google Scholar
Li, J.J. The environmental-effects of the uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Quaternary Science Reviews 10, (1991). 479–483.Google Scholar
Li, J., Wen, S., Zhang, Q., Wang, F., Zheng, B., and Li, B. Discussion on the period, amplitude and type of the uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Scientia Sinica 22, (1979). 1314–1328.Google Scholar
Li, J.J., Fang, X.M., Van der Voo, R., Zhu, J.J., MacNiocaill, C., Ono, Y., Pan, B.T., Zhong, W., Wang, J.L., Sasaki, T., Zhang, Y.T., Cao, J.X., Kang, S.C., and Wang, J.M. Magnetostratigraphic dating of river terraces: rapid and intermittent incision by the Yellow River of the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau during the Quaternary. Journal of Geophysical Research, Solid Earth 102, (1997). 10121–10132.Google Scholar
Lisiecki, L.E. Links between eccentricity forcing and the 100,000-year glacial cycle. Nature Geoscience 3, (2010). 349–352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo828 Google Scholar
Lisiecki, L.E., and Lisiecki, P.A. Application of dynamic programming to the correlation of paleoclimate records. Paleoceanography 17, (2002). 1049 http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001PA000733 Google Scholar
Liu, T.S. Loess and the Environment. (1985). Chinese Ocean Press, Beijing. 251 pp.Google Scholar
Liu, T.S., and Ding, Z.L. Stepwise coupling of monsoon circulations to global ice volume variations during the late Cenozoic. Global and Planetary Change 7, (1993). 119–130.Google Scholar
Liu, T.S., and Ding, Z.L. Chinese loess and the paleomosoon. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 26, (1998). 111–145.Google Scholar
Liu, T.S., Ding, Z.L., Yu, Z.W., and Rutter, N. Susceptibility time series of the baoji section and the bearings on paleoclimatic periodicities in the last 2.5 Ma. Quaternary International 17, (1993). 33–38.Google Scholar
Liu, X., Rolph, T., Bloemendal, J., Shaw, J., and Liu, T.S. Quantitative estimates of palaeoprecipitation at Xifeng, in the Loess Plateau of China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 113, (1995). 243–248.Google Scholar
Liu, D.L., Fang, X.M., Song, C.H., Dai, S., Zhang, T., Zhang, W.L., Miao, Y.F., Liu, Y.Q., and Wang, J.Y. Stratigraphic and paleomagnetic evidence of mid-Pleistocene rapid deformation and uplift of the NE Tibetan Plateau. Tectonophysics 486, (2010). 108–119.Google Scholar
Lu, H.Y., and An, Z.S. Paleoclimate study on loess grain size of the Chinese Loess Plateau. Science in China (Series D) 28, 3 (1998). 278–283.Google Scholar
Lü, L.Q., Fang, X.M., Mason, J.A., Li, J.J., and An, Z.S. The evolution of coupling of Asian winter monsoon and high latitude climate of Northern Hemisphere—grain evidence from 8.1 Ma loess-red clay sequence on the Chinese central Loess Plateau. Science in China (Series D) 44, (2001). 185–191.Google Scholar
Lu, H.Y., Zhang, F., and Liu, X.D. Patterns and frequencies of the East Asian winter monsoon variations during the past million years revealed by wavelet and spectral analyses. Global and Planetary Change 35, 1–2 (2002). 67–74.Google Scholar
Lu, H.Y., Zhang, F., Liu, X.D., and Duce, R.A. Periodicities of palaeoclimatic variations recorded by loess–paleosol sequences in China. Quaternary Science Reviews 23, 18–19 (2004). 1891–1900.Google Scholar
Ma, Y.Z., Wu, F.L., Fang, X.M., Li, J.J., An, Z.S., and Wang, W. Pollen record from red clay sequence in the central Loess Plateau between 8.10 and 2.60 Ma. Chinese Science Bulletin 50, (2005). 2234–2243.Google Scholar
Maher, B.A., and Thompson, R.H. Mineral magnetic record of the Chinese loess and paleosols. Geology 19, (1991). 3–6.Google Scholar
Mailler, S., and Lott, F. Dynamical influence of the Tibetan Plateau on the winter monsoon over Southeastern Asia. Geophysical Research Letters 36, (2009). L06708 http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008GL036952 Google Scholar
Manabe, S., and Terpstra, T.B. The effects of mountains on the general circulation of the atmosphere as identified by numerical experiments. Journal of Atmospheric Science 31, (1974). 3–42.Google Scholar
Marlow, J.R., Lange, C.B., Wefer, G., and Rosell-Mele, A. Upwelling intensification as part of the Pliocene–Pleistocene climate transition. Science 290, (2000). 2288–2291.Google Scholar
