Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T08:22:49.813Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Size distribution of Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) in the North Pacific Ocean over 6 millennia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 September 2020

Catherine F. West Open the ORCID record for Catherine F. West [Opens in a new window] ,
Michael A. Etnier ,
Steven Barbeaux ,
Megan A. Partlow  and
Alexei M. Orlov
Catherine F. West*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology and Archaeology Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
Michael A. Etnier
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225, USA
Steven Barbeaux
Affiliation:
Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington 98115, USA
Megan A. Partlow
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington 98926, USA
Alexei M. Orlov
Affiliation:
Department of Marine and Freshwater Fishes of Russia, Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, Moscow, 107140, Russia; A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia; Department of Ichthyology, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, 367000, Russia; Department of Ichthyology and Hydrobiology, Tomsk State University, 634050, Russia; Laboratory of Marine Biology, Caspian Institute of Biological Resources, Russian Academy of Sciences, Makhachkala, 367000, Russia
*
*Corresponding author at: e-mail: [email protected] (C.F. West).
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In this paper, we compile estimates of cod size distributions based on zooarchaeological data and contemporary length-frequency data to look at variability in size composition through time across the North Pacific, from the northern Kuril Islands through the Aleutian Islands to southeast Alaska. The results suggest that a strong longitudinal trend in cod size has remained consistent over time, with the largest cod found to the west. We find that five of nine sites show that overall cod length and distribution of the largest fish remain relatively unchanged. Two sites where we find truncation of the length distributions—or loss of the largest fish—are places where the modern fisheries have the longest history and have been most intense, suggesting a potential for anthropogenic impacts on these local populations. We acknowledge two limitations in these data: (1) there are differences in selectivity between the ancient and modern fisheries; and (2) seasonal variability in fish availability was observed to be an important explanatory variable in the modern data set, but the season of harvest is poorly understood for the ancient collections. Therefore, while differences observed between the two data sets suggest possible anthropogenic influence on the size structure of Pacific cod, they are not conclusive.

Keywords

Length-frequencyFish lengthResource managementResource depressionAleutian IslandsKodiak archipelagoKuril IslandsGulf of AlaskaArchaeologyApplied zooarchaeology
Type
Research Article
Information
Quaternary Research , Volume 108: PESAS , July 2022 , pp. 43 - 63
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © University of Washington. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abookire, A.A., Duffy-Anderson, J.T., Jump, C.M., 2007. Habitat associations and diet of young-of-the-year Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) near Kodiak, Alaska. Marine Biology 150, 713–726.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alaska Board of Fisheries, 2018. Bering Sea–Aleutian Islands and Gulf of Alaska Pacific Cod. http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/static/regulations/regprocess/fisheriesboard/pdfs/2018-2019/pcod/rc3.pdf.Google Scholar
Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADFG), 1985. Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus). In: Alaska Habitat Management Guide, Southcentral Region. Life Histories and Habitat Requirements of Fish and Wildlife, Vol. 1. Produced by the State of Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Habitat, Juneau, AK.Google Scholar
Alaska Fisheries Science Center (AFSC), 2020. Observer Sampling Manual (accessed January 10, 2020). Fisheries Monitoring and Analysis Division, North Pacific Groundfish Observer Program, Seattle, WA. https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/resource/document/north-pacific-observer-sampling-manual.Google Scholar
Alaska Fisheries Science Center (AFSC), 2018. NORPAC Database (accessed March 20, 2018). Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Seattle, WA.Google Scholar
