Hostname: page-component-5cf477f64f-tx7qf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-04-06T00:41:08.947Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Chronology of Laurentide glaciation in New Jersey and the New York City area, United States

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 October 2020

Scott D. Stanford ,
Byron D. Stone ,
John C. Ridge ,
Ron W. Witte ,
Richard R. Pardi  and
Gerda E. Reimer
Scott D. Stanford*
Affiliation:
New Jersey Geological and Water Survey, Trenton, New Jersey 08625, USA
Byron D. Stone
Affiliation:
U.S. Geological Survey, East Hartford, Connecticut 06108, USA
John C. Ridge
Affiliation:
Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
Ron W. Witte
Affiliation:
New Jersey Geological and Water Survey, Trenton, New Jersey 08625, USA
Richard R. Pardi
Affiliation:
Department of Environmental Science, William Paterson University, Wayne, New Jersey 07470, USA
Gerda E. Reimer
Affiliation:
U.S. Geological Survey, Lawrenceville, New Jersey 08648, USA
*
*Corresponding author at: New Jersey Geological and Water Survey, P. O. Box 420, Trenton, New Jersey 08625, USA. E-mail address: [email protected] (S. D. Stanford).
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Deposits of at least three glaciations are present in New Jersey and the New York City area. The oldest deposits are magnetically reversed. Pollen and stratigraphic relations suggest that they are from the earliest Laurentide advance at ~2.4 Ma. Deposits of a second advance are overlain by peat dated to 41 ka and so are pre-Marine Isotope Stage (pre-MIS) 2. Their relation to marine deposits indicates that they predate MIS 5 but postdate MIS 11 and may postdate MIS 7 or 9, suggesting an MIS 6 age. The most recent deposits are of MIS 2 (last glacial maximum [LGM]) age. Radiocarbon dates and varve counts tied to glacial-lake events indicate that LGM ice arrived at its terminus at 25 ka, stood at the terminus until ~24 ka, retreated at a rate of 80 m/yr until 23.5 ka, and then retreated at a rate of 12 m/yr to 18 ka. At 18 ka the retreat record connects to the base of the North American Varve Chronology at Newburgh, New York. The 25–24 ka age for the LGM is slightly younger than, but within the uncertainty of, cosmogenic ages; it is significantly older than the oldest dated macrofossils in postglacial deposits in the region.

Keywords

glaciationNew JerseyNew York CityPleistocenevarvespaleomagnetismradiocarbon
Type
Research Article
Information
Quaternary Research , Volume 99 , January 2021 , pp. 142 - 167
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © University of Washington. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

1

Present address: 26 Bucks Road, Susquehanna, Pennsylvania 18847, USA

2

Present address: 6203 Westover Way, Somerset, New Jersey 08873, USA

References

REFERENCES

Antevs, E., 1928. The last glaciation with special reference to the ice sheet in North America. American Geographical Society, New York, Research Series 17.Google Scholar
Bailey, I., Bolton, C.T., DeConto, R.M., Pollard, D., Schiebel, R., Wilson, P.A., 2010. A low threshold for North Atlantic ice rafting from “low-slung slippery” late Pliocene ice sheets. Paleoceanography 25, PA 1212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, I., Hole, G.M., Foster, G.L., Wilson, P.A., Storey, C.D., Trueman, C.N., Raymo, M.E., 2013. An alternative suggestion for the Pliocene onset of major northern hemisphere glaciation based on the geochemical provenance of North Atlantic Ocean ice-rafted debris. Quaternary Science Reviews 75, 181–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balco, G., Briner, J., Finkel, R.C., Rayburn, J.A., Ridge, J.C., Schaefer, J.M., 2009. Regional beryllium-10 production rate calibration for late-glacial northeastern North America. Quaternary Geochronology 4, 93–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balco, G., Rovey, C.W. II, 2010. Absolute chronology for major Pleistocene advances of the Laurentide ice sheet. Geology 38, 795–798.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balco, G., Rovey, C.W. II, Stone, J.O.H., 2005. The first glacial maximum in North America. Science 307, 222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Balco, G., Schaefer, J.M., 2006. Cosmogenic-nuclide and varve chronologies for the deglaciation of southern New England. Quaternary Geochronology 1, 15–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balco, G., Stone, J.O.H., Porter, S.C., Caffee, M.W., 2002. Cosmogenic-nuclide ages for New England coastal moraines, Martha's Vineyard and Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA. Quaternary Science Reviews 21, 2127–2135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baskerville, C.A., 1994. Bedrock and Engineering Geologic Maps of New York County and Parts of Kings and Queens Counties, New York, and Parts of Bergen and Hudson Counties, New Jersey. Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-2306. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.Google Scholar
