Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-14T07:29:03.827Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Slope failures within and upstream of Lake Quinault, Washington, as uneven responses to Holocene earthquakes along the Cascadia subduction zone

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 November 2017

Elana L. Leithold ,
Karl W. Wegmann ,
Delwayne R. Bohnenstiehl ,
Stephen G. Smith ,
Anders Noren  and
Ryan O’Grady
Elana L. Leithold*
Affiliation:
Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, P.O. Box 8208, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
Karl W. Wegmann
Affiliation:
Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, P.O. Box 8208, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
Delwayne R. Bohnenstiehl
Affiliation:
Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, P.O. Box 8208, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
Stephen G. Smith
Affiliation:
Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, P.O. Box 8208, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
Anders Noren
Affiliation:
Continental Scientific Drilling Coordination Office and LacCore Facility, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Minnesota, 500 Pillsbury Drive SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
Ryan O’Grady
Affiliation:
Continental Scientific Drilling Coordination Office and LacCore Facility, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Minnesota, 500 Pillsbury Drive SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
*
*Corresponding author at: Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, P.O. Box 8208, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA. E-mail address: [email protected] (E.L. Leithold).
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Investigation of Lake Quinault in western Washington, including a reflection seismic survey, analysis of piston cores, and preliminary mapping in the steep, landslide-prone Quinault River catchment upstream of the lake, reveals evidence for three episodes of earthquake disturbance in the past 3000 yr. These earthquakes triggered failures on the lake’s underwater slopes and delta front, as well as subaerial landsliding, partial channel blockage, and forced fluvial sediment aggradation. The ages of the three Lake Quinault disturbance events overlap with those of coseismically subsided, coastal marsh soils nearby in southwest Washington that are interpreted to record ruptures of the Cascadia megathrust. Absent from Lake Quinault, however, are signals of obvious disturbance from five additional subduction earthquakes inferred to have occurred during the period of record. The lack of evidence for these events may reflect the limitations of the data set derived from the detrital, river-dominated lake stratigraphy but may also have bearing on debates about segmentation and the distribution of slip along the Cascadia subduction zone during prior earthquakes.

Keywords

LakesSedimentCascadiaEarthquakePaleoseismic
Type
Research Article
Information
Quaternary Research , Volume 89 , Issue 1: Tribute to Daniel Livingstone and Paul Colinvaux , January 2018 , pp. 178 - 200
Copyright
Copyright © University of Washington. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Anselmetti, F.S., Ariztegui, D., De Batist, M., Catalina Gebhardt, A., Haberzettl, T., Niessen, F., Ohlendorf, C., Zolitschka, B., 2009. Environmental history of southern Patagonia unravelled by the seismic stratigraphy of Laguna Potrok Aike. Sedimentology 56, 873–892.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnaud, F., Revel, M., Chapron, E., Desmet, M., Tribovillard, N., 2005. 7200 Years of Rhône river flooding activity in Lake Le Bourget, France: a high-resolution sediment record of NW Alps hydrology. Holocene 15, 420–428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atwater, B.F., Carson, B., Griggs, G.B., Johnson, H.P., Salmi, M.S., 2014. Rethinking turbidite paleoseismology along the Cascadia subduction zone. Geology 42, 827–830.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atwater, B.F., Griggs, G.B., 2012. Deep-Sea Turbidites as Guides to Holocene Earthquake History at the Cascadia Subduction Zone: Alternative Views for a Seismic-Hazard Workshop. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Open-File Report 2012-1043. U.S. Department of the Interior, USGS, Reston, VA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atwater, B.F., Hemphill-Haley, E., 1997. Recurrence Intervals for Great Earthquakes of the Past 3,500 Years in Northeastern Willapa Bay, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1576. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Atwater, B.F., Moore, A.L., 1992. A tsunami about 1000 years ago in Puget Sound, Washington. Science 258, 1614–1617.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atwater, B.F., Musumi-Rokkaku, S., Satake, K., Tsuji, Y., Ueda, K., Yamaguchi, D.K., 2005. The Orphan Tsunami of 1700: Japanese Clues to a Parent Earthquake in North America. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Professional Paper 1707. USGS, Reston, VA, University of Washington Press, Seattle.Google Scholar