Alaska Seafood Marketing Institute (ASMI), 2017. The Economic Value of Alaska's Seafood Industry. Prepared for the Alaska Seafood Marketing Institute by the McDowell Group. https://uploads.alaskaseafood.org/2017/12/AK-Seafood-Impacts-September-2017.pdf.Google Scholar
Alverson, D.L., Pruter, A.T., Ronholt, L.L., 1964. Study of Demersal Fishes and Fisheries of the Northeastern Pacific Ocean. H. R. MacMillan Lectures in Fisheries. Institute of Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.Google Scholar
Ames, K.M., Maschner, H.D.G., 1999. Peoples of the Northwest Coast. Thames and Hudson, New York.Google Scholar
Anderson, P.J., Piatt, J.F., 1999. Community reorganization in the Gulf of Alaska following ocean climate regime shift. Marine Ecology Progress Series 189, 117–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arreguín-Sánchez, F., 1996. Catchability: a key parameter for fish stock assessment. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 6, 221–242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ault, J.S., Bohnsack, J.A., Meester, G.A., 1998. A Retrospective (1979–1996) Multispecies assessment of coral reef fish stocks in the Florida Keys. Fisheries Bulletin–National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 96, 395–414.Google Scholar
Barbeaux, S., Aydin, K., Fissel, B., Holsman, K., Palsson, W., Shotwell, K., Yang, Q., Zador, S. 2019. Assessment of the Pacific cod stock in the Gulf of Alaska. In: Plan Team for the Groundfish Fisheries of the Gulf of Alaska (Compiler), Stock Assessment and Fishery Evaluation Report for the Groundfish Resources of the Gulf of Alaska. North Pacific Fishery Management Council, Anchorage, AK, pp. 1–140.Google Scholar
Barbeaux, S., Hollowed, A., 2018. Ontogeny matters: climate variability and effects on fish distribution in the eastern Bering Sea. Fisheries Oceanography 27, 1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baumgartner, T.R., Soutar, A., Ferreira-Bartrina, V., 1992. Reconstruction of the history of Pacific sardine and northern anchovy populations over the past two millennia from sediments of the Santa Barbara Basin, California. California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations Report 33, 24–40.Google Scholar
Bean, T.H., 1890. Report on the Salmon and Salmon Rivers of Alaska, with Notes on the Conditions, Methods, and Needs of the Salmon Fisheries. United States Congress Miscellaneous Documents, Washington, DC.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Béarez, P., 2000. Archaic fishing at Quebrada de los Burros, southern coast of Peru. Reconstruction of fish size by using otoliths. Archaeofauna 9, 29–34.Google Scholar
Berezkin, Y. (Ed.), Arndt, K. (Translator), Fields, L. (Translator)., 2012. The Alutiit/Sugpiat: A Catalog of the Collections of the Kunstkamera. University of Alaska Press, Fairbanks.Google Scholar
Betts, M.W., Maschner, H.D.G., Clark, D.S., 2011. Zooarchaeology of the “fish that stops”: using archaeofaunas to construct long-term time series of Atlantic and Pacific cod populations. In: Moss, M., Cannon, A. (Eds.), The Archaeology of North Pacific Fisheries. University of Alaska Press, Fairbanks, pp. 171–195.Google Scholar
Bivand, R., Keitt, T., Rowlingson, B., 2017. rgdal: Bindings for the ‘Geospatial’ Data Abstraction Library. R Package Version 1.2-16 [computer software]. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=rgdal.Google Scholar
Bivand, S., Pebesma, E., Gomez-Rubio, V., 2013. Applied Spatial Data Analysis with R. 2nd ed. Springer, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bourque, B.J., Johnson, B., Steneck, R.S., 2008. Possible prehistoric fishing effects on coastal marine food webs in the Gulf of Maine. In: Rick, T.C., Erlandson, J.M. (Eds.), Human Impacts on Ancient Marine Ecosystems: A Global Perspective. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 165–185.Google Scholar
Bovy, K.M., 2011. Archaeological evidence for a double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) colony in the Pacific Northwest, USA. Waterbird Society 34, 89–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broughton, J.M., 1997. Widening diet breadth, declining foraging efficiency, and prehistoric harvest pressure: ichthyofaunal evidence from the Emeryville Shellmound, California. Antiquity 71, 845–862.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, V.L., 2001. Changing fish use on Mangaia, southern Cook Islands: resource depression and the prey choice model. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 11, 88–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, V.L., Delacorte, M.G., 2004. Doing zooarchaeology as if it mattered: use of faunal data to address current issues in fish conservation biology in Owents Valley, California. In: Lyman, R.L., Cannon, K.P. (Eds.), Zooarchaeology and Conservation Biology. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, pp. 25–44.Google Scholar