Belknap, D.F., 1979. Application of Amino Acid Geochronology to Stratigraphy of the Late Cenozoic Marine Units of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. PhD dissertation, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware.Google Scholar
Berry, E.W., Hawkins, A.C., 1935. Flora of the Pensauken Formation in New Jersey. Geological Society of America Bulletin 46, 245–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boellstorff, J.D., 1978. North American Pleistocene stages reconsidered in light of probable Pliocene-Pleistocene continental glaciation. Science 202, 305–307.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonnett, R.B., Noltimier, H.C., Sanderson, D.D., 1991. A paleomagnetic study of the early Pleistocene Minford Silt Member, Teays Formation, West Virginia. In: Melhorn, W.W., Kempton, J.P. (Eds.), Geology and Hydrogeology of the Teays-Mahomet Bedrock Valley System. Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado, Special Paper 258, pp. 9–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braun, D.D., 2004. The glaciation of Pennsylvania, USA. In: Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P.L. (Eds.), Quaternary Glaciations—Extent and Chronology, Part II, North America. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 237–242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buxton, H.T., Shernoff, P.K., 1999. Ground-water Resources of Kings and Queens Counties, Long Island, New York. Water Supply Paper 2498, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.Google Scholar
Chamberlin, T.C., Salisbury, R.D., 1906. Geology, v. III: Earth History, Mesozoic–Cenozoic. Henry Holt, New York.Google Scholar
Clark, D.H., Bierman, P.R., Larsen, P., 1995. Improving in situ cosmogenic chronometers. Quaternary Research 44, 367–377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, P.U., Pollard, D., 1998. Origin of the middle Pleistocene transition by ice sheet erosion of regolith. Paleoceanography 13, 1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connally, G.G., Sirkin, L.A., 1970. Late glacial history of upper Wallkill valley, New York. Geological Society of America Bulletin 81, 3297–3306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connally, G.G., Sirkin, L.A., 1973. Wisconsinan history of the Hudson-Champlain lobe. In: Black, R.F., Goldthwait, R.P., Willman, H.B. (Eds.), The Wisconsinan Stage. Memoir 136, Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado, pp. 47–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corbett, L.B., Bierman, P.R., Stone, B.D., Caffee, M.W., Larsen, P.L., 2017. Cosmogenic nuclide age estimate for Laurentide Ice Sheet recession from the terminal moraine, New Jersey, USA, and constraints on latest Pleistocene ice sheet history. Quaternary Research 87, 482–498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cotter, J.F.P., Ridge, J.C., Evenson, E.B., Sevon, W.D., Sirkin, L., Stuckenrath, R., 1986. The Wisconsinan history of the Great Valley, Pennsylvania and New Jersey, and the age of the “Terminal Moraine.” In: Cadwell, D.H. (Ed.), The Wisconsinan Stage of the First Geological District, Eastern New York. Bulletin 455, New York State Museum, Albany, New York, pp. 22–49.Google Scholar
Dalton, A.S., Finkelstein, S.A., Forman, S.L., Barnett, P.J., Pico, T., Mitrovica, J.X., 2019. Was the Laurentide Ice Sheet significantly reduced during Marine Isotope Stage 3? Geology 47, 111–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
deLaguna, W., 1948. Geologic Correlation of Logs of Wells in Kings County, New York. Bulletin GW 17, New York Department of Conservation, Water Power and Control Commission, Albany, New York.Google Scholar
Fuller, M.L., 1914. The Geology of Long Island, New York. Professional Paper 82, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fullerton, D.S., 1986. Stratigraphy and correlation of glacial deposits from Indiana to New York and New Jersey. Quaternary Science Reviews 5, 23–37.Google Scholar
Gardner, T.W., Sasowsky, I.D., Schmidt, V.A., 1994. Reversed polarity glacial sediments and revised glacial chronology, West Branch Susquehanna River, central Pennsylvania. Quaternary Research 42, 131–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gorokhovich, Y., Nelson, M., Eaton, T., Wolk-Stanley, J., Sen, G., 2018. Geochronology and geomorphology of the Jones Point glacial landform in lower Hudson Valley (New York): insight into deglaciation processes since the Last Glacial Maximum. Geomorphology 321, 87–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greller, A.M., Rachele, L.D., 1984. Climatic limits of exotic genera in the Legler palynoflora, Miocene, New Jersey, U.S.A. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 40, 149–163.Google Scholar
