Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T17:44:51.111Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 March 2013

R. J. Protheroe  and
R. W. Clay
R. J. Protheroe
Affiliation:
Department of Physics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia; (e-mail: [email protected])
R. W. Clay
Affiliation:
Department of Physics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia; (e-mail: [email protected])
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Cosmic rays with energies above 1018 eV are currently of considerable interest in astrophysics and are to be further studied in a number of projects which are either currently under construction or the subject of well-developed proposals. This paper aims to discuss some of the physics of such particles in terms of current knowledge and information from particle astrophysics at other energies.

Keywords

cosmic raysacceleration of particlesmagnetic fieldsdark matterradiation mechanisms: nonthermaldiffuse radiation.
Type
Review
Information
Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia , Volume 21 , Issue 1 , 2004 , pp. 1 - 22
Copyright
Copyright © Astronomical Society of Australia 2004

References

Abu-Zayyad, T., et al. 2001, ApJ, 557, 686 Google Scholar
Abu-Zayyad, T., et al. 2003, submitted to Astropart. Phys. (astro-ph/0208301)Google Scholar
Achterberg, A., Gallant, Y. A., Kirk, J. G., & Guthmann, A. W. 2001, MNRAS, 328, 393 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aharonian, F. 2000, New Astron., 5, 377 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahmad, Q. R., et al. 2002, Phys. Rev. Lett., 89, 011301; Phys. Rev. Lett., 89, 011302Google Scholar
Anchordoqui, L. A., Dova, M. T., Epele, L. N., & Swain, J. D. 1998, Phys. Rev. D, 57, 7103 Google Scholar
Auger Collaboration Contribution 2001, in Proceedings of XXVII Cosmic Ray Conference, Hamburg, eds. M. Simon et al., Copernicus Gesellschaft 2001, Vol. 2, 699 Google Scholar
Axford, W. I., Lear, E., & Skadron, G. 1977, in Proc. 15th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Plovdiv Vol. 11, 132 Google Scholar
Barbot, C., & Drees, M. 2003, Astropart. Phys., 20, 5 Google Scholar
Baltrusaitis, R. M., et al. 1985, Nucl. Instr. Meth., A240, 410 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baring, M. G. 1997, in Proc. of XXXIInd Rencontres de Moriond, ‘Very High Energy Phenomena in the Universe’, eds. Y. Giraud-Heraud, & J. Tran Thanh Van (Paris: Editions Frontieres), 97 Google Scholar
Bednarek, W., & Protheroe, R. J. 2002, Astropart. Phys., 16, 397 Google Scholar
Bednarz, J., & Ostrowski, M. 1996, MNRAS, 283, 447 Google Scholar
Bednarz, J., & Ostrowski, M. 1998, Phys. Rev. Lett., 80, 3911 Google Scholar
Bednarz, J. 2000, MNRAS, 315, 37 Google Scholar
Bell, A. R. 1978, MNRAS, 182, 443 Google Scholar
Bell, A. R., & Lucek, S. G. 1996, MNRAS, 283, 1083 Google Scholar
Bellido, J. A., Clay, R. W., Dawson, B. R., & Johnston-Hollitt, M. 2001, Astropart. Phys., 15, 167 Google Scholar
Berezhko, E. G., & Krymski, G. F. 1988, Usp. Fiz. Nauk, 154, 49 Google Scholar
Berezhko, E. G. 1994, Astron. Lett., 20, 75 Google Scholar
Berezhko, E. G. 2001, Space Sci. Rev., 99, 295 Google Scholar
Berezhko, E. G., & Völk, H. J. 2000, A&A, 357, 283 Google Scholar
Berezinsky, V. S. 1970, Sov. J. Nucl. Phys., 11, 222 Google Scholar
Berezinsky, V., Blasi, P., & Vilenkin, A. 1998, Phys. Rev. D, 58, 103515Google Scholar
Berezinsky, V., Kachelriess, M., & Vilenkin, A. 1997, Phys. Rev. Lett., 79, 4302 Google Scholar
Berezinsky, V., & Kachelriess, M. 1998, Phys. Lett. B, 434, 61 Google Scholar
