Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T05:05:50.691Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Geoarchaeology of Holocene oasis formation, hydro-agricultural management and climate change in Masafi, southeast Arabia (UAE)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 March 2019

Louise Purdue ,
Julien Charbonnier ,
Emmanuelle Régagnon ,
Carine Calastrenc ,
Thomas Sagory ,
Clément Virmoux ,
Mael Crépy ,
Sophie Costa  and
Anne Benoist
Louise Purdue*
Affiliation:
University Côte d'Azur, CNRS (National Center for Scientific Research), CEPAM (Cultures Environnements Préhistoire Antiquité Moyen Age), 24 avenue des Diables Bleus, 06357 Nice Cedex 4, France
Julien Charbonnier
Affiliation:
University Côte d'Azur, CNRS (National Center for Scientific Research), CEPAM (Cultures Environnements Préhistoire Antiquité Moyen Age), 24 avenue des Diables Bleus, 06357 Nice Cedex 4, France
Emmanuelle Régagnon
Affiliation:
CNRS, Archéorient, Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée, 7 rue Raulin, 69 365 Lyon Cedex 7, France
Carine Calastrenc
Affiliation:
CNRS, Traces, Université Toulouse Jean-Jaurès, Maison de la Recherche, 5 allée Antonio Machado, 31058 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
Thomas Sagory
Affiliation:
Musée d'Archéologie Nationale, Domaine National de Saint Germain en Laye, 78100 Saint Germain-en-Laye, France
Clément Virmoux
Affiliation:
CNRS, LGP (Laboratoire de Géographie Physique), 1 Place Aristide Briand, 92 195 Meudon, France
Mael Crépy
Affiliation:
CNRS, Archéorient, Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée, 7 rue Raulin, 69 365 Lyon Cedex 7, France
Sophie Costa
Affiliation:
University Côte d'Azur, CNRS (National Center for Scientific Research), CEPAM (Cultures Environnements Préhistoire Antiquité Moyen Age), 24 avenue des Diables Bleus, 06357 Nice Cedex 4, France
Anne Benoist
Affiliation:
CNRS, Archéorient, Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée, 7 rue Raulin, 69 365 Lyon Cedex 7, France
*
*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Oases are subject to decreasing resources and changing human activities. Fully aware of their rich heritage, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) have undertaken work to preserve and revitalize these oases. However, there is a clear lack of understanding of the dynamic links between climate change, hydraulic and agricultural management, and socioeconomic activities. To clarify these links, our team conducted a systematic geoarchaeological, geophysical, spatial, and chronological study of the Masafi oasis, UAE. Results indicate the existence of a natural humid area as early as the late Pleistocene (~18 cal ka BP). These conditions persist during the early-mid Holocene with drainage activation and soil development (~12–6.3 ka). During the late Holocene, after the emergence of the “artificial” oasis around ~3250 cal yr BP, cycles of intense management suggesting water availability (~3250–2380 cal yr BP; 550 cal yr BP) alternate with episodes of fluvial detritism (~2380–1870 cal yr BP; >550 cal yr BP) and scattered evidence of farming activities with complex hydroclimatic signatures (~2300–550 cal yr BP). These results, together with regional environmental data, indicate that water and soil resources were available and exploited strategically throughout the Holocene despite adverse climatic conditions, and the oasis of Masafi could have acted as a desert refugium.