Groot, J.J., 1991, Palynological evidence for late Miocene, Pliocene, and early Pleistocene climate changes in the middle U.S. Atlantic Coastal Plain. Quaternary Science Reviews 10, 147–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, J., Sato, M., Russell, G., Kharecha, P., 2013. Climate sensitivity, sea level, and atmospheric carbon dioxide. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 371, 1–31.Google ScholarPubMed
Harmon, K.P., 1968. Late Pleistocene Forest Succession in Northern New Jersey. PhD dissertation, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.Google Scholar
Heath, S.L., Loope, H.M., Curry, B.B., Lowell, T.V., 2018. Pattern of southern Laurentide Ice Sheet margin position changes during Heinrich Stadials 2 and 1. Quaternary Science Reviews 201, 362–379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herpers, H., 1961. The Ogdensburg-Culvers Gap Moraine and Glacial Stagnation in New Jersey. Geologic Report Series 6, New Jersey Geological Survey, Trenton.Google Scholar
Hillaire-Marcel, C., 1988. Isotope composition (18O, 13C, 14C) of biogenic carbonates in Champlain Sea sediments. In: Gadd, N.R. (Ed.), The Late Quaternary Development of the Champlain Sea Basin. Geological Society of Canada, Special Paper 35, 177–194.Google Scholar
Jacobsen, R.B., Elston, D.P., Heaton, J.W., 1988. Stratigraphy and magnetic polarity of the high terrace remnants in the upper Ohio and Monongahela rivers in West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. Quaternary Research 29, 210–232.Google Scholar
Karig, D.E., Miller, N.G., 2013. Middle Wisconsinan glacial advance into the Appalachian Plateau, Sixmile Creek, Tompkins County, New York. Quaternary Research 80, 522–533.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koteff, C., 1974. The morphologic sequence concept and deglaciation of southern New England. In: Coates, D.R. (Ed.), Glacial Geomorphology. State University of New York, Binghamton. Publications in Geomorphology, pp. 121–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koteff, C., Pessl, F. Jr., 1981. Systematic Ice Retreat in New England. Professional Paper 1179, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kozlowski, A.L., Bird, B., Mahan, S., Graham, B.L., Wiant, J.C., 2014. Great Gully revisited: new constraints on the glacial chronology of the central New York Finger Lakes. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 46, 45.Google Scholar
Krebs, R.D., Tedrow, J.C.F., 1957. Genesis of three soils derived from Wisconsinan till in New Jersey. Soil Science 83, 207–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krebs, R.D., Tedrow, J.C.F., 1958. Genesis of red-yellow podzolic and related soils in New Jersey. Soil Science 85, 28–37.Google Scholar
Lacovara, K.J., 1997. Definition and Evolution of the Cape May and Fishing Creek Formations in the Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain of Southern New Jersey. PhD dissertation, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware.Google Scholar
Lang, D.C., Bailey, I., Wilson, P.A., Beer, C.J., Bolton, C.T., Friedrich, O., Newsam, C., et al., 2014. The transition on North America from the warm humid Pliocene to the glaciated Quaternary traced by eolian dust deposition at a benchmark North Atlantic Ocean drill site. Quaternary Science Reviews 93, 125–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leverett, F., 1934. Glacial Deposits Outside the Wisconsinan Terminal Moraine in Pennsylvania. Fourth Series, Bulletin G7, Pennsylvania Geological Survey, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Lisiecki, L.E., Raymo, M.E., 2005. A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δ18O records. Paleoceanography 20, PA1003, doi:10.1029/2004PA001071.Google Scholar
Li, Y., Yu, Z., Kodama, K.P., Moeller, R.E., 2006. A 14,000-year environmental change history revealed by mineral magnetic data from White Lake, New Jersey, USA. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 246, 27–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacClintock, P., 1940. Weathering of the Jerseyan till. Geological Society of America Bulletin 51, 103–116.Google Scholar