Atwater, B.F., Tuttle, M.P., Schweig, E.S., Rubin, C.M., Yamaguchi, D.K., Hemphill-Haley, E., 2003. Earthquake recurrence inferred from paleoseismology. In Gillespie, A.R., Porter, S.C., Atwater, B.F. (Eds.), The Quaternary Period in the United States. Developments in Quaternary Sciences Vol. 1. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 331–350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Avşar, U., Hubert-Ferrari, A., De Batist, M., Fagel, N., 2014. A 3400 year lacustrine paleoseismic record from the North Anatolian Fault, Turkey: implications for bimodal recurrence behavior. Geophysical Research Letters 41, 377–384.Google Scholar
Baker, G.E., Langston, C.A., 1987. Source parameters of the 1949 magnitude 7.1 south Puget Sound, Washington, earthquake as determined from long-period body waves and strong ground motions. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 77, 1530–1557.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnett, E.A., Sherrod, B.L., Hughes, J.F., Kelsey, H.M., Czajkowski, J.L., Walsh, T.J., Contreras, T.A., Schermer, E.R., Carson, R.J., 2015. Paleoseismic evidence for late Holocene tectonic deformation along the Saddle Mountain fault zone, southeastern Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 105, 38–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bertrand, S., Charlet, F., Chapron, E., Fagel, N., De Baptist, M., 2008. Reconstruction of the Holocene seismotectonic activity of the southern Andes from seismites recorded in Lago Icalma, Chile, 39°S. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 259, 301–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blaauw, M., Christen, J., 2011. Flexible paleoclimate age-depth models using an autoregressive gamma process. Bayesian Analysis 6, 457–474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blais-Stevens, A., Rogers, G.C., Clague, J.J., 2011. A revised earthquake chronology for the last 4,000 years inferred from varve-bounded debris-flow deposits beneath an inlet near Victoria, British Columbia. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 101, 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bountry, J.A., Randle, T.J., Piety, L.A., Lyon, E.W. Jr., Abbe, T., Barton, C., Ward, G., Fetherston, K., Armstrong, B., Gilbertson, L., 2005. Geomorphic Investigation of Quinault River, Washington: 18 km Reach of Quinault River Upstream from Lake Quinault. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, CO.Google Scholar
Brandon, M.T., Roden-Tice, M.K., Garver, J.L., 1998. Late Cenozoic exhumation of the Cascadia accretionary wedge in the Olympic Mountains, NW Washington State. Geological Society of America Bulletin 110, 985–1009.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bronk Ramsey, C., 2009. Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates. Radiocarbon 51, 337–360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cathles, L.M., Su, Z., Chen, D., 2010. The physics of gas chimney and pockmark formation, with implications for the assessment of seafloor hazards and gas sequestration. Marine and Petroleum Geology 27, 82–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapron, E., Ariztegui, D., Muslow, S., Villarosa, G., Prio, M., Outes, V., Juvignie, E., Crivelli, E., 2006. Impact of the 1960 major subduction earthquake in northern Patagonia (Chile, Argentina). Quaternary International 158, 58–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapron, E., Beck, C., Pourchet, M., Deconink, J.F., 1999. 1822 Earthquake-triggered homogenite in Lake Le Bourget (NW Alps). Terra Nova 11, 86–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapron, E., Juvigne, E., Muslow, S., Ariztegui, A., Magand, O., Bertrand, S., Pino, M., Chapron, O., 2007. Recent clastic sedimentation processes in Lake Puyehue (Chilean Lake District, 40.5°S). Sedimentary Geology 201, 365–385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapron, E., Van Rensbergen, P., De Batist, M., Beck, C., Henriet, J.P., 2004. Fluid-escape features as a precursor of a large sublacustrine sediment slide in Lake Le Bourget, NW Alps, France. Terra Nova 16, 305–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chleborad, A.F., Schuster, R.L., 1998. Ground failure associated with the Puget Sound region earthquakes of April 13, 1949, and April 29, 1965. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1560, 373–440.Google Scholar