Keywords

OasisAgricultureSoilWaterIrrigationClimateChronologyGeoarchaeologyUnited Arab EmiratesMasafi
Type
Research Article
Information
Quaternary Research , Volume 92 , Issue 1 , July 2019 , pp. 109 - 132
Copyright
Copyright © University of Washington. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Acabado, S.B., 2009. A Bayesian approach to dating agricultural terraces: a case from the Philippines. Antiquity 83, 801–214.Google Scholar
Aitken, M.J., 1985. Thermoluminescence Dating. Academic Press, Orlando.Google Scholar
Al-Farraj, A., 1995. Geomorphology of the Wadi Bih, Ras al-Khaimah, UAE. PhD dissertation, University of Liverpool, Great Britain.Google Scholar
Al-Ismaily, H., Probert, D., 1998. Water-resource facilities and management strategy for Oman. Applied Energy 61, 125–146.Google Scholar
Al-Tikriti, W.Y., 2002. The southeast Arabian origin of the falaj system. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 32, 117–138.Google Scholar
Al-Tikriti, W.Y., 2010. Heading north: an ancient caravan route and the impact of the falaj system on the Iron Age culture. In: Avanzini, A. (Ed.), Eastern Arabia in the First Millennium B.C. Arabia Antiqua 6. “L'Erma” di Bretschneider, Rome, pp. 227–247.Google Scholar
Al-Tikriti, W.Y. (Ed.), 2017. Water and Life in ancient Arabia. Proceedings of the Water and Life in Arabia conference. Abu Dhabi Tourism and Culture Authority, Abu Dhabi, UAE.Google Scholar
Atkinson, O.A.C., Goudie, A.S., Thomas, D.S.G., Bailey, R.M., 2011. Late Quaternary chronology of major dune ridge development in the northeast Rub' al-Khali, United Arab Emirates. Quaternary Research 76, 93–105.Google Scholar
Benoist, A., 2000. La céramique de l'Age du Fer en peninsule d'Oman. PhD dissertation, University of Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne, Paris.Google Scholar
Benoist, A., 2013 (Ed.). La vallée de Bithnah au cours de l'Age du Fer. British Archaeological Reports International Series 2510. Society for Arabian Studies Monographs No. 14. Archaeopress, Oxford.Google Scholar
Benoist, A., Bernard, V., Charbonnier, J., Goy, J., Hamel, A., Sagory, T., 2012. Une occupation de l'Age du Fer à Masâfî. Travaux récents de la Mission Archéologique Française aux EAU dans l'Emirat de Fujairah (Emirats Arabes Unis). Chroniques Yéménites 17. http://journals.openedition.org/cy/1803 ; DOI : 10.4000/cy.1803.Google Scholar
Berger, G.W., 2003. Luminescence chronology of late Pleistocene loess-paleosoil and tephra sequences near Fairbanks, Alaska. Quaternary Research 60, 70–83.Google Scholar
Berger, J.-F., Bravard, J.-P., Purdue, L., Benoist, A., Mouton, M., Braemer, F. 2012. Rivers of the Hadramawt watershed (Yemen) during the Holocene: clues of late functioning. Quaternary International 266, 142–161.Google Scholar
Berger, J.-F., Jung, C., 1996. Fonction, évolution et “taphonomie” des parcellaires en moyenne vallée du Rhône. Un exemple d'approche intégrée en archéomorphologie et en géoarchéologie. In: Chouquer, G. (Ed.), Les formes du paysage, tome 2. Errance, Paris, pp. 95–112.Google Scholar
Biagi, P., 1994. A radiocarbon chronology for the aceramic shell-middens of coastal Oman. Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 5, 17–31.Google Scholar
Böer, B., 1997. An introduction to the climate of the United Arab Emirates. Journal of Arid Environments 35, 3–16.Google Scholar
Boucharlat, R., 2003. Iron Age water-draining galleries and the Iranian ‘Qanāt’. In: Potts, D., Al Naboodah, H., Hellyer, P. (Eds.), Archaeology of the United Arab Emirates. Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Archaeology of the U.A.E. Trident Press, Londres, pp. 162–172.Google Scholar
Brock, F., Higham, T., Ditchfield, P., Bronk Ramsey, C., 2010. Current pretreatment methods for AMS radiocarbon dating at the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (ORAU). Radiocarbon 52, 102–112.Google Scholar
Bronk Ramsey, C., Lee, S., 2013. Recent and planned developments of the program OxCal. Radiocarbon 55, 720–730.Google Scholar