MacClintock, P., 1954. Leaching of Wisconsinan glacial gravels in eastern North America. Geological Society of America Bulletin 65, 369–384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maenza-Gmelch, T.E., 1997a. Late glacial-early Holocene vegetation, climate, and fire at Sutherland Pond, Hudson Highlands, southeastern New York, USA. Canadian Journal of Botany 75, 431–439.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maenza-Gmelch, T.E., 1997b. Vegetation, climate, and fire during the late glacial-Holocene transition at Spruce Pond, Hudson Highlands, southeastern New York, USA. Journal of Quaternary Science 12, 15–24.3.0.CO;2-T>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martino, R.L., 1981. The sedimentology of the late Tertiary Bridgeton and Pensauken formations in southern New Jersey. PhD dissertation, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.Google Scholar
McCabe, M., Kelly, M. A., Schaefer, J. M., Schwartz, R., Hanson, G. N., Benimoff, A., 2006. Dating glacial features in New York's lower Hudson valley—the last deglaciation of the eastern Laurentide ice sheet. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 38, 72.Google Scholar
Merrill, F.J.H., Darton, N.H., Hollick, A., Salisbury, R.D., Dodge, R.E., Willis, B., Pressey, H.A., 1902. New York City Folio. Geologic Atlas, folio 83, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.Google Scholar
Mickelson, D.M., Borns, H.W. Jr., 1972. Chronology of a kettle-hole peat bog, Cherryfield, Maine. Geological Society of America Bulletin 83, 827–832.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, G.H., Andrews, J.T., 2019. Hudson Bay was not deglaciated during MIS 3. Quaternary Science Reviews 225, article 105944.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, K.G., Sugarman, P.J., Stanford, S.D., Browning, J.V., Baldwin, K., Buttari, B., Dunham, B., et al. ., 2018. Sandy Hook sites. In: Miller, K.G., Sugarman, P.J., Browning, J.V. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program Initial Reports, v. 174AX (Supplement). Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, Texas.Google Scholar
Mills, H.C., Wells, P.D., 1974. Ice-shove deformation and glacial stratigraphy of Port Washington, Long Island, New York. Geological Society of America Bulletin 85, 357–364.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minard, J.P., 1961. End Moraines on Kittatinny Mountain, Sussex County, New Jersey. Professional Paper 424-C, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, pp. C61–C64.Google Scholar
Minard, J.P., Rhodehamel, E.C., 1969. Quaternary geology of part of northern New Jersey and the Trenton area. In: Subitzky, S. (Ed.), Geology of Selected Areas in New Jersey and Eastern Pennsylvania and Guidebook of Excursions. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey, pp. 279–313.Google Scholar
Muller, E.H., Calkin, P.E., 1993. Timing of Pleistocene glacial events in New York State. Canadian Journal of Earth Science 30, 1829–1845.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neumann, R.P., 1980. Evidence for pre-Wisconsinan (Jerseyan?) glacial deposits in the Rocky Hill-Kingston area, New Jersey. Bulletin of the New Jersey Academy of Sciences 25, 12–16.Google Scholar
Newell, W.L., Powars, D.S., Owens, J.P., Schindler, J.S., 1995. Surficial Geological Map of New Jersey: Southern Sheet. Open-File Map 95–272, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newell, W.L., Powars, D.S., Owens, J.P., Stanford, S.D., Stone, B.D., 2000. Surficial Geologic Map of Central and Southern New Jersey. Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map 1-2450-D, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.Google Scholar
New Jersey Department of Transportation, 2019. Geotechnical data management system (website). https://njgin.state.nj.us/DOT_GDMS/, accessed November 2019.Google Scholar
Newman, W.S., Thurber, D.H., Zeiss, H.S., Rokach, A., Musich, L., 1969. Late Quaternary geology of the Hudson River estuary: a preliminary report. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences 31, 548–570.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Novak, R.J., Motto, H.L., Douglas, L.A., 1971. The effect of time and particle size on mineral alteration in several Quaternary soils in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, U.S.A. In: Yaalon, D.H. (Ed.), Paleopedology: Origin, Nature and Dating of Paleosols. Hebrew University Press, Jerusalem, pp. 211–224.Google Scholar
O'Neal, M.L., Wehmiller, J.F., Newell, W.L., 2000. Amino acid geochronology of Quaternary coastal terraces on the northern margin of Delaware Bay, southern New Jersey, U.S.A. In: Goodfriend, G.A., Collins, M.J., Fogel, M.L., Macko, S.A., Wehmiller, J.F. (Eds.), Perspectives in Amino Acid and Protein Geochemistry. Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom, pp. 301–319.Google Scholar