Cukur, D., Krastel, S., Tomonaga, Y., Cagatay, N.M., Meydan, A.F., the PaleoVan Science Team. 2013. Seismic evidence of shallow gas from Lake Van, eastern Turkey. Marine and Petroleum Geology 48, 341–352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dadson, S.J., Hovius, N., Chen, H., Dade, W.B., Lin, T.C., Hsu, M.L., Lin, C.W., et al. 2004. Earthquake-triggered increase in sediment delivery from an active mountain belt. Geology 32, 733–736.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeMets, C., Dixon, T.H., 1999. New kinematic models for Pacific-North America motion from 3 Ma to present, I: Evidence for steady motion and biases in the NUVEL-1A model. Geophysical Research Letters 26, 1921–1924.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Droser, M.L., Bottjer, D.J., 1986. A semiquantitative field classification of ichnofabric. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 56, 558–559.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duck, R.W., Herbert, R.A., 2006. High-resolution shallow seismic identification of gas escape features in the sediments of Loch Tay, Scotland: tectonic and microbiological associations. Sedimentology 53, 481–493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Enkin, R.J., Dallimore, A., Baker, J., Southon, J.R., Ivanochko, T., 2013. A new high-resolution radiocarbon Bayesian age model for the Holocene and Late Pleistocene from core MD02-2494 and others, Effingham Inlet, British Columbia, Canada; with application to the paleoseismic event chronology of the Cascadia Subduction Zone. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 50, 746–760.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fan, X., Van Wester, C.J., Korup, O., Gorum, T., Xu, Q., Dai, F., Huang, R., Wang, G., 2012. Transient water and sediment storage of the decaying landslide dams induced by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, China. Geomorphology 171–172, 58–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fortin, D., Francus, P., Gebhardt, A.C., Hahn, A., Kliem, P., Lise-Pronovost, A., Roychowdhury, R., Labrie, J., St-Onge, G., the PASADO Science Team. 2013. Destructive and non-destructive density determination: method comparison and evaluation from the Laguna Potrok Aike sedimentary record. Quaternary Science Reviews 71, 147–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Expedition 317 Scientists. 2011. Methods. In: Fulthorpe, C.S., Hoyanagi, K., Blum, P., the Expedition 317 Scientists, Proceedings of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, Vol. 317. Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management International Inc., Tokyo, pp. 1–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2204/iodp.proc.317.102.2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gavin, D.G., 2001. Estimation of inbuilt age in radiocarbon ages of soil charcoal for fire history studies. Radiocarbon 43, 27–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Girardclos, S., Schmidt, O.T., Sturm, M., Ariztegui, D., Pugin, A., Anselmetti, F.S., 2007. The 1996 AD delta collapse and large turbidite in Lake Brienz. Marine Geology 231, 137–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldfinger, C., 2011. Submarine paleoseismology based on turbidite records. Annual Review of Marine Science 3, 35–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldfinger, C., Galer, S., Beeson, J., Hamilton, T., Black, B., Romsos, C., Patton, J., Nelson, C.H., Hausmann, R., Morey, A., 2017. The importance of site selection, sediment supply, and hydrodynamics: a case study of submarine paleoseismology on the northern Cascadia margin, Washington USA. Marine Geology 384, 4–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldfinger, C., Grijalva, K., Burgmann, R., Morey, A.E., Johnson, J.E., Nelson, C.H., Gutierrez-Pastor, J., et al. 2008. Late Holocene rupture of the northern San Andreas fault and possible stress linkage to the Cascadia subduction zone. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 98, 861–889.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldfinger, C., Nelson, C.H., Morey, A.E., Johnson, J.E., Patton, J.R., Karabanov, E., Gutiérrez-Pastor, J., et al. 2012. Turbidite Event History—Methods and Implications for Holocene Paleoseismicity of the Cascadia Subduction Zone. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Professional Paper 1661-F. USGS, Reston, VA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hilbe, M., Anselmetti, F.S., 2014. Signatures of slope failures and river-delta collapses in a perialpine lake (Lake Lucerne, Switzerland). Sedimentology 61, 1883–1907.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hovius, N., Meunier, P., Lin, C.W., Hongey, C., Chen, Y.G., Dadson, S., Horng, M.J., Lines, M., 2011. Prolonged seismically induced erosion and the mass balance of a large earthquake. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 304, 347–355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hovland, M., Judd, A.G., 1988. Seabed Pockmarks and Seepages: Impacts of Geology, Biology, and the Marine Environment. Granham and Trotman, London.Google Scholar