Berezinsky, V., & Kachelriess, M. 2001, Phys. Rev. D, 63, 034007Google Scholar
Berezinsky, V., Kachelreiss, M., & Ostapchenko, S. 2002, Phys. Rev. Lett., 89, 171802CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhattacharjee, P., & Sigl, G. 2000, Phys. Rep., 327, 109 Google Scholar
Birkel, M., & Sarkar, S. 1998, Astropart. Phys., 9, 297 Google Scholar
Blandford, R. D., & Ostriker, J. P. 1978, ApJ, 221, L29 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blandford, R., & Eichler, D. 1987, Phys. Rep., 154, 1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blasi, P. 1999, Phys. Rev. D, 60, 123514Google Scholar
Blasi, P., Epstein, R. I., & Olinto, A. V. 2000, ApJ, 533, L123 Google Scholar
Biermann, P. L., & Strittmatter, P. A. 1987, ApJ, 322, 643 Google Scholar
Bird, D. J., et al. 1995, ApJ, 441, 144 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonn, J., et al. 2001, Nucl. Phys. B Proc. Suppl., 91, 273 Google Scholar
Bridle, A. H. 1967, MNRAS, 136, 14 Google Scholar
Casse, F., & Markowith, A. 2003, A&A, 404, 405 Google Scholar
Clarke, T. A., Brown, L. W., & Alexander, J. K. 1970, Nature, 228, 847 Google Scholar
Clarke, T. E., Kronberg, P. P., & Bohringer, H. 2001, ApJ, 547, L111 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clay, R. W., McDonough, M. -A., & Smith, A. G. K. 1998, Pub. Astron. Soc. Aust., 15, 208 Google Scholar
Clay, R. W. 2000, Pub. Astron. Soc. Aust., 17, 212 Google Scholar
Clay, R. W. 2002, Pub. Astron. Soc. Aust., 19, 228 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Gouveia Dal Pino, E. M., & Lazarian, A. 2001, ApJ, 560, 358 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dermer, C. D. 2002, ApJ, 574, 65 Google Scholar
Drury, L. O'C. 1983a, Space Sci. Rev., 36, 57 Google Scholar
Drury, L. O'C. 1983b, Rep. Prog. Phys., 46, 973 Google Scholar
Drury, L. O'C., Duffy, P., Eichler, D., & Mastichiadis, A. 1999, A&A, 347, 370 Google Scholar
Elbert, J. W., & Sommers, P. 1995, ApJ, 441, 151 Google Scholar
Ellis, J. 2000, in Proc. of the 26th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., AIP Conf. Proc. 516, eds. B. L. Dingus et al. (American Inst. Physics), 21 Google Scholar
Ellison, D. C., & Eichler, D. 1984, ApJ, 286, 691 Google Scholar
Ellison, D. C., Reynolds, S. P., & Jones, F. C. 1990, ApJ, 360, 702 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellison, D. C., Baring, M. G., & Jones, F. C. 1995, ApJ, 453, 873 Google Scholar
Ellison, D. C., & Double, G. P. 2002, Astropart. Phys., 18, 213 Google Scholar
Epele, L. N., & Roulet, E. 1998, J. High Energy Phys., 9810, 9 Google Scholar
Evans, N. W., Ferrer, F., & Sarkar, S. 2003, Phys. Rev., D, 67, 103005Google Scholar
Falcke, H., & Gorham, P. 2003, Astropart. Phys., 19, 477 Google Scholar
Fargion, D., Mele, B., & Salis, A. 1999, ApJ, 517, 725 Google Scholar
Farrar, G. R., & Biermann, P. L. 1998, Phys. Rev. Lett., 81, 3579; erratum 1999, Phys. Rev. Lett., 83, 2478; Phys. Rev. Lett., 83, 1999, 2472 (response to Hoffman 1999)Google Scholar
Fodor, Z., Katz, S. D., & Ringwald, A. 2002, JHEP, 0206 046Google Scholar
Gaisser, T. K. 1990, ‘Cosmic Rays and Particle Physics’, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)Google Scholar
Gaisser, T. K., & Stanev, T. 1998, Europhys. J., 3, 1 Google Scholar
Galama, T. J., et al. 1998, Nature, 395, 670 Google Scholar
Gallant, Y. A., Achterberg, A., & Kirk, J. 1999, A&AS, 138, 549 Google Scholar
Gelmini, G., & Kusenko, A. 2000, PRL, 84, 1378 Google Scholar
Gold, T. 1975, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., Series A, 277, 453 Google Scholar