Owens, J.P., Hess, M.M., Denny, C.S., Dwornik, E.J., 1983. Postdepositional Alteration of Surface and Near-Surface Minerals in Selected Coastal Plain Formations of the Middle Atlantic States. Professional Paper 1067-F, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Owens, J.P., Minard, J.P., 1979. Upper Cenozoic Sediments of the Lower Delaware Valley and Northern Delmarva Peninsula, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland. Professional Paper 1067D, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parris, D.C., 1983. New and revised records of Pleistocene mammals in New Jersey. The Mosasaur 1, 1–21.Google Scholar
Pazzaglia, F.J., 1993. Stratigraphy, petrography, and correlation of late Cenozoic middle Atlantic Coastal Plain deposits: implications for late-stage passive margin geologic evolution. Geological Society of America Bulletin 105, 1617–1634.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perlmutter, N.M., Geraghty, J.J., 1963. Geology and Ground-Water Conditions in Southern Nassau and Southeastern Queens Counties, Long Island, New York. Water Supply Paper 1613A, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.Google Scholar
Perlmutter, N.M., Geraghty, J.J., Upson, J.E., 1959. The relation between fresh and salty ground water in southern Nassau and southeastern Queens counties, Long Island, New York. Economic Geology 54, 416–435.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peteet, D.M., Beh, M., Orr, C., Kurdyla, D., Nichols, J., Guilderson, T., 2012. Delayed deglaciation or extreme Arctic conditions 21–16 cal. kyr at southeastern Laurentide Ice Sheet margin? Geophysical Research Letters 39, L11706, doi:10.1029/2012GL051884.Google Scholar
Peteet, D.M., Daniels, R.A., Heusser, L.E., Vogel, J.S., Southon, J.R., Nelson, D.E., 1993. Late-glacial pollen, macrofossils and fish remains in northeastern U.S.A.—the Younger Dryas oscillation. Quaternary Science Reviews 12, 597–612.Google Scholar
Peteet, D.M., Vogel, J.S., Nelson, D.E., Southon, J.R., Nickmann, R.J., Heusser, L.E., 1990. Younger Dryas climatic reversal in northern U.S.A.? AMS ages for an old problem. Quaternary Research 33, 219–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peteet, D., Rayburn, J., Menking, K., Robinson, G., Stone, B., 2009. Deglaciation in the southeastern Laurentide sector and the Hudson valley—15,000 years of vegetational and climate history. In: Vollmer, F.W. (Ed.), Field Trip Guidebook for the 81st Annual Meeting of the New York State Geological Association. New York State Geological Society, Albany, New York, pp. 4.1–4.18.Google Scholar
Pico, T., Creveling, J.R., Mitrovica, J.X., 2017. Sea-level records from the U.S. mid-Atlantic constrain Laurentide ice sheet extent during marine isotope stage 3. Nature Communications 8, 15612, doi: 10.1038/ncomms15612.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Potter, E.K., Lambeck, K., 2003. Reconciliation of sea-level observations in the western North Atlantic during the last glacial cycle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 217, 171–181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramage, J.M., Gardner, T.W., Sasowsky, I.D., 1998. Early Pleistocene glacial Lake Lesley, West Branch Susquehanna River valley, central Pennsylvania. Geomorphology 22, 19–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rampino, M.R., Sanders, J.E., 1981. Upper Quaternary stratigraphy of southern Long Island, New York. Northeastern Geology 3, 116–128.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, S.O., Bigler, M., Blockley, S.P., Blunier, T., Burchardt, S.L., Clausen, H.B., Cvijanovic, I., et al. , 2014. A stratigraphic framework for abrupt climatic changes during the Last Glacial period based on three synchronized Greenland ice-core records: refining and extending the INTIMATE event stratigraphy. Quaternary Science Reviews 106, 14–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rayburn, J.A., DeSimone, D.J., Staley, A.E., Mahan, S.A., Stone, B.D., 2015. Age of an ice dammed lake on the lee side of the Catskill Mountains, New York, and rough estimates for the rate of ice advance to the last glacial maximum. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 2015 Annual Meeting, paper 283–12.Google Scholar
Rayburn, J.A., Knuepfer, P.L.K., Franzi, D.A., 2005. A series of large, late Wisconsinan meltwater floods through the Champlain and Hudson valleys, New York state, USA. Quaternary Science Reviews 24, 2410–2419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reeds, C.A., 1926. The varved clays at Little Ferry, New Jersey. American Museum Novitates 209, 1–16.Google Scholar
Reimer, G.E., 1984. The Sedimentology and Stratigraphy of the Southern Basin of Glacial Lake Passaic, New Jersey. Master's thesis, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.Google Scholar