Howarth, J.D., Fitzsimons, S.J., Norris, R.J., Jacobsen, G.E., 2012. Lake sediments record cycles of sediment flux driven by large earthquakes on the Alpine fault, New Zealand. Geology 40, 1091–1094.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howarth, J.D., Fitzsimons, S.J., Norris, R.J., Jacobsen, G.E., 2014. Lake sediments record high intensity shaking that provides insight into the location and rupture length of large earthquakes on the Alpine Fault, New Zealand. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 403, 340–351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hua, Q., Barbetti, M., Rakowski, A.Z., 2013. Atmospheric radiocarbon for the period 1950–2010. Radiocarbon 55, 2059–2072.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutchinson, I., Clague, J., 2017. Were they all giants? Perspectives on late Holocene plate-boundary earthquakes at the northern end of the Cascadia subduction zone. Quaternary Science Reviews 169, 29–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ichinose, G.A., Thio, H.K., Somerville, P.G., 2004. Rupture process and near-source shaking of the 1965 Seattle-Tacoma and 2001 Nisqually, intraslab earthquakes. Geophysical Research Letters 31, L10604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GL019668.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ichinose, G.A., Thio, H.K., Somerville, P.G., 2006. Moment tensor and rupture model for the 1949 Olympia, Washington, earthquake and scaling relations for Cascadia and global intraslab earthquakes. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 96, 1029–1037.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacoby, G.C., Williams, P.L., Buckley, B.M., 1992. Tree ring correlation between prehistoric landslides and abrupt tectonic events in Seattle, Washington. Science 258, 1621–1623.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jensen, F.B., Kuperman, W.A., Michael, M.B., Schmidt, H., 2011. Computational Ocean Acoustics. 2nd ed. Springer, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, S.Y., Dadisman, S.V., Childs, J.R., Stanley, W.D., 1999. Active tectonics of the Seattle Fault and central Puget Sound, Washington—implications for earthquake hazards. Geological Society of America Bulletin 111, 1042–1053.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karlin, R.E., Abella, S.E., 1992. Paleoearthquakes in the Puget Sound region recorded in sediments from Lake Washington. U.S.A. Science 258, 1617–1620.Google Scholar
Karlin, R.E., Abella, S., 1996. A history of Pacific Northwest earthquakes recorded in Holocene sediments from Lake Washington. Journal of Geophysical Research 101, 6137–6150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karlin, R.E., Holmes, M., Abella, S.E.B., Sylvester, R., 2004. Holocene landslides and a 3500-year record of Pacific Northwest earthquakes from sediments in Lake Washington. Geological Society of America Bulletin 116, 94–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelsey, H.M., Nelson, A.R., Hemphill-Haley, E., Witter, R.C., 2005. Tsunami history of an Oregon coastal lake reveals a 4600 yr record of great earthquakes on the Cascadia subduction zone. Geological Society of America Bulletin 117, 1009–1032.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelts, K., Briegel, U., Ghilardi, K., Hsu, K.J., 1986. The limnogeology-ETH coring system. Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Hydrologie 48, 104–115.Google Scholar
Kremer, K., Hilbe, M., Simpson, G., Decrouy, L., Wildi, W., Girardclos, S., 2015. Reconstructing 4000 years of mass movement and tsunami history in a deep peri-Alpine lake (Lake Geneva, France-Switzerland). Sedimentology 62, 1305–1327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lauterbach, S., Chapron, E., Brauer, A., Hüls, M., Gilli, A., Arnaud, F., Piccin, A., et al. 2012. A sedimentary record of Holocene surface runoff events and earthquake activity from Lake Iseo (Southern Alps, Italy). Holocene 22, 749–760.