Gorbunov, D. S., Raffelt, G. G., & Semikoz, D. V. 2001, Phys. Rev., D, 64, 096005Google Scholar
Greisen, K. 1966, Phys. Rev. Lett., 16, 748 Google Scholar
Halzen, F., Vazquez, R. A., Stanev, T., & Vankov, H. P. 1995, Astropart. Phys., 3, 151 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haswell, C. A., Tajima, T., & Sakai, J.-L. 1992, ApJ, 401, 495 Google Scholar
Hayashida, N., et al. 1999, Astropart. Phys., 10, 303 Google Scholar
Hill, C. T. 1983, Nucl. Phys. B, 224, 469 Google Scholar
Hillas, A. M. 1984, ARA&A, 22, 425 Google Scholar
Hoffman, C. M. 1999, Phys. Rev. Lett., 83, 2471 Google Scholar
Honda, M. 1987, ApJ., 319, 836 Google Scholar
Jokipii, J. R., & Morfill, G. E. 1985, ApJ, 290, L1 Google Scholar
Jokipii, J. R. 1987, ApJ, 313, 842 Google Scholar
Jones, F. C., & Ellison, D. C. 1991, Space Sci. Rev., 58, 259 Google Scholar
Jones, F. C. 1994, ApJS, 90, 561 Google Scholar
Karakula, S., & Tkaczyk, W. 1993, Astropart. Phys., 1, 229 Google Scholar
Kawabata, K. S., et al. 2003 (astro-ph/0306155)Google Scholar
Kirk, J. G., & Schneider, P. 1987, ApJ, 315, 425 Google Scholar
Kirk, J. G., & Duffy, P. 1999, JPhG, 25, 163 Google Scholar
Kirk, J. G., Guthmann, A. W., Gallant, Y. A., & Achterberg, A. 2000, ApJ, 542, 235 Google Scholar
Kolb, E. W. 1998, in Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Techniques and Concepts of High-Energy Physics, ed. T. Ferbel (10th; St. Croix, V.I.)Google Scholar
Kronberg, P. P. 1994, Rep. Prog. Phys., 57, 325 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krymsky, G. F. 1977, Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, 243, 1306 Google Scholar
Learned, J., & Mannheim, K. 2000, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci., 50, 679 Google Scholar
Lemoine, M., & Pelletier, G. 2003, ApJ, 589, 73 Google Scholar
Malkan, M. A., & Stecker, F. W. 1998, ApJ, 496, 13 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mannheim, K. 1993, A&A, 269, 67 Google Scholar
Mannheim, K. 1995, Astropart. Phys., 3, 295 Google Scholar
Mannheim, K., Protheroe, R. J., & Rachen, J. P. 2001, Phys. Rev. D, 63, id. 023003Google Scholar
Mastichiadis, A., Protheroe, R. J., & Szabo, A. P. 1994, MNRAS, 266, 910 Google Scholar
Medina Tanco, G. A. 1998, ApJ, 505, L79 Google Scholar
Meli, A., & Quenby, J. 2003, Astropart. Phys., 19, 637 Google Scholar
Meli, A., & Quenby, J. 2003, Astropart. Phys., 19, 649 Google Scholar
Mücke, A., Engel, R., Rachen, J. P., Protheroe, R. J., & Stanev, T. 2000, Comp. Phys. Com., 124, 290 Google Scholar
Mücke, A., & Protheroe, R. J. 2000, ‘GeV-TeV Gamma Ray Astrophysics Workshop‘, AIP Conf. Proc. 515, eds. B. L. Dingus et al., p. 149 Google Scholar
Mücke, A., & Protheroe, R. J. 2001, Astropart. Phys., 15, 121 Google Scholar
Mücke, A., Protheroe, R. J., Engel, R., Rachen, J. P., & Stanev, T. 2003, Astropart. Phys., 18, 593 Google Scholar
Müller, D., Swordy, S. P., Meyer, P., L'Heureux, J., & Grunsfeld, J. M. 1991, ApJ, 374, 356 Google Scholar
Nagano, M., & Watson, A. A. 2000, Rev. Mod. Phys., 72, 3, 689 Google Scholar
Norman, C. A., Melrose, D. B., & Achterberg, A. 1995, ApJ, 454, 60 Google Scholar
Ostrowski, M. 1999, in Proc. Vulcano Workshop 1998: Frontier Objects in Astrophysics and Particle Physics, eds. F. Giovannelli, & G. Mannocchi. Ital. Phys. Soc. Conf. Proc., Vol. 65. (Bologna, Italy: Italian Physical Society, 1999), 313 Google Scholar
Ostrowski, M., & Bednarz, J. 2002, A&A, 394, 1141 Google Scholar
Päs, H., & Weiler, T. J. 2001, Phys. Rev. D, 63, id. 113015Google Scholar
Peacock, J. A. 1981, MNRAS, 196, 135 Google Scholar
Protheroe, R. J. 1986, MNRAS, 221, 769 Google Scholar