Milankovitch, M. Mathematische Klimalehre und astronomishe Theorie der Klimaschwankungen. Koppen, W., and Geiger, R. Handbuch der Klimatologie. (1930). Gebruder Borntraeger, Berlin, I(A). 1–76.Google Scholar
Mudelsee, M., and Schulz, M. The Mid-Pleistocene climate transition: onset of 100 ka cycle lags ice volume build-up by 280 ka. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 151, (1997). 117–123.Google Scholar
Mudelsee, M., and Stattegger, K. Exploring the structure of the mid Pleistocene revolution with advanced methods of time series analysis. Geologische Rundschau 86, (1997). 499–511.Google Scholar
Pan, B.T., Gao, H.S., Wu, G.J., Li, J.J., Li, B.Y., and Ye, Y.G. Dating of erosion surface and terraces in the eastern Qilian Shan, northwest China. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 32, (2007). 143–154.Google Scholar
Passey, B.H., Ayliffe, L.K., Kaakinen, A., Zhang, Z.Q., Eronen, J.T., Zhu, Y.M., Zhou, L.P., Cerling, T.E., and Fortelius, M. Strengthened East Asian summer monsoons during a period of high-latitude warmth? Isotopic evidence from Mio-Pliocene fossil mammals and soil carbonates from northern China. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 277, (2009). 443–452.Google Scholar
Porter, S.C., and An, Z.S. Correlation between climate events in the North-Atlantic and China during Last Glaciation. Nature 375, (1995). 305–308.Google Scholar
Raymo, M.E. Geochemical evidence supporting T.C. Chamberlin's theory of glaciation. Geology 19, (1991). 344–347.Google Scholar
Raymo, M.E., Oppo, D.W., and Curry, W. The mid-Pleistocene climate transition: a deep sea carbon isotopic perspective. Paleoceanography 12, (1997). 546–559.Google Scholar
Ruddiman, W.F., Raymo, M.E., and McIntyre, A. Matuyama 41,000-year cycles: North Atlantic Ocean and northern hemisphere ice sheets. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 80, (1986). 117–129.Google Scholar
Ruddiman, W.F., Raymo, M.E., Martinson, D.G. et al. Pleistocene evolution: Northern Hemisphere ice sheets and North Atlantic Ocean. Paleoceanography 4, (1989). 353–412.Google Scholar
Schefuss, E., Schouten, S., Jansen, J.H.F., and Damste, J.S.S. African vegetation controlled by tropical sea surface temperatures in the mid-Pleistocene period. Nature 422, (2003). 418–421.Google Scholar
Schulz, M., and Stattegger, K. SPECTRUM: spectral analysis of unevenly spaced paleoclimatic time series. Computers & Geosciences 23, 9 (1997). 929–945.Google Scholar
Shackleton, N.J., Imbrie, J., and Pisias, N.G. The evolution of oceanic oxygen-isotope variability in the North Atlantic over the past three million years. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 318, (1988). 679–688.Google Scholar
Shackleton, N.J., Berger, A., and Peltier, W.R. An alternative astronomical calibration of the Lower Pleistocene timescale based on ODP Site 677. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh Earth Science 81, (1990). 251–261.Google Scholar
Shackleton, N.J., Crowhurst, S., Hagelberg, T., Pisias, N., and Schneider, D. A new late Neogene time scale: application to Leg 138 sites. Pisias, N.G., Mayer, L.A., Janecek, T.R., Palmer-Julson, A., van Andel, T.H. Proc. ODP Sci. Results 138, (1995). 73–101.Google Scholar
Shi, Y.F., Zheng, B.X., Li, S.J., and Ye, B.S. Studies on altitude and climate environment in the middle and east parts of Tibetan Plateau during Quaternary Maximum Glaciation. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology 17, (1995). 97–112. (in Chinese) Google Scholar
Song, Y.G., Fang, X.M., Li, J.J., An, Z.S., and Miao, X.D. The Late Cenozoic uplift of the Liupan Shan, China. Science in China (Series D) 44, (2001). 176–184. (Suppl.) Google Scholar
Sun, J.M. Long-term fluvial archives in the Fen Wei Graben, central China, and their bearing on the tectonic history of the India–Asia collision system during the Quaternary. Quaternary Science Reviews 24, (2005). 1279–1286.Google Scholar
Sun, Y.B., Clemens, S.C., An, Z.S., and Yu, Z.W. Astronomical timescale and palaeoclimatic implication of stacked 3.6-Myr monsoon records from the Chinese Loess Plateau. Quaternary Science Reviews 25, (2006). 33–48.Google Scholar
Tapponnier, P., Xu, Z.Q., Roger, F., Meyer, B., Arnaud, N., Wittlinger, G., and Yang, J.S. Geology-Oblique stepwise rise and growth of the Tibet plateau. Science 294, (2001). 1671–1677.Google Scholar