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loseth, H., Gading, M., Wensaas, L., 2009. Hydrocarbon leakage interpreted on seismic data. Marine and Petroleum Geology 26, 1304–1319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minor, R., Peterson, C.D., 2016. Multiple reoccupations after four paleotsunami inundations (0.3–1.3 ka) at a prehistoric site in the Netarts Littoral Cell, northern Oregon coast, USA. Geoarchaeology 32, 248–255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moernaut, J., De Batist, M., Charlet, F., Heirman, K., Chapron, E., Pino, M., Brummer, R., Urrutia, R., 2007. Giant earthquakes in South-Central Chile revealed by Holocene mass-wasting events in Lake Puyehue. Sedimentary Geology 195, 239–256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moernaut, J., Van Daele, M., Heirman, K., Fontijn, K., Strasser, M., Pino, M., Urrutia, R., De Batist, M., 2014. Lacustrine turbidites as a tool for quantitative earthquake reconstruction: new evidence for a variable rupture mode in south central Chile. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 119, 1607–1633.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moernaut, J., Van Daele, M., Strasser, M., Clare, M.A., Heirman, K., Viel, M., Cardenas, J., et al. 2015. Lacustrine turbidites produced by surficial slope sediment remobilization: a mechanism for continuous and sensitive turbidite paleoseismic records. Marine Geology 384, 159–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Montgomery, D.R., Abbe, T.B., 2006. Influence of logjam-formed hard points on the formation of valley-bottom landforms in an old-growth forest valley, Queets River, Washington, USA. Quaternary Research 65, 147–155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morey, A.E., Goldfinger, C., Briles, C.E., Gavin, D.G., Columbaroli, D., Kusler, J.E., 2013. Are great Cascadia earthquakes recorded in the sedimentary records from small forearc lakes? Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 13, 2441–2463.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mulder, T., Chapron, E., 2011. Flood deposits in continental and marine environments: character and significance. In Slatt, R.M., Zavala, C. (Eds.), Sediment Transfer from Shelf to Deep Water—Revisiting the Delivery System. American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) Studies in Geology Vol. 61. AAPG, Tulsa, OK, pp. 1–30.Google Scholar
Mulder, T., Syvitski, J.P.M., Migeon, S., Faugères, J.-C., Savoye, B., 2003. Marine hyperpycnal flows: a review. Marine and Petroleum Geology 20, 861–882.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Musson, R.M.W., Grunthal, G., Stucchi, M., 2010. The comparison of macroseismic intensity scales. Journal of Seismology 14, 413–428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, A.R., Kelsey, H.M., Witter, R.C., 2006. Great earthquakes of variable magnitude at the Cascadia subduction zone. Quaternary Research 65, 354–365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, A.R., Personius, S.F., Sherrod, B.L., Kelsey, H.M., Johnson, S.Y., Bradley, L.-A., Wells, R.E., 2014. Diverse rupture modes for surface-deforming upper plate earthquakes in the southern Puget Lowland of Washington State. Geosphere 10, 769–796.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olsson, I., 1986. Radiometric methods. In Berglund, B. (Ed.), Handbook of Holocene Palaeoecology and Palaeohydrology. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK, pp. 273–312.Google Scholar
Pacific Northwest Seismographic Network. 2016). Recent Earthquakes List (accessed June 24, 2016). https://www.pnsn.org/events?custom_search=true.Google Scholar
Pazzaglia, F.J., Brandon, M.T., 2001. A fluvial record of rock uplift and shortening across the Cascadia forearc high. American Journal of Science 301, 385–431.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pringle, P.T., 2001. Earthquake creates gassy mounds in Offut Lake. Washington. Geology 28, 19.Google Scholar
Reimer, P.J., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck, J.W., Blackwell, P.G., Bronk Ramsey, C., Grootes, P.M., et al. 2013. IntCal13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0–50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 55, 1869–1887.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogers, A.M., Walsh, T.J., Kockelman, W.J., Priest, G.R., 1996. Earthquake history in the Pacific Northwest—an overview. In Rogers, A.M., Walsh, T.J., Kockelman, W.J., Priest, G.R. (Eds.), Assessing Earthquake Hazards and Reducing Risk in the Pacific Northwest Vol. 1. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1560. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, pp. 1–54.Google Scholar