Cadrin, S.X., Secor, D.H., 2009. Accounting for spatial population structure in stock assessment: past, present, and future. In: Beamish, R.J., Rothschild, B.J. (Eds.), The Future of Fisheries Science in North America. Fish and Fisheries Series 31. Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 405–426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cahalan, J., Gasper, J., Mondragon, J., 2014. Catch Sampling and Estimation in the Federal Groundfish Fisheries off Alaska. 2015 ed. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-286. U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Campbell, S.K., Butler, V.L., 2010. Archaeologial evidence for resilience of Pacific Northwest salmon populations and the socioecological system over the last ~7,500 years. Ecology and Society 15, 17–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canino, M.F., Spies, I.B., Cunningham, K.M., Hauser, L., Grant, W.S., 2010. Multiple ice-age refugia in Pacific cod, Gadus macrocephalus. Molecular Ecology 19, 4339–4351.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carder, N., Reitz, E.J., Crock, J.G., 2007. Fish communities and populations during the post-Saladoid period (AD600/800–1500), Anguilla, Lesser Antilles. Journal of Archaeological Science 34, 588–599.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cobb, J.N., 1916. Pacific cod fisheries. Report of the U.S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1916. Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 830. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Fisheries, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, appendix IV.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cobb, J.N., 1927. Pacific cod fisheries. Report of the U.S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1927. Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 1014. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Fisheries, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, appendix IV.Google Scholar
Colley, S.M., 1987. Fishing for facts: can we reconstruct fishing methods from archaeological evidence? Australian Archaeology 24, 16–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cunningham, K.M., Canino, M.F., Spies, I.B., Hauser, L., 2009. Genetic isolation by distance and localized fjord population structure in Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus): limited effective dispersal in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 66, 153–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Datsky, A.V., Andronov, P.Y., 2014. Specifics of the distribution of commercial fishes in the Northwestern Bering Sea. Journal of Ichthyology 54, 832–871.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, M.W., Ottmar, M.L., 2009. Vertical distribution of juvenile Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus: potential role of light, temperature, food, and age. Aquatic Biology 8, 29–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elkina, B.N., 1957. Distribution and Stock Condition of Pacific Cod off the Northern Kuril Islands. Unpublished report, Inventory No. 805. On file at the archive of SakhNIRO, Antonovo, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Russia.Google Scholar
Etnier, M.A., 2002. Occurrences of Guadalupe fur seals (Arctocephalus townsendi) on the Washington coast over the past 500 years. Marine Mammal Science 18, 551–557.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Etnier, M.A., 2007. Defining and identifying sustainable harvests of resources: archaeological examples of pinniped harvests in the eastern North Pacific. Journal for Nature Conservation 3, 196–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finney, B.P., Gregory-Eaves, I., Douglas, M.S.V., Smol, J.P., 2002. Fisheries productivity in the northeastern Pacific Ocean over the past 2,200 years. Nature 416, 729–733.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fox, J., Weisberg, S., 2011. An {R} Companion to Applied Regression. 2nd ed. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. http://socserv.socsci.mcmaster.ca/jfox/Books/Companion.Google Scholar
Fredin, R.A., 1987. History of Regulation of Alaskan Groundfish Fisheries. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Center, Resource Ecology and Fisheries Management Division, Resource Ecology and Ecosystem Simulation Task. Seattle, Washington.Google Scholar