Brook, M.C., Al Houquani, H., Darawsha, T., Al Alawneh, M., Achary, S. 2006.Groundwater resources; development and management in Abu Dhabi Emirate, UAE. In: Mohamed, A.M.O. (Ed.), Arid land hydrogeology: in search of a solution to a threatened resource. Proceedings of the third joint UAE-Japan symposium on sustainable GCC environment and water resources (EWR2006), CRC Press, Abu Dhabi, UAE, pp. 24–43.Google Scholar
Burns, S.J., Fleitmann, D., Matter, A., Neff, U., Mangini, A., 2001. Speleothem evidence from Oman for continental pluvial events during interglacial periods. Geology 29, 623–626.Google Scholar
Charbonnier, J., Purdue, L., Benoist, A., 2017a. Taming surface water in pre-Islamic Southeast Arabia: archaeological, geoarchaeological and chronological evidence of runoff water channeling in Masāfī (UAE). Journal of Field Archaeology 42, 13–28.Google Scholar
Charbonnier, J., Purdue, L., Calastrenc, C., Régagnon, E., Sagory, T., Benoist, A., 2017b. Ancient agricultural landscapes in Southeast Arabia: Approach and first results of an archaeological, geo-archaeological, and spatial study of the Masāfī Palm Grove, Emirate of Fujairah. In: al-Tikriti, W.Y., Yule, P.A. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Water and Life in Arabia Conference. Abu Dhabi Tourism and Culture Authority, Abu Dhabi, pp. 45–65.Google Scholar
Chauhan, A.P.S., Singh, S.C., Hananto, N.D., Carton, H., Klingelhoefer, F., Dessa, J.-X., Permana, H., White, N.J., Graindorge, D., and the Sumatra OBS Scientific Team, 2009. Seismic imaging of forearc backthrusts at northern Sumatra subduction zone: Geophysical Journal International 179, 1772–1780.Google Scholar
Cheng, H., Fleitmann, D., Edwards, R.L., Wang, X., Cruz, F.W., Auler, A.S., Mangini, A., Wang, Y., Kong, X., Burns, S.J., 2009. Timing and structure of the 8.2 kyr BP event inferred from δ18O records of stalagmites from China, Oman, and Brazil. Geology 37, 1007–1010.Google Scholar
Cleuziou, S., 1982. Hili and the beginning of oasis life in Eastern Arabia. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 12, 15–22.Google Scholar
Cleuziou, S., 1997. Construire et protéger son terroir: les oasis d'Oman à l’Âge du Bronze. In: Burnouf, J., Bravard, J.-P., Chouquer, G. (Eds.), La dynamique des paysages protohistoriques, antiques, médiévaux et modernes. XVIIe Rencontres Internationales d'Archéologie et d'Histoire d'Antibes. Editions APDCA, Antibes, pp. 389–412.Google Scholar
Cleuziou, S., 1999. Espace habité, espace utilisé, espace vécu dans les communautés d'Arabie orientale à l’Âge du Bronze. In: Braemer, F., Cleuziou, S., Coudart, A. (Eds.), Habitat et société. XIXe Rencontres Internationales d'Archéologie et d'Histoire d'Antibes. Éditions APDCA, Antibes, pp. 83–108.Google Scholar
Cleuziou, S., 2005. Pourquoi si tard? Nous avons pris un autre chemin. L'Arabie des chasseurs-cueilleurs de l‘Holocène à l'Age du Bronze. In: Guilaine, J. (Ed.), Aux marges des grands foyers du Néolithique. Errance, Paris, pp. 123–148.Google Scholar
Cleuziou, S., 2009. Extracting wealth from a land of starvation by creating social complexity: A dialogue between archaeology and climate? Comptes Rendus Geoscience 341, 726–738.Google Scholar
Cleuziou, S., Costantini, L., 1980. Premiers éléments sur l'agriculture protohistorique de l'Arabie orientale. Paléorient 6, 245–251.Google Scholar
Córdoba, J.M., 2013. New perspectives about Iron Age and the oasis culture in the Oman peninsula. Two conclusive seasons at al Madam (Sharjah, UAE). Isimu 16, 139–151.Google Scholar
Córdoba, J.M., Del Cerro, M., 2005. Archéologie de l'eau dans al Madam (Sharjah, Emirats Arabes Unis). Puits, aflaj et sécheresse pendant l’âge du Fer. Iranica Antiqua 40, 515–532.Google Scholar
Czernik, J., Goslar, T., 2001. Preparation of graphite targets in the Gliwice Radiocarbon Laboratory for AMS 14C dating. Radiocarbon 43, 283–291.Google Scholar
Dalongeville, R., Besançon, J., 1997. Morphological study of the inner basin of Sharjah. In: Boucharlat, R., (Ed.), Archaeological Surveys and Excavations in the Sharjah Emirate (UAE). Fifth Report (1989), Lyon, pp. 24–25.Google Scholar
