Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-14T11:13:31.522Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Climatic and sea level controls on Late Quaternary eolian activity on the Agulhas Plain, South Africa

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Andrew S. Carr ,
David S.G. Thomas  and
Mark D. Bateman
Andrew S. Carr*
Affiliation:
Sheffield Centre for International Drylands Research, Geography Department, Winter St., University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
David S.G. Thomas
Affiliation:
School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TB, UK
Mark D. Bateman
Affiliation:
Sheffield Centre for International Drylands Research, Geography Department, Winter St., University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
*
*Corresponding author. Fax: +44 114 2797919.E-mail address:[email protected](A.S. Carr).
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Located at the interface between the temperate westerly and sub-tropical climate systems, South Africa's winter rainfall zone (WRZ) is a key location in understanding Late Quaternary atmospheric circulation dynamics. Inactive eolian deposits in the WRZ, comprising pan-fringing lunette and coastal dunes, were investigated to establish their depositional ages and utility as paleoenvironmental indicators. The resulting optical luminescence chronology reveals episodic lunette accretion at 60,000–45,000 yr, 12,000–13,000 yr, 2800–2600 yr, 1200 yr, and <1000 yr, with coastal dune ages clustering at 4100–4700 yr.

Episodes of lunette and coastal dune accretion on the Agulhas Plain are temporally distinct, reflecting differing fundamental controls on their activity. Comparisons to previously published data also reveal that the lunettes differ in age from more ancient coastal eolianites. Lunette deposition is asynchronous between locations, reflecting the topographic and hydrological setting of the individual pans. In near-coastal settings, with limited surface recharge, lunette accretion appears to be at least partially controlled by sea level induced changes in groundwater levels. Those pans with more significant surface recharge (particularly from fluvial systems) may produce less ambiguous paleoenvironmental records, with pan status more strongly reflecting regional hydrological conditions. Lunette orientation is indicative of strong westerly winds during both the Pleistocene and Holocene. Lunette accretion would have been promoted by reduced on-shore moisture transport during the summer months, enhancing rainfall seasonality. Such conditions would have been promoted by increased continentality as the Agulhas Bank was exposed during low sea level stands.

Keywords

South AfricaEolian sedimentsLuminescence datingQuaternary environmentsSea level change
Type
Original Articles
Information
Quaternary Research , Volume 65 , Issue 02 , March 2006 , pp. 252 - 263
Copyright
University of Washington