Grant, W.S., Zhang, C.I., Kobayashi, T., Ståhl, G., 1987. Lack of genetic stock discretion in Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 44, 490–498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grayson, D.K., 2005. A brief history of Great Basin pikas. Journal of Biogeography 32, 2103–2111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gulland, J.A., Rosenberg, A.A., 1992. A Review of Length-based Approaches to Assessing Fish Stocks. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 323. FAO, Rome.Google Scholar
Hambrecht, G., Feeley, F., Smiarowski, K., Hicks, M., Harrison, R., Brewington, S., Cesario, G., Gibbons, K., 2019. A millennium of Icelandic archaeological fish data examined against marine climate records. Quaternary Research DOI: 10.1017/qua.2019.35Google Scholar
Hard, J.J., Gross, M.R., Heino, M., Hilborn, R., Kope, R.G., Law, R., Reynolds, J.D., 2008. Evolutionary consequences of fishing and their implications for salmon. Evolutionary Applications 1, 388–408.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harvey, J.T., Loughlin, T.R., Perez, M.A., Oxman, D.S., 2000. Relationship between Fish Size and Otolith Length for 63 Species of Fishes from the Eastern North Pacific Ocean. NOAA Technical Report NMFS 150. NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, Washington.Google Scholar
Helser, T., Kastelle, C., Crowell, A., Ushikubo, T., Orland, I.J., Kozdon, R., Valley, J.W., 2018. A 200-year archaeozoological record of Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) life history as revealed through ion microprobe oxygen isotope ratios in otoliths. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 21, 1236–1246.Google Scholar
Hixon, M.A., Johnson, D.W., Sogard, S.M., 2014. BOFFFFs: on the importance of conserving old-growth age structure in fishery populations. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 71, 2171–2185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hollowed, A.B., Hare, S.R., Wooster, W.S., 2001. Pacific basin climate variability and patterns of Northeast Pacific marine fish production. Progress in Oceanography 49, 257–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmberg, H.J., 1985. Holmberg's Ethnographic Sketches. Edited by Falk, M.W.. Translated by Jaensch, Fritz. University of Alaska Press, Fairbanks.Google Scholar
Hovgård, H., Lassen, H., 2000. Manual on Estimation of Selectivity for Gillnet and Longline Gears in Abundance Surveys. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 397. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.Google Scholar
Hsieh, C., Reiss, C.S., Hunter, J.R., Beddington, J.R., May, R.M., Sugihara, G., 2006. Fishing elevates variability in the abundance of exploited species. Nature 443, 859–862.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hufthammer, A.K., Hoie, H., Folkvord, A., Geffen, A.J., Andersson, C., Ninnemann, U.S., 2010. Seasonality of human site occupation based on stable oxygen isotope ratios of cod otoliths. Journal of Archaeological Science 37, 78–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurst, T.P., Laurel, B.J., Ciannelli, L., 2010. Ontogenetic patterns and temperature-dependent growth rates in early life stages of Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus). Fishery Bulletin, 108, 382–392.Google Scholar
Huse, I., Løkkeborg, S., Soldal, H.V., 2000. Relative selectivity in trawl, longline and gillnet fisheries for cod and haddock. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57, 1271–1282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutchinson, W.F., Culling, M., Orton, D.C., Hänfling, B., Handley, L.L., Hamilton-Dyer, S., O'Connell, T.C., Richards, M.P., Barrett, J.H., 2015. The globalization of naval provisioning: ancient DNA and stable isotope analyses of stored cod from the wreck of the Mary Rose, AD 1545. Royal Society Open Science 2, 150199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Izzo, C., Doubleday, Z.A., Grammer, G.L., Gilmore, K.L., Alleway, H.K., Barnes, T.C., Disspain, M.C.F., Giraldo, A.J., Mazloumi, N., Gillanders, B.M., 2016. Fish as proxies of ecological and environmental change. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 26, 265–286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, J.B., Kirby, M.X., Berger, W.H., Bjorndal, K.A., Botsford, L.W., Bourque, B.J., Bradbury, R.H., et al. , 2001. Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems. Science 293, 629–638.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jochelson, W., 2002. Archaeological Investigations in the Aleutian Islands. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Knecht, R., 1995. The Late Prehistory of the Alutiiq People: Culture Change on the Kodiak Archipelago from 1200–1750 A.D. PhD dissertation, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, PA.Google Scholar
Kopperl, R.E., 2003. Cultural Complexity and Resource Intensification on Kodiak Island, Alaska. PhD dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle.Google Scholar
Laurel, B.J., Hurst, T.P., Ciannelli, L., 2011. An experimental examination of temperature interactions in the match–mismatch hypothesis for Pacific cod larvae. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 68, 51–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laurel, B. J., Hurst, T. P., Copeman, L. A., Davis, M. W., 2008. The role of temperature on the growth and survival of early and late hatching Pacific cod larvae (Gadus macrocephalus). Journal of Plankton Research 30, 1051–1060.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laurel, B.J., Rogers, L.A., 2020. Loss of spawning habitat and prerecruits of Pacific cod during a Gulf of Alaska heatwave. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences DOI: 10.1139/cjfas-2019–0238CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laurel, B.J., Ryer, C.H., Knoth, B., Stoner, A.W., 2009. Temporal and ontogenetic shifts in habitat use of juvenile Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 377, 28–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leach, F., Davidson, J., Horwood, L.M., 1997. The estimation of live fish size from archaeological cranial bones of the New Zealand blue cod Parapercis colias. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 7, 481–496.3.0.CO;2-T>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, L., Hollowed, A.B., Cokelet, E.D., Barbeaux, S.J., Bond, N.A., Keller, A.A., King, J.R., McClure, M.M., Palsson, W.A., Stabeno, P.J., Yang, Q., 2019. Subregional differences in groundfish distributional responses to anomalous ocean bottom temperatures in the northeast Pacific. Global Change Biology 25, 2560–2575.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Litzow, M.A., Mueter, F.Z., Hobday, A.J., 2014. Reassessing regime shifts in the North Pacific: incremental climate change and commercial fishing are necessary for explaining decadal-scale biological variability. Global Change Biology 20, 38–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lyman, R.L., 1987. On the analysis of vertebrate mortality profiles: sample size, mortality type, and hunting pressure. American Antiquity 52, 125–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyman, R.L., 1996. Applied zooarchaeology: the relevance of faunal analysis to wildlife management. World Archaeology 28, 110–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyman, R.L., Cannon, K.P., 2004. Zooarchaeology and Conservation Biology. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Mackovjak, J., 2020. Alaska Codfish Chronicle: A History of the Pacific Cod Fishery in Alaska. University of Alaska Press, Fairbanks.Google Scholar
Mann, D.H., Crowell, A.L., Hamilton, T.D., Finney, B.P., 1998. Holocene geologic and climatic history around the Gulf of Alaska. Arctic Anthropology 35, 112–131.Google Scholar
Mantua, N.J., Hare, S.R., Zhang, Y., Wallace, J.M., Francis, R.C., 1997. A Pacific interdecadal climate oscillation with impacts on salmon production. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 78, 1069–1079.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maschner, H.D.G., Betts, M.W., Cornell, J., Dunne, J.A., Finney, B., Huntly, N., Jordan, J.W., King, A.A., et al. 2009. An introduction to the biocomplexity of Sanak Island, western Gulf of Alaska. Pacific Science 63, 673–709.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maschner, H.D.G., Betts, M.W., Reedy-Maschner, K.L., Trites, A.W., 2008. A 4500-year time series of Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) size and abundance: archaeology, oceanic regime shifts, and sustainable fisheries. Fisheries Bulletin 106, 386–394.Google Scholar
Masse, W.B., Liston, J., Carucci, J., Athens, J.S., 2006. Evaluating the effects of climate change on environment, resource depletion, and culture in the Palau Islands between AD 1200 and 1600. Quaternary International 151, 106–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McClanahan, T.R., Omukoto, J.O., 2011. Comparison of modern and historical fish catches (AD 750–1400) to inform goals for marine protected areas and sustainable fisheries. Conservation Biology 25, 945–955.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKechnie, I., 2007. Investigating the complexities of sustainable fishing at a prehistoric village on western Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Journal for Nature Conservation 15, 208–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKechnie, I., Moss, M.L., 2016. Meta-analysis in zooarchaeology expands perspectives on Indigenous fisheries of the Northwest Coast of North America. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 8, 470–485.Google Scholar
Mecklenburg, C.W., Mecklenburg, T.A., Thorsteinson, L.K., 2002. Fishes of Alaska. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, MD.Google Scholar
Moss, M.L., 2004. Archaeological Investigation of Cape Addington Rockshelter: Human Occupation of the Rugged Seacoast on the outer Prince of Wales Archipelago, Alaska. University of Oregon Anthropological Paper No. 63. University of Oregon, Eugene.Google Scholar
Moss, M.L., 2011. Cod and Salmon: a tale of two assemblages from Coffman Cove, Alaska. In: Moss, M., Cannon, A. (Eds.), The Archaeology of North Pacific Fisheries. University of Alaska Press, Fairbanks, pp. 219–233.Google Scholar
Moss, M.L., Cannon, A., 2011. The Archaeology of North Pacific Fisheries. University of Alaska Press, Fairbanks.Google Scholar
Moss, M.L., Hays, J.M., Bowers, P.M., Reger, D., 2016. The Archaeology of Coffman Cove, 5500 Years of Settlement in the Heart of Southeast Alaska. University of Oregon Anthropological Paper No. 72. University of Oregon, Eugene.Google Scholar
Mundy, P.R., 2005. The Gulf of Alaska: Biology and Oceanography. Alaska Sea Grant College Program, University of Alaska, Fairbanks.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nakajima, T., Nakajima, M., Yamazaki, T., 2010. Evidence for fish cultivation during the Yayoi period in Western Japan. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 20, 127–134.Google Scholar
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries Service (NOAA), 2010. Alaska Fisheries Science Center Fact Sheet: Pacific Cod, Gadus macrocephalus. https://www.afsc.noaa.gov/Education/factsheets/10_Pcod_fs.pdf.Google Scholar
Newsome, S.D., Etnier, M.A., Gifford-Gonzalez, D., Phillips, D.L., van Tuinen, M., Hadly, E.A., Costa, D.P., Kennett, D.J., Guilderson, T.P., Koch, P.L., 2007. The shifting baseline of northern fur seal ecology in the northeast Pacific Ocean. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 104, 9709–9714.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ono, R., Clark, G., 2012. A 2500-year record of marine resource use on Ulong Island, Republic of Palau. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 22, 637–654.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Opheim, E.N., 1994. The Memoirs and Saga of a Cod Fisherman's Son: Ten Years of Dory-fishing Cod (1923–1933) at Sunny Cove, Spruce Island, Alaska. Vantage Press, New York.Google Scholar
Orchard, T.J., 2003. An Application of the Linear Regression Technique for Determining Length and Weight of Six Fish Taxa: The Role of Selected Fish Species in Aleut Paleodiet. British Archaeological Reports: International Series No. 1172. Archaeopress, Oxford.Google Scholar
Orlov, A.M., Stroganov, A.N., Buryakova, M.E., 2008. Recent research on Pacific cod in Russian Federation. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Stock Enhancement and Fisheries Management of Pacific Cod (May 14, 2008, Geoje City, Republic of Korea). Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, pp. 20–42.Google Scholar
Overland, J., Rodionov, S., Minobe, S., Bond, N., 2008. North Pacific regime shifts: definitions, issues and recent transitions. Progress in Oceanography 77, 92–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Partlow, M.A., 2006. Sampling fish bones: a consideration of the importance of screen-size and disposal context in the North Pacific. Arctic Anthropology 43, 67–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Partlow, M.A., Kopperl, R.E., 2011. Processing the patterns: elusive archaeofaunal signatures of cod storage on the North Pacific coast. In: Moss, M., Cannon, A. (Eds.), The Archaeology of North Pacific Fisheries. University of Alaska Press, Fairbanks, pp. 195–220.Google Scholar
Pauly, D., 1995. Anecdotes and the shifting baseline syndrome of fisheries. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 10, 430.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pebesma, E.J., Bivand, R.S., 2005. Classes and methods for spatial data in R. R News 5(2). https://cran.r-project.org/doc/Rnews.Google Scholar
Pershing, A.J., Alexander, M.A., Hernandez, C.M., Kerr, L.A., Le Bris, A., Mills, K.E., Nye, J.A., et al. , 2015. Slow adaptation in the face of rapid warming leads to collapse of the Gulf of Maine cod fishery. Science 350, 809–812.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pinnegar, J.K., Englehard, G.H., 2008. The “shifting baseline” phenomenon: a global perspective. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 18, 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poltev, Y.N., 2008. Some issues related to reproduction of Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus in waters of the eastern coast of the Northern Kuril Islands and the southern extremity of Kamchatka. Journal of Ichthyology 48, 345–355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
R Core Team., 2018. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org.Google Scholar
Reedy, K., 2019. The last cowboys: keeping open access in the Aleut groundfish fishery of the Gulf of Alaska. Maritime Studies 18, 31–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ricker, W.E., 1981. Changes in the average size and age of Pacific salmon. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 38, 1636–1656.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rick, T.C., Lockwood, R., 2013. Integrating paleobiology, archeology, and history to inform biological conservation. Conservation Biology 27, 45–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rick, T.C., Reeder-Myers, L.A., Hofman, C.A., Breitburg, D., Lockwood, R., Henkes, G., Kellogg, L., et al. ., 2016. Millennial-scale sustainability of the Chesapeake Bay Native American oyster fishery. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 113, 6568–6573.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rose, G.A., 2004. Reconciling overfishing and climate change with stock dynamics of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) over 500 years. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 61, 1553–1557.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, G.A., 2006. Cod: The Ecological History of the North Atlantic Fishery. Breakwater Books, St John's, Newfoundland.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, A.A., Bolster, W.J., Alexander, K.E., Leavenworth, W.B., Cooper, A.B., McKenzie, M.G., 2005. The history of ocean resources: modeling cod biomass using historical records. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 3, 78–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Savin, A.B., 2007. Seasonal migrations of Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus (Gadidae) off the eastern coast of Kamchatka. Journal of Ichthyology 47, 620–630.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmidt, J.O., Bograd, S.J., Arrizabalaga, H., Azevedo, J.L., Barbeaux, S.J., Barth, J.A., Boyer, T., et al. , 2019. Future ocean observations to connect climate, fisheries and marine ecosystems. Frontiers in Marine Science 6, 550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scholz, F.W., Stephens, M.A., 1987. K-sample Anderson-Darling tests. Journal of the American Statistical Association 82, 918–924.Google Scholar
Scholz, F., Zhu, A., 2018. kSamples: K-Sample Rank Tests and Their Combinations. R Package Version 1.2-8 [computer software]. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=kSamples.Google Scholar
Shimada, A.J., Kimura, D.K., 1994. Seasonal movements of Pacific cod, Gadus macrocephalus, in the eastern Bering Sea and adjacent waters based on tag-recapture data. Fishery Bulletin 92, 800–816.Google Scholar
Shin, Y.J., Rochet, M.J., Jennings, S., Field, J.G., Gislason, H., 2005. Using size-based indicators to evaluate the ecosystem effects of fishing. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Journal of Marine Science 62, 384–396.Google Scholar
Shipman, P., 1981. Life History of a Fossil. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Smirnova, M.A., Orlova, S.Yu., Mugue, N.S., Mukhametov, I.N., Smirnov, A.A., Orlov, A.M., 2015. Genetic differentiation of Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus in the Sea of Okhotsk and in the Bering Sea. Doklady Biochemistry and Biophysics 465, 389–393.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, E.A., Wishnie, M., 2000. Conservation and subsistence in small-scale societies. Annual Review of Anthropology 29, 493–524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spies, I., 2012. Landscape genetics reveals population subdivision in Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands Pacific cod. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 141, 1557–1573.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanek, R.T., 2000. Ethnographic Overview and Assessment for Nanwalek and Port Graham. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Subsistence, Anchorage.Google Scholar
Stein, J., 2000. Exploring Coast Salish Prehistory. University of Washington Press, Seattle.Google Scholar
Stein, J.K. (Ed.), 1992. Deciphering a Shell Midden. Academic Press, San Diego.Google Scholar
Steneck, R.S., 1997. Fisheries-induced biological changes to the structure and function of the Gulf of Maine ecosystem. In: Wallace, G.T., Braasch, E.F. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Gulf of Maine Ecosystem Dynamics. Regional Assocation for Research on the Gulf of Maine Report 97-1. Woods Hole, MA, pp. 153–167.Google Scholar
Stepanenko, M.A., 1995. Distribution, behavior, and abundance of Pacific cod, Gadus macrocephalus, in the Bering Sea. Journal of Ichythyology 35, 18–27.Google Scholar
Stewart, H., 1982. Indian Fishing: Early Methods on the Northwest Coast. Douglas and McIntyre, Vancouver, BC.Google Scholar
Stewart, K.M., Wigen, R.J., 2003. Screen-size and the need for reinterpretation: a case study from the Northwest Coast. Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 44, 27–34.Google Scholar
Stuiver, M., Reimer, P.J., Reimer, R.W., 2018. CALIB 7.1 [WWW program] (accessed March 8, 2018). http://calib.org.Google Scholar
Thompson, D.B., Ben-Yami, M., 1983. Fishing Gear Selectivity and Performance. FAO Fisheries Report No. 289, Supplement 2. Papers presented at the Expert Consultation on the Regulation of Fishing Effort (Fishing Mortality), Rome.Google Scholar
Thompson, G.G., Spies, I.B, Palsson, W.A., 2019a. Assessment of the Pacific cod stock in the Aleutian Islands. In: Plan Team for the Groundfish Fisheries of the Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands (Compiler), Stock Assessment and Fishery Evaluation Report for the Groundfish Resources of the Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands Regions. North Pacific Fishery Management Council, Anchorage, AK, pp. 1–117.Google Scholar
Thompson, G.G., Thorson, J.T., 2019b. Assessment of the Pacific cod stock in the Eastern Bering Sea. In: Plan Team for the Groundfish Fisheries of the Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands (Compiler), Stock Assessment and Fishery Evaluation Report for the Groundfish Resources of the Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands Regions. North Pacific Fishery Management Council, Anchorage, AK, pp. 1–271.Google Scholar
Thurstan, R.H., Campbell, A.B., Pandolfi, J.M., 2014. Nineteenth century narratives reveal historic catch rates for Australian snapper (Pagrus auratus). Fish and Fisheries 17, 210–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turrero, P., Garcia-Vazquez, E., Garcia de Leaniz, C., 2014. Shrinking fish: comparisons of prehistoric and contemporary salmonids indicate decreasing size at age across millennia. Royal Society Open Science 1(2), 140026.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Venables, W.N., Ripley, B.D., 2002. Modern Applied Statistics with S. Springer, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
West, C.F., 2009. Kodiak Island's prehistoric fisheries: human dietary response to climate change and resource availability. Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 4, 223–239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
West, C.F., Hofman, C.A., Ebbert, S., Martin, J., Shirazi, S., Dunning, S., Maldonado, J.E., 2016. Integrating archaeology and ancient DNA analysis to address invasive species colonization in the Gulf of Alaska. Conservation Biology 31, 1163–1172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
West, C.F., Wischniowski, S., Johnston, C., 2011. Little Ice Age climate: Gadus macrocephalus otoliths as a measure of local variability. In: Moss, M.L., Cannon, A. (Eds.), The Archaeology of North Pacific Fisheries. University of Alaska Press, Fairbanks, pp. 31–44.Google Scholar
Wolverton, S., Lyman, R.L., 2012. Conservation Biology and Applied Zooarchaeology. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Wolverton, S., Nagaoka, L., Rick, T.C., 2016. Applied Zooarchaeology: Five Case Studies. Eliot Werner Publications, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, S. N., 2006. Generalized Additive Models: An Introduction with R. Chapman and Hall/CRC, Boca Raton, Florida.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, S. N., 2011. Fast stable restricted maximum likelihood and marginal likelihood estimation of semiparametric generalized linear models. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society of London B 73, 3–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, Q., Cokelet, E.D., Stabeno, P.J., Li, L., Hollowed, A.B., Palsson, W.A., Bond, N.A., Barbeaux, S.J., 2019. How “the Blob” affected groundfish distributions in the Gulf of Alaska. Fisheries Oceanography 28, 434–453.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

West et al. supplementary material

West et al. supplementary material

Download West et al. supplementary material(File)
File 256.8 KB