Daoud, A., 2011. Aménagements hydrauliques et construction des territoires: cas des oasis de Réjim Maâtoug (Sud tunisien). Insanyat 51–52, 83–97.Google Scholar
Desruelles, S., Fouache, E., Wassel, E., Cammas, C., Wattez, C. 2016. Evidence for early irrigation at Bat (wadi Sharsah, northwestern Oman) before the advent of farming villages. Quaternary Science Reviews 150, 42–54.Google Scholar
Diener, C., Gangler, A., Fein, A., 2003. Transformations processes in Oasensiedlungen Omans: das beispiel ibra. Trialog 76, 15–26.Google Scholar
Drechsler, P., 2009. The Dispersal of the Neolithic over the Arabian Peninsula. Archaeopress, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Durcan, J.A., King, G.E., Duller, G.A.T., 2015. DRAC: dose rate and age calculator for trapped charge dating. Quaternary Geochronology 28, 54–61.Google Scholar
Enzel, Y., Kushnir, Y., Quade, J. 2015. The middle Holocene climatic records from Arabia: Reassessing lacustrine environments, shift of ITCZ in Arabian Sea. Global and Planetary Change 129, 69–91.Google Scholar
Farrant, A.R., Duller, G.A.T., Parker, A.G., Roberts, H.M., Parton, A., Knox, R.W.O., Bide, T., 2015. The dune story: developing a framework of dune accumulation in the northern Rub' al-Khali, Arabia. Quaternary International 382, 132–144.Google Scholar
Fleitmann, D., Burns, S.J., Mangini, A., Mudelsee, M., Kramers, J., Villa, I. 2007. Holocene ITCZ and Indian monsoon dynamics recorded in stalagmites from Oman and Yemen (Socotra). Quaternary Science Reviews 26, 170–188.Google Scholar
Fleitmann, D., Burns, S.J., Mudelsee, M., Neff, U., Kramers, J., Mangin,i, A., Matter, A., 2003b. Holocene forcing of the Indian monsoon recorded in a stalagmite from Southern Oman. Science 300, 1737–1739.Google Scholar
Fleitmann, D., Burns, S.J., Neff, U., Mangini, A., Matter, A., 2003a. Changing moisture sources over the last 330,000 years in Northern Oman from fluid-inclusion evidence in speleothems. Quaternary Research 60, 223–232.Google Scholar
Fleitmann, D., Burns, S.J., Neff, U., Mudelsee, M., Mangini, A., Matter, A., 2004. Palaeoclimatic interpretation of high-resolution oxygen isotope profiles derived from annually laminated speleothems from Southern Oman. Quaternary Science Reviews 23, 935–945.Google Scholar
Fleitmann, D., Matter, A., 2009. The speleothem record of climate variability in Southern Arabia. Comptes Rendus Geosciences 341, 633–642.Google Scholar
Fuchs, M., Buerkert, A., 2008. A 20 ka sediment record from the Hajar Mountain range in N-Oman, and its implication for detecting arid–humid periods on the southeastern Arabian Peninsula. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 265, 546–558.Google Scholar
Garcier, R., Bravard, J.-P., 2014. La durabilité des oasis, aperçu de géographie historique à partir du cas de l'oasis de Kharga, Egypte. In: Lavie, E., Marshall, A., (Eds.), Oases in Globalization: Ruptures and Continuities. Proceedings of the Colloquium “Oases in globalization: ruptures and continuities”, Springer Geography, pp. 29–36.Google Scholar
Gebel, H.G., Hans, C., Liebau, A., Raehle, W., 1989. The late quaternary environments of Ain al-Faidha/Al-Ain, Abu Dhabi Emirate. Archaeology in the United Arab Emirates 5, 9–48.Google Scholar
Goslar, T., 2004. Low-energy 14C AMS in Poznan Radiocarbon Laboratory, Poland. Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section B-beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B Interactions with Materials and Atoms 223–224, 5–11.Google Scholar
Goudie, A.S., Colls, A., Stokes, S., Parker, A.G., White, K., Al-Farraj, A., 2000. Latest Pleistocene dune construction at the north-eastern edge of the Rub al Khali, United Arab Emirates. Sedimentology 47, 1011–1021.Google Scholar
Goudie, A.S., Colls, A., Stokes, S., Parker, A., White, K., Al-Farraj, A., 2001. Latest Pleistocene and Holocene dune construction at the north-eastern edge of the Rub Al Khali, United Arab Emirates. Sedimentology 47, 1011–1021.Google Scholar
Guerin, G., Mercier, N., Adamiec, G., 2011. Dose-rate conversion factors. Ancient Termoluminescence 29, 5–8.Google Scholar