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aitken, M., (1985). Thermoluminescence Dating. Academic Press, London.359 pp.Google Scholar
Barwis, J.H., Tankard, A.J., (1983). Pleistocene shoreline deposition and sea-level history at Swartklip, South Africa. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 53, 1281–1294.Google Scholar
Bateman, M.D., Holmes, P.J., Carr, A.S., Horton, B.P., Jaiswal, M.K., (2004). Eolianite and barrier dune construction spanning the last two glacial–interglacial cycles from the southern Cape coast, South Africa. Quaternary Science Reviews 23, 1681–1698.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baxter, A.J., (1996). Late Quaternary environments of the Sandveld, Western Cape Province, South Africa.. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Cape Town.Google Scholar
Birch, G.F., De Plessis, A., Willis, J.P., (1978). Off-shore and on-land geological and geophysical investigations in the Wilderness Lakes region. Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa 81, 339–352.Google Scholar
Bowler, J.M., (1980). Australian salt lakes: a paleohydrological approach. Hydrobiologica 82, 431–444.Google Scholar
Bowler, J.M., (1986). Spatial Variability and hydrologic evolution of Australian Lake basins. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 54, 21–41.Google Scholar
Brooke, B.P., (2001). The distribution of carbonate eolianite. Earth Science Reviews 55, 135–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butzer, K.W., (2004). Coastal eolian sands, paleosols, and Pleistocene geoarchaeology of the Southwestern Cape, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 31, 1743–1781.Google Scholar
Butzer, K.W., Helgren, D.M., (1972). Late Cenozoic evolution of the Cape Coast between Kynsna and Cape St. Francis, South Africa. Quaternary Research 2, 143–169.Google Scholar
Carr, A.S., (2004). Late Quaternary environmental change on the Agulhas Plain, Winter Rainfall Zone, South Africa.. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Sheffield.Google Scholar
Cockcroft, M.J., Wilkinson, M.J., Tyson, P.D., (1987). The application of a present-day climatic model to the Late Quaternary in Southern-Africa. Climatic Change 10, 161–181.Google Scholar
Cohen, A.L., Tyson, P.D., (1995). Sea surface temperature fluctuations during the Holocene off the south coast of Africa: implications for terrestrial climate and rainfall. The Holocene 5, 304–312.Google Scholar
Cohen, A.L., Parkington, J.E., Brundrit, G.G., van der Merwe, N.J., (1992). A Holocene marine climatic record in mollusc shells from the southwest African coast. Quaternary Research 38, 379–385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Compton, J.S., (2001). Holocene sea-level fluctuations inferred from the evolution of depositional environments of the southern Langebaan Lagoon salt marsh, South Africa. The Holocene 11, 395–405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Compton, J.S., Franceschini, G., (2005). Holocene geoarchaeology of the Sixteen Mile Beach barrier dunes in the Western Cape. Quaternary Research 66, 99–107.Google Scholar
Cowling, R.M., Witkowski, E.T.F., (1994). Convergence and non-convergence of plant traits in climatically and edaphically matched sites in Mediterranean Australia and South Africa. Australian Journal of Ecology 19, 220–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowling, R.M., Cartwright, C.R., Parkington, J.E., Allsopp, J.C., (1999). Fossil wood charcoal assemblages from Elands Bay Cave, South Africa: implications for Late Quaternary vegetation and climates in the winter-rainfall fynbos biome. Journal of Biogeography 26, 367–378.Google Scholar
Deacon, J., Lancaster, N., (1988). Late Quaternary Paleoenvironments of Southern Africa. Clarendon Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Deacon, H.J., Deacon, J., Scholtz, A., Thackeray, J.F., Brink, J.S., Vogel, J.C., (1984). Correlation of paleoenvironmental data from the Late Pleistocene and Holocene deposits at Boomplaas cave, southern Cape. Vogel, J.C., Late Cainozoic Paleoenvironments of The Southern Hemisphere A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam.339–352.Google Scholar
Dingle, R.V., Birch, G.F., Bremner, J.M., DeDecker, R.H., Du Plessis, A., Engelbrecht, J.C., Fincham, M.J., Fitton, B.W., Flemming, B.W., Gentle, R.I., Goodland, S.W., Martin, A.K., Mills, E.G., Moir, G.J., Parker, R.J., Robson, S.H., Rogers, J., Salmon, D.A., Siesser, W.G., Simpson, S.W., Summerhayes, C.P., Westall, F., Winter, A., Woodborne, M.W., (1987). Deep-sea sedimentary environments around southern Africa (South-east Atlantic and South-West Indian Oceans). Annals of the South African Museum 98, 1–27.Google Scholar
Faure, H., Walter, R.C., Grant, D.R., (2002). The coastal oasis: ice age springs on emerged continental shelves. Global and Planetary Change 33, 47–56.Google Scholar
Gaines, S.M., (2003). The morphology, sedimentology and palaeoenvironmental significance of two pan-lunette clusters in the southwestern cape of South Africa.. Unpublished MSc Thesis, University of Cape Town..Google Scholar
Goudie, A.S., Thomas, D.S.G., (1985). Pans in southern Africa with particular reference to South Africa and Zimbabwe. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 29, 1–19.Google Scholar