Reimer, P.J., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck, J.W., Blackwell, P.G., Bronk Ramsey, C., Buck, C.E., et al. ., 2013. IntCal13 and MARINE13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0–50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 55, doi:10.2458/azu_js_rc.55.16947.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richmond, G.M., Fullerton, D.S., 1986. Summation of Quaternary glaciations in the United States of America. Quaternary Science Reviews 5, 183–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ricketts, H.C., 1986. Examination of boreholes of the subsurface Gardiners Clay (Pleistocene) in the context of the Cretaceous-Quaternary section of Great Neck, Long Island, New York. Northeastern Geology 8, 13–22.Google Scholar
Ridge, J.C., 1983. The Surficial Geology of the Great Valley Section of the Valley and Ridge Province of Warren County, New Jersey and Northampton County, Pennsylvania. Master's thesis, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Ridge, J.C., 2012. The North American glacial varve project website, North American varve chronology/NAVC paleomag. National Science Foundation and Tufts University, accessed September 2019, http://eos.tufts.edu/varves/NAVC/navcpaleomag.asp.Google Scholar
Ridge, J.C., 2004. The Quaternary glaciation of western New England with correlations to surrounding areas. In: Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P.L. (Eds.), Quaternary Glaciations—Extent and Chronology, Part II, North America. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 169–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ridge, J.C., Balco, G., Bayless, R.I., Beck, C.C., Carter, L.B., Dean, J.L., Voytek, E.B., Wei, J.H., 2012. The new North American varve chronology: a precise record of southeastern Laurentide ice sheet deglaciation and climate 18.2–12.5 kyr BP, and correlations with Greenland ice core records. American Journal of Science 312, 685–722.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ridge, J.C., Besonen, M.R., Brochu, M., Brown, S.L., Callahan, J.W., Cook, G.J., Nicholson, R.S., Toll, N.J., 1999. Varve, paleomagnetic, and 14C chronologies for late Pleistocene events in New Hampshire and Vermont (U.S.A.). Géographie physique et Quaternaire 53, 79–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ridge, J.C., Braun, D.D., Evenson, E.B., 1990a. Does Altonian drift exist in Pennsylvania and New Jersey? Quaternary Research 33, 253–258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ridge, J.C., Brennan, W.J., Muller, E.H., 1990b. The use of paleomagnetic declination to test correlations of late Wisconsinan glaciolacustrine sediments in central New York. Geological Society of America Bulletin 102, 26–44.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ridge, J.C., Evenson, E.B., Sevon, W.D., 1992. A model of late Quaternary landscape development in the Delaware Valley, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Geomorphology 4, 319–345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, G.S., Pigott Burney, L., Burney, D.A., 2005. Landscape paleoecology and megafaunal extinction in southeastern New York state. Ecological Monographs 75, 295–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowley, D.B., Forte, A.M., Moucha, R., Mitrovica, J.X., Simmons, N.A., Grand, S.P., 2013. Dynamic topography change of the eastern United States since 3 million years ago. Science 340, 1560–1563.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rue, D.J., Traverse, A., 1997. Pollen analysis of the Hackensack, New Jersey Meadowlands tidal marsh. Northeastern Geology and Environmental Sciences 19, 211–215.Google Scholar
Salisbury, R.D., 1892. A Preliminary Paper on the Drift or Pleistocene Formations of New Jersey. Annual Report of the State Geologist for the year 1891, Geological Survey of New Jersey, Trenton, New Jersey, pp. 35–108.Google Scholar
Salisbury, R.D., 1902. The Glacial Geology of New Jersey. Final Report of the State Geologist, Volume 5, Geological Survey of New Jersey, Trenton, New Jersey.Google Scholar
Salisbury, R.D., Knapp, G.N., 1917. The Quaternary Formations of Southern New Jersey. Final Report of the State Geologist, Volume 8, Geological Survey of New Jersey, Trenton, New Jersey.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salisbury, R.D., Kummel, H.B., 1894. Lake Passaic—an Extinct Glacial Lake. Annual Report of the State Geologist for 1893, Geological Survey of New Jersey, Trenton, New Jersey, pp. 225–328.Google Scholar
Sasowsky, I.D., 1994. Paleomagnetism of glacial sediments from three locations in eastern Pennsylvania. In: Braun, D.D. (Ed.), Late Wisconsinan to Pre-Illinoian (G?) Glacial and Periglacial Events in Eastern Pennsylvania: Guidebook for the 57th Friends of the Pleistocene Field Conference. Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania, pp. 21–23.Google Scholar