Gupta, A., Anderson, D.M., Overpeck, J.T., 2003. Abrupt changes in the Asian southwest monsoon during the Holocene and their links to the North Atlantic Ocean. Nature 421, 354–356.Google Scholar
Hadley, D.G., Brouwers, E.M., Bown, T.M., 1998. Quaternary paleodunes, Arabian Gulf coast, Abu Dhabi Emirate: age and palaeoenvironmental evolution. In: Alsharhan, A.S., Glennie, K.W., Whittle, G.L., Kendall, C.G.St.C. (Eds.), Quaternary Deserts and Climatic Change. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 123–139.Google Scholar
Hilbert, Y.H., Parton, A., White, T.S., Clark-Balzan, L., Crassard, R., Groucutt, H.S, Jennings, R.P., et al. , 2014. Epipalaeolithic occupation and palaeoenvironments of the southern Nefud desert, Saudi Arabia, during the Terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene. Journal of Archaeological Science 50, 460–474.Google Scholar
Huckleberry, H., Rittenour, J. 2013. Combining radiocarbon and single-grain optically stimulated luminescence methods to accurately date pre-ceramic irrigation canals, Tucson, Arizona. Journal of Archaeological Science 41, 156–170.Google Scholar
Jennings, R.P., Singarayer, J., Stone, E.J., Krebs-Kanzow, U., Khon, V., Nisancioglu, K.H., Pfeiffer, M., Zhang, X., Parker, A., Parton, A., Groucutt, H.S., White, T.S., Drake, N.A., Petraglia, M.D., 2015. The greening of Arabia: Multiple opportunities for human occupation of the Arabian Peninsula during the Late Pleistocene inferred from an ensemble of climate model simulations. Quaternary International 382, 181–199.Google Scholar
Kennet, D., 2004. Sasanian and Islamic pottery from Ras al-Khaimah: Classification, Chronology and Analysis of Trade in the Western Indian Ocean. Archaeopress, Oxford.Google Scholar
Kennet, D., 2013. An outline archaeological history of the northern Emirates in the Islamic period. In: Potts, D., Hellyer, P. (Ed.), Second International Conference on the Archaeology in the UAE. Abu Dhabi Authority for Culture and Heritage, Abu Dhabi, pp. 189–201.Google Scholar
Kinnaird, T, Bolòs, J., Turner, A., Turner, S., 2017. Optically-stimulated luminescence profiling and dating of historic agricultural terraces in Catalonia (Spain). Journal of Archaeological Science 78, 66–77.Google Scholar
Korn, L., Haeser, J., Shreiber, J., Gangler, A., Nagieb, M., Siebert, S., Buerkert, A., 2004. Tiwi, Ash Shab and wadi Tiwi: the development of an oasis on the north-eastern coast of Oman. Journal of Oman studies 13, 57–90.Google Scholar
Lacoste, Y., 2014. Oasis. Encyclopaedia Universalis. Electronic version. https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/oasis/Google Scholar
Loke, M.H., Barker, R.D., 1996. Practical techniques for 3D resistivity surveys and data inversion. Geophysical Prospecting 44, 499–523.Google Scholar
Magee, P., 1995. Cultural Variability, Change and Settlement in Southeastern Arabia, 1400 to 250 BC. The view from Tell Abraq. PhD dissertation, University of Sydney, Sydney.Google Scholar
Magee, P., 1996. The chronology of the Southeast Arabian Iron Age. Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 7, 240–252.Google Scholar
Magee, P. 1997. The Iranian Iron Age and the chronology of settlement in Southeastern Arabia. Iranica Antiqua 32, 91–109.Google Scholar
Magee, P., 2014. The Archaeology of Prehistoric Arabia: Adaptation and Social Formation from the Neolithic to the Iron Age. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Mejdahl, V., 1979. Thermoluminescence dating: beta-dose attenuation in quartz grains. Archaeometry 21, 61–72.Google Scholar
Mershen, B., 1998. Settlement spaces and architecture in South Arabian Oases – ethnoarchaeological investigations in recently abandoned settlement quarters in inner Oman. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 28, 201–213.Google Scholar
Mershen, B., 2001. Observations on the archaeology and ethnohistory of rural estates of the 17th through early 20th centuries in Oman. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 31, 145–160.Google Scholar