Thompson, L.G., Mosleythompson, E., Davis, M.E., Bolzan, J.F., Dai, J., Yao, T., Gundestrup, N., Wu, X., Klein, L., and Xie, Z. Holocene Late Pleistocene climatic ice core records from Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. Science 246, (1989). 474–477.Google Scholar
Thompson, L.G., Yao, T., Davis, M.E., Henderson, K.A., MosleyThompson, E., Lin, P.N., Beer, J., Synal, H.A., ColeDai, J., and Bolzan, J.F. Tropical climate instability: the last glacial cycle from a Qinghai–Tibetan ice core. Science 276, (1997). 1821–1825.Google Scholar
Tian, J., Wang, P.X., Cheng, X.R., and Li, Q.Y. Astronomically tuned Plio-Pleistocene benthic delta O-18 record from South China Sea and Atlantic-Pacific comparison. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 203, (2002). 1015–1029.Google Scholar
Tiedemann, R., Sarnthein, M., and Shackleton, N.J. Astronomic timescale for the Pliocene Atlantic δ 18O and dust flux records from Ocean Drilling Program Site 659. Paleoceanography 9, (1994). 619–638.Google Scholar
Vanderberghe, J., An, Z.S., Nugteren, G. et al. New absolute time scale for the Quaternary climate in the Chinese loess region by grain she analysis. Geology 25, (1997). 35–38.Google Scholar
Verosub, K.L., Fine, P., Singer, M.J., and TenPas, J. Pedogenesis and paleoclimate_interpretation of the magnetic susceptibility record of Chinese loess–paleosol sequences. Geology 21, (1993). 1011–1014.Google Scholar
Wang, P.X., Zhao, Q.H., Jian, Z.M. et al. Thirty million year deep sea records in the South China Sea. Chinese Science Bulletin 48, 23 (2003). 2524–2535.Google Scholar
Wang, L., Lu, H.Y., Wu, N.Q., Li, J., Pei, Y.P., Tong, G.B., and Peng, S.Z. Palynological evidence for Late Miocene–Pliocene vegetation evolution recorded in the red clay sequence of the central Chinese Loess Plateau and implication for palaeoenvironmental change. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 241, (2006). 118–128.Google Scholar
Wu, G.X., and Zhang, Y.S. Tibetan Plateau forcing and the timing of the monsoon onset over South Asia and the South China Sea. Monthly Weather Review 126, (1998). 913–927.Google Scholar
Wu, F.L., Fang, X.M., Ma, Y.Z., Herrmann, M., Mosbrugger, V., An, Z.S., and Miao, Y.F. Plio-Quaternary stepwise drying of Asia: evidence from a 3-Ma pollen record from the Chinese Loess Plateau. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 257, (2007). 160–169.Google Scholar
Xiao, J.L., and An, Z.S. Three large shifts in East Asian monsoon circulation indicated by loess–paleosol sequences in China and Late Cenozoic deposits in Japan. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 154, 3 (1999). 179–189.Google Scholar
Yang, Z.Y., and Besse, J. Paleomagnetic study of Permian and Mesozoic sedimentary-rocks from Northern Thailand supports the extrusion model for Indo-China. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 117, (1993). 525–551.Google Scholar
Ye, D.Z., and Gao, Y.X. The Meteorology of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau. (1979). Science Press, Beijing. 278 pp. (in Chinese) Google Scholar
Ye, D.Z., Luo, S.W., and Zhu, B.Z. The wind structure and heat balance in the lower troposphere over Tibetan plateau and its surrounding. Acta Meteorological Sinica 28, 2 (1957). 108–121.Google Scholar
Zhang, J.C., and Lin, Z.G. Climate in China. (1987). Meteorology Press, Beijing. 325 pp. (in Chinese) Google Scholar
Zhang, P.Z., Molnar, P., and Downs, W.R. Increased sedimentation rates and grain sizes 2–4 Myr ago due to the influence of climate change on erosion rates. Nature 410, 19 (2001). 891–897.Google Scholar
Zheng, H.B., Powell, C.M., An, Z.S., Zhou, J., and Dong, G.R. Pliocene uplift of the northern Tibetan Plateau. Geology 28, (2000). 715–718.Google Scholar
Zheng, F., Li, Q.Y., Li, B.H., Chen, M.H., Tu, X., Tian, J., and Jian, Z.M. A millennial scale planktonic foraminifer record of the mid-Pleistocene climate transition from the northern South China Sea. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 223, (2005). 349–363.Google Scholar
Zhong, D.L., and Ding, L. Rising process of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) plateau and its mechanism. Science in China (Series D) 39, (1996). 369–379.Google Scholar
Zhou, L.P., Oldtield, F., Wintle, A.G., Robinson, S.G., and Wang, J.T. Partly pedogenic origin of magnetic variations in Chinese loess. Nature 346, (1990). 737–739.Google Scholar