Schuldenrein, J., Aiuvalasit, M., 2011. Urban geoarchaeology and sustainability: a case study from Manhattan Island, New York City, USA. In: Brown, A.G., Basell, L.S., Butzer, K.W. (Eds.), Geoarchaeology, Climate Change, and Sustainability. Special Paper 476. Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado, pp. 153–172.Google Scholar
Sheridan, R.E., Ashley, G.M., Miller, K.G., Waldner, J.S., Hall, D.W., Uptegrove, J., 2000. Onshore-offshore correlation of upper Pleistocene strata, New Jersey coastal plain to continental shelf and slope. Sedimentary Geology 134, 197–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shilts, W.W., Caron, O.J., 2019. Glacial history reflected by geochemically constrained stratigraphic sections in the Chaudière River drainage basin of the Canadian Appalachians. Quaternary Research 91, 234–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sirkin, L.A., 1986. Pleistocene stratigraphy of Long Island, New York. In: Cadwell, D.H. (Ed.), The Wisconsinan Stage of the First Geological District, Eastern New York. Bulletin 455, New York State Museum, Albany, New York, pp. 6–20.Google Scholar
Sirkin, L.A., 1982. Wisconsinan glaciation of Long Island, New York to Block Island, Rhode Island. In: Larson, G.S., Stone, B.D. (Eds.), Late Wisconsinan Glaciation of New England. Kendall-Hunt, Dubuque, Iowa, pp. 35–59.Google Scholar
Sirkin, L.A., Minard, J.P., 1972. Late Pleistocene Glaciation and Pollen Stratigraphy in Northwestern New Jersey. Professional Paper 800-D, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, pp. D51–D56.Google Scholar
Sirkin, L., Stuckenrath, R., 1980. The Portwashingtonian warm interval in the northern Atlantic coastal plain. Geological Society of America Bulletin 91, 332–336.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soren, J., 1971. Ground-Water and Geohydrologic Conditions in Queens County, Long Island, New York. Water-Supply Paper 2001-A, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.Google Scholar
Spratt, R.M., Lisiecki, L.E., 2016. A late Pleistocene sea level stack. Climate of the Past 12, 1079–1092.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanford, S.D., 1991. Surficial Geology of the Roselle Quadrangle, Union, Essex, and Morris Counties, New Jersey. Open-File Map OFM 3, New Jersey Geological Survey, Trenton, New Jersey.Google Scholar
Stanford, S.D., 1993. Late Wisconsinan glacial geology of the New Jersey Highlands. Northeastern Geology 15, 210–223.Google Scholar
Stanford, S.D., 1997. Pliocene–Quaternary geology of northern New Jersey: an overview. In: Stanford, S.D., Witte, R.W. (Eds.), Pliocene–Quaternary Geology of Northern New Jersey: Guidebook for the 60 th Annual Reunion of the Northeastern Friends of the Pleistocene, pp 1.1–1.26, https://ww2.newplatz.edu/fop/guides.html.Google Scholar
Stanford, S.D., 2002. Surficial Geology of the Rocky Hill Quadrangle, Somerset and Mercer Counties, New Jersey. Open-File Map OFM 48, New Jersey Geological Survey, Trenton, New Jersey.Google Scholar
Stanford, S.D., 2003. Surficial Geology of the Paterson Quadrangle, Passaic, Bergen, and Essex Counties, New Jersey. Open-File Map OFM 54, New Jersey Geological Survey, Trenton, New Jersey.Google Scholar
Stanford, S.D., 2006. Surficial Geology of the Morristown Quadrangle, Essex and Morris Counties, New Jersey. Open-File Map OFM 67, New Jersey Geological Survey, Trenton, New Jersey.Google Scholar
Stanford, S.D., 2007. Surficial Geology of the Chatham Quadrangle, Morris, Union, and Somerset Counties, New Jersey. Open-File Map OFM 69, New Jersey Geological Survey, Trenton, New Jersey.Google Scholar
Stanford, S.D., 2008. Surficial Geology of the Bernardsville Quadrangle, Morris and Somerset Counties, New Jersey. Open-File Map OFM 74, New Jersey Geological Survey, Trenton, New Jersey.Google Scholar
Stanford, S.D., 2010. Onshore record of Hudson River drainage to the continental shelf from the late Miocene through the late Wisconsinan deglaciation, U.S.A.: synthesis and revision. Boreas 39, 1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanford, S.D., 2012. Surficial Geology of the Mendham Quadrangle, Morris and Somerset Counties, New Jersey. Open-File Map OFM 94, New Jersey Geological and Water Survey, Trenton, New Jersey.Google Scholar
Stanford, S.D., Ashley, G.M., Russell, E.W.B., Brenner, G.J., 2002. Rates and patterns of late Cenozoic denudation in the northernmost Atlantic Coastal Plain and Piedmont. Geological Society of America Bulletin 114, 1422–1437.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanford, S.D., Harper, D.P., 1991. Glacial lakes of the lower Passaic, Hackensack, and lower Hudson valleys, New Jersey and New York. Northeastern Geology 13, 271–286.Google Scholar
Stanford, S.D., Stone, B.D., Witte, R.W., 1996b. Surficial Geology of the Stanhope Quadrangle, Sussex and Morris Counties, New Jersey. Open-File Map OFM 22, New Jersey Geological Survey, Trenton, New Jersey.Google Scholar