Méry, S., Charpentier, V., Auxiette, G., Pelle, E., 2009. A dugong bone mound: the Neolithic ritual site on Akab in Umm al-Quwain, United Arab Emirates. Antiquity 83, 696–708.Google Scholar
Miller, C.S, Leroy, S.A., Collins, P.E., Lahijani, H.A., 2016. Late Holocene vegetation and ocean variability in the Gulf of Oman. Quaternary Science Review 143, 120–132.Google Scholar
Mouton, M., 2010. Mleiha et le peuplement de la péninsule d'Oman à la période Pré-Islamique Récente. In: Avanzini, A. (Ed.), Eastern Arabia in the First Millennium B.C. Arabia Antiqua 6. “L'Erma” di Bretschneider, Rome.Google Scholar
Neff, U., Burns, S.J., Mangini, A., Mudelsee, M., Fleitmann, D., Matter, A., 2001. Strong coherence between solar variability and the monsoon in Oman between 9 and 6 kyr ago. Nature 411, 290–293.Google Scholar
Parker, A.G., Eckersley, L., Smith, M.M., Goudie, A., Stokes, S., Ward, S., 2004. Holocene vegetation dynamics in the northeastern Rub'al-Khali desert, Arabian Peninsula: a phytolith, pollen and carbon isotope study. Journal of Quaternary Science 19, 665–676.Google Scholar
Parker, A.G., Goudie, A.S., 2008. Geomorphological and palaeoenvironmental investigations in the southeastern Arabian Gulf region and the implication for the archaeology of the region. Geomorphology 101 (3), 458–470.Google Scholar
Parker, A.G., Goudie, A.S., Stokes, S., White, K., Hodson, M.J., Manning, M., Kennet, D., 2006. A record of Holocene climate change from lake geochemical analyses in southeastern Arabia. Quaternary Research 66(3), 465–476.Google Scholar
Potts, D.T., 2012. The first centuries after the coming of Islam. In: Potts, D.T. (Ed.), In The Land of the Emirates: The Archaeology and History of the UAE. Trudent Press and Sultan bin Zayed's Culture and Media Center, London and Abu Dhabi, pp. 149–159.Google Scholar
Power, T., Sheehan, P., 2011. Bayt Bin ‘Ātī in Qattārah oasis: a prehistoric industrial site and the formation of the oasis landscape of al-‘Ain, UAE. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 41, 267–282.Google Scholar
Power, T., Sheehan, P., 2012. The origin and development of the oasis landscape of al-'Ain (UAE). Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 42, 1–18.Google Scholar
Prescott, J.R., Hutton, J. T., 1994. Cosmic ray contributions to dose rates for luminescence and ESR dating: large depths and long-term time variations. Radiation Measurements 23, 497–500.Google Scholar
Preston, G.W., 2011. From nomadic herder-hunters to sedentary famers: the relationship between climate, environment and human societies in the United Arab Emirates from the Neolithic to the Iron Age. PhD dissertation, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford.Google Scholar
Preston, G.W., Parker, A.G., 2013. Understanding the evolution of the Holocene Pluvial Phase and its impact on Neolithic populations in south-east Arabia. Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 24, 87–94.Google Scholar
Preston, G.W., Parker, A.G., Walkington, H., Leng, M.J., Hodson, M.J., 2012. From nomadic herder-hunters to sedentary farmers: the relationship between climate change and ancient subsistence strategies in south-eastern Arabia. Journal of Arid Environment 86, 122–130.Google Scholar
Preston, G.W., Thomas, D.S.G., Goudie, A.S., Atkinson, O.A.C., Leng, M.J., Hodson, M.J., Walkington, H., et al. , 2015. A multi- proxy analysis of the Holocene humid phase from the United Arab Emirates and its implications for southeast Arabia's Neolithic populations. Quaternary International 382, 277–292.Google Scholar
Purdue, L., Berger, J.-F., 2015. An integrated socio-environmental approach to the study of ancient water systems: the case of prehistoric Hohokam irrigation systems in semi-arid central Arizona. Journal of Archaeological Science 53, 586–603.Google Scholar
Reimer, P.J., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Warren Beck, J., Blackwell, P.G., Bronk Ramsey, C., Brown, D.M., et al. , 2013. Selection and treatment of data for radiocarbon calibration: an update to the international calibration (intcal) criteria. Radiocarbon 55, 1869–1887.Google Scholar