Rong, Y., Jackson, D.D., Magistrale, H., Goldfinger, C., 2013. Magnitude limits of subduction zone earthquakes. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 104, 2359–2377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schnellmann, M., Anselmetti, F.S., Gardini, D., McKenzie, J., 2005. Mass movement-induced fold-and-thrust belt structures in unconsolidated sediments in Lake Lucerne (Switzerland). Sedimentology 52, 271–289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schnellmann, M., Anselmetti, F.S., Giardini, D., McKenzie, J.A., 2006. 15,000 Years of mass-movement history in Lake Lucerne: implications for seismic and tsunami hazards. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 99, 409–428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schnellmann, M., Ansellmetti, F.S., Giardini, D., McKenzie, J.A., Ward, S.N., 2002. Prehistoric earthquake history revealed by lacustrine slump deposits. Geology 30, 1131–1134.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schuster, R.L., Logan, R.L., Pringle, P.T., 1992. Prehistoric rock avalanches in the Olympic Mountains, Washington. Science 258, 1620–1621.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shennan, I., Long, A., Rutherford, M., Green, F., Innes, J., Lloyd, J., Zong, Y., Walker, K., 1996. Tidal marsh stratigraphy, sea-level change and large earthquakes, I: A 5000 year record in Washington, U.S.A. Quaternary Science Reviews 15, 1023–1059.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sherrod, B., Gomberg, J., 2014. Crustal earthquake triggering by pre-historic great earthquakes on subduction zone thrusts. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 119, 1273–1294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siegenthaler, C., Finger, W., Kelts, K., Wang, S., 1987. Earthquake and seiche deposits in Lake Lucerne, Switzerland. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 8, 241–260.Google Scholar
Simonneau, A., Chapron, E., Vanniere, B., Wirth, S.B., Gilli, A., Di Giovanni, C., Anselmetti, F.S., Desmet, M., Magny, M., 2013. Mass movement and flood-induced deposits in Lake Ledro, southern Alps, Italy: implications for Holocene paleohydrology and natural hazards. Climate of the Past 9, 825–840.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, S.G., 2016. Tectonic and Climatic Controls on Landscape Evolution in the Hangay Mountains, Mongolia and Olympic Mountains, USA. Ph.D. dissertation, North Carolina State University, Raleigh.Google Scholar
Staff of the Pacific Northwest Seismograph Network. 2001. Preliminary report on the Mw=6.8 Nisqually, Washington earthquake of 28 February 2001. Seismological Research Letters 72, 352–361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staley, A.E., 2015. Glacial Geomorphology and Chronology of the Quinault Valley, Washington, and Broader Evidence of Marine Isotope Stages 4 and 3 Glaciation across Northwestern United States. Master’s thesis, Idaho State University, Pocatello.Google Scholar
Stockner, J., Bos, D., Leavitt, P., Armstrong, B., Schindler, D., 2003. History of Quinault and Summit Lakes: A Paleolimnological Perspective. Quinault Indian Nation, Taholah, WA.Google Scholar
Stockner, J.G., Rydin, E., Heyenstrand, P., 2000. Cultural oligotrophication: causes and consequences for fisheries resources. Fisheries 25, 7–14.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
St-Onge, G., Mulder, T., Piper, D.J.W., Hillaire-Marcei, C., Stoner, J., 2004. Earthquake and flood-induced turbidites in Saguenay Fjord (Quebec): a Holocene paleoseismicity record. Quaternary Science Reviews 23, 283–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strasser, M., Hilbe, M., Anselmetti, F.S., 2011. Mapping basin-wide subaquatic slope failure susceptibility as a tool to assess regional seismic and tsunami hazards. Marine Geophysical Research 32, 331–347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strasser, M., Monecke, K., Schnellman, M., Anselmetti, F.S., 2013. Lake sediments as natural seismographs: a compiled record of Late Quaternary earthquakes in Central Switzerland and its implication for Alpine deformation. Sedimentology 60, 319–341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sturm, M., Matter, A., 1978. Turbidites and varves in Lake Brienz (Switzerland): deposition of clastic detritus by density currents. In Matter, A., Tucker, M.E. (Eds.), Modern and Ancient Lake Sediments. Blackwell, Oxford, UK, pp. 147–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sultan, N., Cochonat, P., Canals, M., Cattaneo, A., Dennielou, B., Haflidason, H., Laberg, J.S., et al. 2004. Triggering mechanisms of slope instability processes and sediment failures on continental margins: a geotechnical approach. Marine Geology 213, 291–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tabor, R.W., Cady, W.M., 1978. The Structure of the Olympic Mountains, Washington—Analysis of a Subduction Zone. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1033. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Troost, K., Haugerud, R., Walsh, T., Harp, E., Booth, D., Steele, W., Wegmann, K., Pratt, T., Sherrod, B., Kramer, S., 2001. Ground failures produced by the Nisqually Earthquake. Seismological Research Letters 72, 396.Google Scholar