Protheroe, R. J. 1990, MNRAS, 246, 628 Google Scholar
Protheroe, R. J., Mastichiadis, A., & Dermer, C. D. 1992, Astropart. Phys., 1, 113 Google Scholar
Protheroe, R. J., & Stanev, T. S. 1993, MNRAS, 264, 191 Google Scholar
Protheroe, R. J., & Johnson, P. A. 1995, Astropart. Phys., 4, 253; erratum 1996, Astropart. Phys., 5, 215Google Scholar
Protheroe, R. J., Stanev, T., & Berezinsky, V. S. 1995, Phys. Rev. D, 51, 4134 Google Scholar
Protheroe, R. J., & Johnson, P. 1996, Astropart. Phys., 4, 253 Google Scholar
Protheroe, R. J., & Biermann, P. L. 1996, Astropart. Phys., 6, 45 Google Scholar
Protheroe, R. J., & Stanev, T. 1996, Phys. Rev. Lett., 77, 3708; erratum 1997, Phys. Rev. Lett., 78, 2420Google Scholar
Protheroe, R. J. 1997, in ‘Accretion Phenomena and Related Outfiows’, IAU Colloquium 163, eds. D. T. Wickramasinghe, G. V. Bicknell, & L. Ferrario 1997, ASP Conf. Ser., 121, 585 Google Scholar
Protheroe, R. J. 1998, in 18th Int. Conf. on Neutrino Physics and Astrophysics (Neutrino 98), Takayama, Nucl. Phys. B Proc. Suppl., 77, 465 Google Scholar
Protheroe, R. J., & Stanev, T. 1999, Astropart. Phys., 10, 185 Google Scholar
Protheroe, R. J. 2000, in ‘Topics in Cosmic-ray Astrophysics’, ed. M. A. DuVernois (New York: Nova Science Publishing), 258 Google Scholar
Protheroe, R. J. 2001, in Proceedings of XXVII Cosmic Ray Conference, Hamburg, eds. M. Simon et al. (Copernicus Gesellschaft), 6, 2006, and ibid, 6, 2014 Google Scholar
Protheroe, R. J., Donea, A.-C., & Reimer, A. 2003, Astropart. Physics, 19, 559 Google Scholar
Puget, J. L., Stecker, F. W., & Bredekamp, J. H. 1976, ApJ, 205, 638 Google Scholar
Rachen, J. P., & Biermann, P. L. 1993, A&A, 272, 161 Google Scholar
Rubin, N. 1999, M. Phil. Thesis, University of Cambridge Google Scholar
Sarkar, S. 2000, in COSMO-99, in Third Intern. Workshop on Particle Physics and the Early Universe, 77 (hep-ph/0005256)Google Scholar
Sarkar, S., & Toldra, R. 2002, Nucl. Phys. B, 621, 495 Google Scholar
Sigl, G. et al. 1997, Phys. Lett. B, 392, 129 Google Scholar
Sigl, G., Lee, S., Bhattacharjee, P., & Yoshida, S. 1999, Phys. Rev. D, 59, id. 043504Google Scholar
Sigl, G. 2000, Lect. Notes Phys., 556, 259 Google Scholar
Sigl, G., Torres, D. F., Anchordoqui, L. A., & Romero, G. E. 2001, Phys. Rev. D, 63, id. 081302Google Scholar
Singh, S., & Ma, C.-P. 2003, Phys. Rev., D, 67, 023506Google Scholar
Smith, A. G. K., & Clay, R. W. 1997, Aust. J. Phys., 50, 827 Google Scholar
Sorrell, W. H. 1987, ApJ, 323, 647 Google Scholar
Stanev, T., Biermann, P. L., Lloyd-Evans, J., Rachen, J. P., & Watson, A. A. 1995, Phys. Rev. Lett., 75, 3056 Google Scholar
Stanev, T., Engel, R., Mücke, A., Protheroe, R. J., & Rachen, J. P. 2000, Phys. Rev. D, 62, 093005Google Scholar
Stecker, F. W., & Salamon, M. 1999, ApJ, 512, 521 Google Scholar
Szabo, A. P., & Protheroe, R. J. 1994, Astropart. Phys., 2, 375 Google Scholar
Takeda, M., et al. 2003, Astropart. Phys., 19, 447 Google Scholar
Tinyakov, P. G., & Tkachev, I. I. 2001a, JETP Lett., 74, 1 Google Scholar
Tinyakov, P. G., & Tkachev, I. I. 2001b, JETP Lett., 74, 445 Google Scholar
Tinyakov, P. G., & Tkachev, I. I. 2003 (astro-ph/0301336)Google Scholar
Tkaczyk, W., Wdowczyk, J., & Wolfendale, A. W. 1975, J. Phys. A, 8, 1518 Google Scholar
Toshito, T., et al. 2001 (hep-ex/0105023)Google Scholar
Vietri, M. 1995, ApJ, 453, 883 Google Scholar
Waxman, E., & Bahcall, J. 1999, Phys. Rev. D, 59, id. 023002Google Scholar
Weiler, T. 1999, Astropart. Phys., 11, 303 Google Scholar
Zatsepin, G. T., & Kuzmin, V. A. 1966, Sov. Phys. JETP Lett., 4, 78 Google Scholar