No CrossRef data available.
Article contents
The stone and bone artifacts from Asx̂aana-x̂ Cave, Islands of the Four Mountains, Alaska
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 27 June 2018
Abstract
Asx̂aana-x̂ Cave in the Islands of the Four Mountains, Alaska, was excavated in 1990. The cave contained the remains of Unangan mummies and their grave goods including textile, wood, bone and stone artifacts. These mummies were buried between AD 1250 and AD 1780-1790. The mummies were distributed in three distinct areas in the front, middle and back of the large cave. The textile and wooden artifacts and their distribution have been described in earlier publications. The stone artifacts include end blades, adzes, ulus and hammerstones plus an oil lamp and a small figurine; among the bone artifacts are whale bone planks and scapulae, rods and shafts, harpoon heads and labrets. These artifacts are typical of artifacts in the Aleutian Islands, while their distribution continues to strengthen the idea of a disjunct distribution of artifacts in the cave, which I interpret as being due to different social groups using the three areas of the cave for their burials.
- Type
- Aleutians Special Issue
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © University of Washington. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2018
References
REFERENCES
Adovasio, J., 1977. Basketry Technology: A Guide to Identification and Analysis. Aldine, Chicago, Illinois.Google Scholar
Black, L.T., 1982. Aleut Art. Aleutian/Pribilof Islands Association, Anchorage, Alaska.Google Scholar
Black, L.T., 2003. Aleut Art. Revised and Expanded Edition.Aleutian/Pribilof Islands Association, Anchorage, Alaska.Google Scholar
Coltrain, J.B., 2010. Temporal and dietary reconstruction of past Aleut populations: stable- and radio-isotope evidence revisited. Arctic 83, 391–398.Google Scholar
Coltrain, J.B., Hayes, M.B., O’Rourke, D.H., 2006. Hrdlička’s Aleutian population replacement hypothesis: a radiometric evaluation. Current Anthropology 47, 537–548.Google Scholar
Crawford, M., West, D., 2012. Evolutionary consequences of human migration: genetic, historic and archaeological perspectives in the Caribbean and Aleutian Islands. In: Crawford, M.H., Campbell, B.C. (Eds.), Causes and Consequences of Human Migration: An Evolutionary Perspective. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 65–86.Google Scholar
Dall, W.H., 1878. On the remains of later pre-historic man obtained from caves in the Catherina Archipelago, Alaskan territory and especially from the caves of the Aleutian Islands. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 22, 318–366.Google Scholar
Hrdlička, A., 1945. The Aleutian and Commander Islands and Their Inhabitants. Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Insoll, T. (Ed.), 2017. The Oxford Handbook of Prehistoric Figurines. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Jochelson, W., 1925. Archaeological Investigations in the Aleutian Islands. Carnegie Institute of Washington, Publication 367, Carnegie Institute, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Johnson, L. L., 2016. Wooden artifacts from Asx̂aana-x̂ Cave, Islands of the Four Mountains, Alaska. Arctic Anthropology 53, 114–140.Google Scholar
Laughlin, W. S., 1963. Eskimos and Aleuts: their origin and evolution. Science 142, 633–645.Google Scholar
Laughlin, W. S., 1980. Aleuts: Survivors of the Bering Land Bridge. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York.Google Scholar
Lee, M., 2006. Not Just a Pretty Face: Dolls and Human Figures in Alaska Native Cultures. 2nd ed. University of Alaska, Fairbanks.Google Scholar
Loeb, M., 1930. Descriptions of Fortress Rock mummy bundles no. 4 and 1. In: Weyer, W. M. Jr. God’s Frozen Children. Doubleday Doran, Garden City, N.Y., pp. 279–291.Google Scholar
Maschner, H. D. G., Reedy-Maschner, K. L., 1998. Raid, retreat, defend (repeat): the archaeology and ethnohistory of warfare on the North Pacific Rim. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 17, 19–51.Google Scholar
McCartney, A. P., 1984. Prehistory of the Aleutian region. In: Damas, D. (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Arctic. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC., pp. 119–135.Google Scholar
Steffian, A., Leist, M., Haakanson, S. Jr., Saltonstall, P., 2015. Kal’unek from Karluk. University of Alaska Press, Fairbanks.Google Scholar
Stout, A. B., 1881. Contribution to the history of the Aleutian Isles, or Aleutia. Kansas City Review of Science and Industry 4, 193–200.Google Scholar
Veniaminov, I., 1984 [1840]. Notes on the Islands of the Unalashka District. Pierce, R. A (Ed.), Black, L., Geoghegan, R. H. (trans.). Limestone Press, Kingston, ON.Google Scholar
Wilmerding, M. E. G., 1993. A Comparative Analysis of Textiles for Four Burial Caves in the Eastern Aleutian Islands. Master’s essay. Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington.Google Scholar
Johnson supplementary material
Johnson supplementary material 1
Image
45 MB
Johnson supplementary material
Johnson supplementary material 2
Image
10.4 MB
Johnson supplementary material
Johnson supplementary material 3
Image
5.2 MB
Johnson supplementary material
Johnson supplementary material 4
Image
18.1 MB
Johnson supplementary material
Johnson supplementary material 5
Image
2.3 MB
Johnson supplementary material
Johnson supplementary material 6
Image
5 MB
Johnson supplementary material
Johnson supplementary material 7
Image
6.4 MB
Johnson supplementary material
Johnson supplementary material 8
File
13.8 KB
Johnson supplementary material
Johnson supplementary material 9
File
9.9 KB
Johnson supplementary material
Johnson supplementary material 10
File
10.4 KB
Johnson supplementary material
Johnson supplementary material 11
File
9.2 KB
Johnson supplementary material
Johnson supplementary material 12
File
10.5 KB
Johnson supplementary material
Johnson supplementary material 13
File
9.3 KB