U.S. Geological Survey. 2006. Quaternary Fault and Fold Database of the United States (accessed June 24, 2016). http://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/qfaults/.Google Scholar
U.S. Geological Survey. 2015a. USGS 12039500 Quinault River at Quinault Lake, WA: 2015 (accessed August 11, 2015). http://waterdata.usgs.gov/wa/nwis/uv?site_no=12039500.Google Scholar
U.S. Geological Survey. 2015b. USGS NED 1/3 Arc-Second n48w124 1 x 1 Degree ArcGrid: 2015 (accessed June 28, 2016). https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/usgs-ned-1-3-arc-second-n48w124-1-x-1-degree-arcgrid-2015.Google Scholar
U.S. Geological Survey. 2016. ShakeMap Archive: Scenarios (accessed September 26, 2017). https://earthquake.usgs.gov/scenarios/catalog/.Google Scholar
Van Daele, M., Moernaut, J., Doom, L., Boes, E., Fontijn, K., Heirman, K., Vandoorne, W., et al. 2015. A comparison of the sedimentary records of the 1960 and 2010 great Chilean earthquakes in 17 lakes: implications for quantitative lacustrine paleoseismology. Sedimentology 62, 1466–1496.Google Scholar
Walsh, T.J., Logan, J.B., 2007a. Field data for a trench on the Canyon River fault, southeast Olympic Mountains, Washington. Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Open File Report 2007-1. Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Earth Resources, Olympia, WA.Google Scholar
Walsh, T.J., Logan, R.L., 2007b. Results of trenching the Canyon River fault, southeast Olympic Mountains, Washington. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 39, 60–61.Google Scholar
Walsh, T.J., Pringle, P.T., Palmer, S.P., 2001. Working a geologic disaster. Washington Geology 28, 6–18.Google Scholar
Walsh, T.J., Wegmann, K.W., Pringle, P.T., Palmer, S.P., Norman, D.K., Polenz, M., Logan, R.L., McKay, D.T., Magsino, S.L., Schasse, H.W., 2002). Ground failures in the southern Puget Sound lowlands caused by the Nisqually earthquake. Geological Society of America, Cordilleran Section, 98th Annual Meeting: Abstracts with Programs, Vol. 34. Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, p. 112.Google Scholar
Wang, J., Jin, Z., Hilton, R.G., Zhang, F., Densmore, A.L., Gen, L., West, A.J., 2015. Controls on fluvial evacuation of sediment from earthquake-triggered landslides. Geology 43, 115–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, P.-L., Engelhart, S.E., Wang, K., Hawkes, A.D., Horton, B.P., Nelson, A.R., Witter, R.C., 2013. Heterogeneous rupture in the great Cascadia earthquake of 1700 inferred from coastal subsidence estimates. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 118, 2460–2473.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wegmann, K.W., Pazzaglia, F.J., 2002. Holocene strath terraces, climate change, and active tectonics: the Clearwater River basin, Olympic Peninsula, Washington State. Geological Society of America Bulletin 114, 731–744.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wells, R.E., Blakely, R.J., Sugiyama, Y., Scholl, D.W., Dinterman, P., 2003. Basin-centered asperities in great subduction zone earthquakes: a link between slip, subsidence, and subduction erosion? Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 108, 2507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JB002072.Google Scholar
Wells, R.E., Blakely, R.J., Wech, A.G., McCrory, P.A., Michael, A., 2017. Cascadia subduction tremor muted by crustal faults. Geology 45, 515–518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilhelm, B., Nomade, J., Crouzet, C., Litty, C., Sabatier, P., Belle, S., Rolland, Y., et al. 2016. Quantified sensitivity of small lake sediments to record historic earthquakes: implications for paleoseismology. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 121, 2–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Witter, R.C., Givler, R.W., Carson, R.J., 2008. Two post-glacial earthquakes on the Saddle Mountain West Fault, Southeastern Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 98, 2894–2917.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Worden, C.B., Wald, D.J., 2016. ShakeMap Manual Online: Technical Manual, User’s Guide, and Software Guide. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA (accessed September 26, 2017). https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2005/12A01/.Google Scholar
Wright, A.J., Edwards, R.J., van de Plassche, O., Blaauw, M., Parnell, A.C., van der Borg, K., de Jong, A.F.M., Roe, H.M., Selby, K., Black, S., 2017. Reconstructing the accumulation history of a saltmarsh sediment core: which age-depth model is best? Quaternary Geochronology 39, 35–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Leithold et al supplementary material

Leithold et al supplementary material 1

Download Leithold et al supplementary material(File)
File 15.8 KB