Hesp, P., Illenberger, W., Rust, I., McLachlan, A., Hyde, R., (1989). Some aspects of transgressive dunefields geomorphology and dynamics. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. Supplement 73, 111–123.Google Scholar
Illenberger, W.K., (1996). The geomorphologic evolution of the Wilderness dune cordons, South Africa. Quaternary International 33, 11–20.Google Scholar
Illenberger, W.K., Rust, I., Vogel, J.C., (1997). Luminescence dating of coastal dunes of the southern Cape.XIII Biennial conference of the Southern African Society for Quaternary research (SASQUA), Book of Abstracts.6–7.Google Scholar
Irving, S.J., (1998). Late Quaternary paleoenvironments at Vankervelsvlei, near Kynsna, South Africa.. Unpublished MSc thesis, University of Cape Town.Google Scholar
Klein, R.G., (1991). Size variation in the Cape Dune Molerat (Bathyergus-Suillus) and Late Quaternary climatic change in the southwestern Cape Province, South Africa. Quaternary Research 36, 243–256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kocurek, G., Lancaster, N., (1999). Aeolian sediment states: theory and Mojave Desert Kelso Dunefield example. Sedimentology 46, 505–516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kocurek, G., Robinson, N.I., Sharp, J.M., (1999). The response of the water table in coastal eolian systems to changes in sea level. Sedimentary Geology 139, 1–13.Google Scholar
Lambeck, K., Chappell, J., (2001). Sea-level change through the last glacial cycle. Science 292, 679–686.Google Scholar
Lancaster, N., (1978). Composition and formation of southern Kalahari pan margin dunes. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 22, 148–169.Google Scholar
Lawson, M., (1998). Environmental Change in South Africa: A luminescence-based chronology of late Quaternary lunette dune development.. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Sheffield.Google Scholar
Malan, J.A., (1990). The stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Bredasdorp Group, southern Cape Province.. Unpublished MSc Thesis, University of Cape Town.Google Scholar
Marker, M.E., Holmes, P.J., (1995). Lunette dunes in the northeast Cape, South Africa as geomorphic indicators of paleoenvironmental change. Catena 24, 259–273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meadows, M.E., Baxter, A.J., (1999). Late Quaternary Paleoenvironments of the southwestern Cape, South Africa: a regional synthesis. Quaternary International 57–8, 193–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, G.H., Beaumont, P.B., Deacon, H.J., Brooks, A.S., Hare, P.E., Jull, A.J.T., (1999). Earliest modern humans in southern Africa dated by Isoleucine epimerisation in ostrich egg shell. Quaternary Science Reviews 18, 1537–1548.Google Scholar
Murray, A.S., Wintle, A.G., (2000). Luminescence dating of quartz using an improved single-aliquot regenerative-dose protocol. Radiation Measurements 32, 57–73.Google Scholar
Nash, D.J., (1997). Groundwater as a geomorphological agent in drylands. Thomas, D.S.G., Arid Zone Geomorphology: Process, Form and Change in Drylands Wiley, Chichester.319–348.Google Scholar
Prescott, J.R., Hutton, J.T., (1994). Cosmic ray contributions to dose rates for luminescence and ESR dating: large depths and long-term variations. Radiation Measurements 23, 497–500.Google Scholar
Roberts, D., Berger, L.R., (1997). Last interglacial human footprints from South Africa. South African Journal of Science 93, 349–350.Google Scholar
Scholtz, A., (1986). Palynological and palaeobotanical studies in the southern Cape.. Unpublished MA Thesis, University of Stellenbosch.Google Scholar
Siesser, W.G., (1970). Carbonate components and mineralogy of the South African Coastal limestones and limestones of the Agulhas Bank. Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa 73, 49–63.Google Scholar
Stevenson, C., Lee-Thorp, J.A., Holmgren, K., (1999). A 3000 year isotope record from a stalagmite in cold air cave, Makapansgat Valley, Northern Province. South African Journal of Science 95, 46–48.Google Scholar
Talma, A.S., Vogel, J.C., (1992). Late Quaternary paleotemperatures derived from a speleothem from Cango Caves, Cape Province, South Africa. Quaternary Research 37, 203–213.Google Scholar
Thomas, D.S.G., Shaw, P.A., (2002). Late Quaternary environmental change in central southern Africa, synthesis, issues and prospects. Quaternary Science Reviews 21, 783–797.Google Scholar
Thomas, D.S.G., Holmes, P.J., Bateman, M.D., Marker, M.E., (2002). Geomorphic evidence for late Quaternary environmental change from the eastern Great Karoo margin, South Africa. Quaternary International 89, 151–164.Google Scholar
Thwaites, R.N., Cowling, R.M., (1988). Soil–Vegetation relationships on the Agulhas plain, South Africa. Catena 15, 333–345.Google Scholar
Tinley, K.L., (1985). Coastal dunes of South Africa. South African National Scientific Programmes Report vol. 109, CSIR, Pretoria.Google Scholar
Walsh, B.N., (1968). Some notes on the incidence of drift sands along the Caledon, Bredasdorp and Riversdale coastline of South Africa. Bulletin-Department of Forestry vol. 44, Government Printer, Pretoria, South Africa.Google Scholar