Richter, D., Richter, A., Dornich, K., 2015. Lexsyg Smart – A Luminescence detection system for dosimetry, Material Research and Dating Application. Geochronometria 42, 202–209.Google Scholar
Rizk, Z.S, El Etr, H.A., 1997. Hydrogeology and hydrogeochemistry of some springs in the United Arab Emirates. Arabian Journal of Science and Engineering 22, 95–111.Google Scholar
Sasaki, H., Sasaki, T., 2006. Excavation and preservation of Masafi fort. Kindai-koko [Kanazawa University Archaeology] 53: 6–17.Google Scholar
Schulz, E., Whitney, J.W., 1986. Upper Pleistocene and Holocene lakes in the An Nafud, Saudi Arabia. Hydrobiologia 143, 175–190.Google Scholar
Sirocko, F., Sarnthein, M., Erlenkeuser, H., Lange, H., Maurice, A., Duplessy, J.C., 1993. Century-scale events in monsoonal climate over the past 24,000 years. Nature 364, 322–324.Google Scholar
Stokes, S., Bray, H., Goudie, A.S., Wood, W.W., 2003. Later Quaternary paleorecharge events in the Arabian Peninsula. In: Alsharhan, A.S., Wood, W.W. (Eds.), Water Resources Perspectives: Evaluation, Management and Policy. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 371–378.Google Scholar
Stuiver, M., Polach, H.A., 1977. Discussion reporting of 14C data. Radiocarbon 19, 355–363.Google Scholar
Tengberg, M., 1998. Paléoenvironnements et économie végétale en milieu aride - recherches archéobotaniques dans la région du Golfe arabo-persique et dans le Makran pakistanais (4ème millénaire av. notre ère - 1er millénaire de notre ère). PhD dissertation, University of Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France.Google Scholar
Tengberg, M., 2003. Archaeobotany in the Oman peninsula and the role of Eastern Arabia in the spread of African crops. In: Neumann, K., Butler, A., Kahlheber, S. (Eds.), Food, Fuel and Fields: Progress in African Archaeobotany. Africa Praehistorica 15. Heinrich Barth Institut, Cologne, pp. 229–237.Google Scholar
Tourenq, C., Brook, M., Knuteson, S., Shuriqi, M.K., Sawaf, M., Perry, L., 2011. Hydrogeology of wadi Wurayah, United Arab Emirates, and its importance for biodiversity and local communities. Hydrological Sciences Journal 56, 1407–1422.Google Scholar
Uerpmann, M., 2003. The dark millennium-Remarks on the final Stone Age in the Emirates and Oman. In: Potts, D., Naboodah, H.A., Hellyer, P. (Eds.), Archaeology in the United Arab Emirates: Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Archaeology of the U.A.E. Trident Press, London, pp. 73–84.Google Scholar
von Rad, U., Schaff, M., Michels, K.H., Schulz, H., Berger, W.H., Sirocko, F., 1999. A 5000-yr record of climate change in varved sediments from the oxygen minimum zone of Pakistan, Northeastern Arabian Sea. Quaternary Research 51, 39–53.Google Scholar
Weisgerber, G., 1981. Mehr als Kupfer in Oman. Ergebnisse der Expedition 1981. Der Anschnitt 33, 174–263.Google Scholar
Wellbrock, K., Grottker, M., Gebel, H.G.K., 2017. Archaeohydrological Investigation in NW Arabia Potentials, Problems, Needs and Goals. In: al-Tikriti, W.Y., Yule, P.A. (Eds.), Proceedings of Water and Life in Arabia Conference 14–16th December 2014 in Abu Dhabi. Abu Dhabi Tourism and Culture Authority, Abu Dhabi, UAE, pp. 27–44.Google Scholar
Willcox, G., 1995. Some plant impressions from Umm an-Nar Island. In: Frifelt, K., (Ed.), The Island of Umm An-nar: The Third Millennium Settlement. Jutland Archaeological Society Publications, Aarhus University Press, Aarhus, pp. 257–259.Google Scholar
Wintle, A.G., Murray, A.S., 2006. A review of quartz optically stimulated luminescence characteristics and their relevance in single-aliquot regeneration dating protocols. Radiation Measurements 41, 369–391.Google Scholar
Zimmerman, D.W., 1971. Thermoluminescence dating using fine grains from pottery. Archaeometry 13, 29–50.Google Scholar
Ziolkowski, M.C., al-Sharqi, A.S., 2005. Bayt Sheikh Suhail bin Hamdan al-Sharqi, al-Fara', Fujairah, United Arab Emirates: an ethnoarchaeological study. Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 16, 183–255.Google Scholar