Stanford, S.D., Witte, R.W., Braun, D.D., Ridge, J.C., 2016. Quaternary fluvial history of the Delaware River, New Jersey and Pennsylvania: the effects of glaciation, glacioisostasy, and eustasy on a proglacial river system. Geomorphology 264, 12–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanford, S.D., Witte, R.W., Harper, D.P., Scott, M.C., Herman, G.C., Girard, M.W., 1996a. Glacial Sediments of New Jersey. Digital Geodata Series DGS 96-1, New Jersey Geological Survey, Trenton, New Jersey.Google Scholar
Stone, B.D., Borns, H.W. Jr., 1986. Pleistocene glacial and interglacial stratigraphy of New England, Long Island, and adjacent Georges Bank and Gulf of Maine. Quaternary Science Reviews 5, 39–52.Google Scholar
Stone, B.D., Reimer, G.E., Pardi, R.R., 1989. Revised stratigraphy and history of glacial Lake Passaic, New Jersey. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 21, p. 69.Google Scholar
Stone, B.D., Stanford, S.D., Witte, R.W., 1995. Surficial Geologic Map of the Northern Sheet, New Jersey. Open-File Report 95-543-B, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stone, B.D., Stanford, S.D., Witte, R.W., 2002. Surficial Geologic Map of Northern New Jersey. Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-2540-C, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.Google Scholar
Stone, J.R., Schafer, J.P., London, E.H., DiGiacomo-Cohen, M.L., Lewis, R.S., Thompson, W.B., 2005. Quaternary Geologic Map of Connecticut and Long Island Sound Basin, With a Section on Sedimentary Facies and Morphosequences of Glacial Meltwater Deposits, by B.D Stone, J.R. Stone. Scientific Investigations Map SIM-2784, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stuiver, M., Reimer, P.J., Reimer, R.W., 2019. CALIB 7.1: www.program at http://calib.org, accessed 7/15/19.Google Scholar
Tedrow, J.C.F., Wilkerson, A.S., 1953. Weathering of glacial soil material. Soil Science 75, 345–353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thieme, D.M., 2003. Archeologic site formation in glaciated settings, New Jersey and southern New York. In: Hart, J.P., Cremeens, D.L. (Eds.), Geoarcheology of Landscapes in the Glaciated Northeast. Bulletin 497, New York State Museum, Albany, New York, pp. 163–180.Google Scholar
Thieme, D.M., Schuldenrein, J., Herbster, H., Schabel, M.J., 2003. As you were: finding the island and the people in Governors Island. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 35, 227.Google Scholar
Uptegrove, J., Waldner, J.S., Stanford, S.D., Monteverde, D.H., Sheridan, R.E., Hall, D.W., 2012. Geology of the New Jersey Offshore in the Vicinity of Barnegat Inlet and Long Beach Island. Geologic Map Series GMS 12-3, New Jersey Geological and Water Survey, Trenton, New Jersey.Google Scholar
Watts, W.A., 1979. Late Quaternary vegetation of central Appalachia and the New Jersey Coastal Plain. Ecological Monographs 44, 427–469.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wehmiller, J.F., Belknap, D.F., Boutin, B.S., Mirecki, J.E., Rahaim, S.D., York, L.E., 1988. A review of the aminostratigraphy of Quaternary mollusks from United States Atlantic Coastal Plain sites. In: Easterbrook, D.J. (Ed.), Dating Quaternary Sediments. Special Paper 227, Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado, pp. 69–110.Google Scholar
Wehmiller, J.F., Pellerito, V., 2015. An evolving database for Quaternary aminostratigraphy. GeoResJ 6, 115–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weiss, D., 1971. Late Pleistocene Stratigraphy and Paleoecology of the Lower Hudson River Estuary. PhD dissertation, New York University, New York.Google Scholar
Witte, R.W., 1997. Late Wisconsinan glacial history of the upper part of Kittatinny Valley, Sussex and Warren counties, New Jersey. Northeastern Geology and Environmental Sciences 19, 155–169.Google Scholar
Witte, R.W., 2001. Late Wisconsinan deglaciation and postglacial history of Minisink Valley, Delaware Water Gap to Port Jervis, New York. In: Inners, J., Fleeger, G.M. (Eds.), 2001—A Delaware River Odyssey: Guidebook of the 66th Annual Conference of Pennsylvania Geologists. Field Conference of Pennsylvania Geologists, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, pp. 99–118.Google Scholar
Wright, J.D., Sheridan, R.E., Miller, K.G., Uptegrove, J., Cramer, B.S., Browning, J.V., 2009. Late Pleistocene sea level on the New Jersey margin: implications to eustasy and deep-sea temperature. Global and Planetary Change 66, 93–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, R.A., Burr, G.S., 2006. Middle Wisconsinan glaciation in the Genessee Valley, New York: a stratigraphic record contemporaneous with Heinrich Event H4. Geomorphology 75, 226–247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar