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Late Pleistocene Bison antiquus from Orcas Island, Washington, and the biogeographic importance of an early postglacial land mammal dispersal corridor from the mainland to Vancouver Island

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Michael C. Wilson ,
Stephen M. Kenady  and
Randall F. Schalk
Michael C. Wilson*
Affiliation:
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Douglas College, P.O. Box 2503, New Westminster, BC, Canada V3L 5B2 Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC Canada V5A 1S6
Stephen M. Kenady
Affiliation:
Cultural Resource Management, 5319 Cedar Ridge Place, Sedro-Woolley, WA 98284, USA
Randall F. Schalk
Affiliation:
Cascadia Archaeology, P.O. Box 51058, Seattle, WA 98115-1058, USA
*
*Corresponding author. Email Address:[email protected] (M.C. Wilson).
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Abstract

A Bison antiquus cranium and partial skeleton from Ayer Pond wetland on Orcas Island, San Juan Islands, Washington, date to 11,760 ± 70 14C yr BP. They lay in lacustrine sediments below peat, unconformably above emergent Everson Glaciomarine Drift (> 12,000 14C yr BP). Several bison finds in similar contexts on Orcas and Vancouver Islands dating between 11,750 and 10,800 14C yr BP indicate an early postglacial land mammal dispersal corridor with reduced water barriers between mainland and islands. New bison dates and published shell dates allow estimation of early postglacial relative sea-level trends for the San Juans, with a drop below modern datum ∼ 12,000 14C yr BP, and assist in evaluation of marine reservoir corrections. Emergence by ∼ 60 m is suggested by data from nearby areas. A tundra-like or meadow community and succeeding open pine parkland before 11,000 14C yr BP supported bison but horn-core reduction suggests suboptimal forage or restricted habitat. Expanding mixed-conifer forests after 11,000 14C yr BP contributed to bison extirpation. Dispersing ungulates such as bison must have influenced island vegetation establishment and early succession. Possible evidence for butchering by early coastal people adds significance to the Ayer Pond discovery, given its pre-Clovis age.

Keywords

PaleogeographyPaleoenvironmentsBison antiquusDispersalPacific NorthwestIsostasySea levelPaleontologyArchaeologyMarine reservoir correction
Type
Articles
Information
Quaternary Research , Volume 71 , Issue 1 , January 2009 , pp. 49 - 61
Copyright
University of Washington

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